The Northern Central Desert of Iran during the Pleistocene: From Foundations Laid to Paths Uncharted

The northern margin of the Iranian Central Desert (NICD) is a hypothesized Pleistocene dispersal corridor and habitable zone. However, research remains fragmentary compared to the Zagros Mountains. This study synthesizes Paleolithic data in the NICD up to 2025, focusing on Middle Paleolithic occupations to determine if the region was a transient corridor or a sustained landscape. Analyzing stratified sites (e.g., Mirak, Sorheh) and surface scatters, the study integrates techno-typological and geomorphological evidence. Results indicate that while assemblages share recurrent traits like Levallois reduction and light retouch, they differ significantly from Zagros Mousterian industries. Marked intra-regional variability reflects adaptations to diverse ecotones. Stratified sequences at Mirak and Sorheh confirm repeated occupations during MIS 3, supporting the interpretation of the NICD as a region of sustained hominin presence rather than merely a passage. These findings suggest adaptable populations exploiting arid environments with distinct lithic traditions. Future research requires targeted excavations and high-resolution analyses to refine technological and population models in this underexplored region.