Alizadeh, Ali. 2001. "A security view of the Caspian Sea region". Central Asia and Caucasus Studies Quarterly, Fall, No. 35. [In Persian]
Al-Shami, Salah Al-Din. 2001. "The State: A Study in Political Geography". Alexandria: Knowledge Expedition. [In Arabic]
Amanklychev Annakurban and Sapardurdy Khadzhiev. "Prisoners of conscience". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 2011-04-29.
Amnesty. 2007. "Turkmenistan -Amnesty International Report 2007". Amnesty international. Archived from the original on 2010-05-09.
Amnesty. 2009. "Individuals continue to be at risk of violations in Turkmenistan". Amnesty International. February 2009.
BBC NEWS - Asia-Pacific -. 2004. "Young Turkmen face beard ban". BBC
BBC. 2006. "Journalist dies in Turkmen jail". BBC. 2006-09-14.
Brzezinski, Zbigniew. 2005. "The Grand Chessboard". Istanbul: Inkilap
BTI. 2022. "BTI 2022 Country Report, Turkmenistan". BTI. https://bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report/TKM
Central Intelligence Agency. 2020. "The World Factbook". CIA. Washington DC. www.worldfactbook.com.
Chronicles of Turkmenistan. 2015. Результаты переписи населения в Туркменистане" (in Russian). Chronicles of Turkmenistan. 3 February 2015. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021.
Cohen, Saul Bernard. 2003. "Geopolitics of the World System". Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
Cordellier, Serge (Direction). 2005. "Le Dictionnarie historique et geopolitique du 20e siècle". Paris: La Decouverte.
Crude Accountability. 2008. "Organizations for Zatoka". 2008. Crude Accountability. Archived from the original on June 26, 2008.
Crude Accountability. 2011. "Turkmenistan: Free 18 Men Tortured, Sentenced in Unfair Trial". Crudeaccountability.org. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011.
Duarte Paulo. 2014. "Central Asia: The Planet’s Pivot Area". Revista Española de Relaciones Internacionales. Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, Lisbon, No. 6
Eurasianet. 2009. "Turkmenistan: Russian Government Working for Zatoka's Release". Eurasianet. 2009-10-29. Archived from the original on 2009-11-02.
Eurasianet. 2021. "Turkmenistan: Deaths of despair". Eurasianet. eurasianet.org. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021.
Ezzati, ezzatollah. 2011. "Geopolitics". Tehran. Iran: Samt publications. [In Persian]
Ezzati, ezzatollah. 2011. "Geopolitics in the 21st century". Tehran. Iran: Samt publications. [In Persian]
Fars news. 2014. "Berdimohamedov's emphasis on strengthening the forces of the Turkmen army". Fars news agency. reference date: 12/24/2014, available at the following internet address:
https://www.farsnews.ir/news/14001121000741/%D8%AA%D8%A3%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B4-%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86.
FIDH. 2007. "The EU should obtain significant improvements in the field of the human Rights". FIDH. 2007-11-05.
FIDH. 2009. "Alternative report on the Human Rights situation in Turkmenistan for the Universal Periodic Review" (PDF). FIDH. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-04-30.
Flynn, Moya. 2004. "Migrant Resettlement in the Russian Federation: Reconstructing 'homes' and 'homelands' ". Anthem Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-84331-117-1. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023.
Forum 18. 2017. "Forum 18 Analyses: Turkmenistan". www.forum18.org
Freedom House. 2009. "Turkmenistan: | Freedom in the World | Country report. Freedomhouse.org. Archived from the original on 2011-10-23.
Freedom Now. 2010. "United Nations declares Turkmenistan's detention of Annakurban Amanklychev and Sapardurdy Khadzhiev a violation of international law". Freedom Now. 11 December 2010. Archived from the original on 8 April 2011.
Front line. 2008. "Fears for three Turkmen human rights defenders held incommunicado". Front Line. 3 August 2008.
Goble, Paul. 2015. "Unpublished Census Provides Rare and Unvarnished Look at Turkmenistan". Jamestown Foundation. (10 February 2015). Archived from the original on 4 June 2021.
Griffiths, Martin. 2014. "Encyclopedia of International Relations and Global Politics". Translated by Alireza Tayeb. Tehran. Iran: Ney publications. [In Persian]
Hafez Nia, Mohammad Reza. 2011. "Principles and Concepts of Geopolitics". Tehran. Iran: Astan Quds Razavi publications. [In Persian]
Hakim, Hamid. 2017. "Geopolitics of the Caucasus and National Security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Tehran". Iran: Khorsandi publications. [In Persian]
Houghton, David Patrick. 2014. "Political Psychology Political Psychology Situations, Individuals, and Cases". Translated by Saeed Abdolmaleki. Tehran. Iran: Danje Publications [In Persian]
Human Rights Report. 2008. "Turkmenistan". U.S. department of State. State.gov. Archived from the original on 2009-02-26.
Human Rights Watch. 2007. "Turkmenistan". Human rights Watch.
Human Rights Watch. 2009. "Letter to President Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov regarding human rights concerns in Turkmenistan". Human Rights Watch. 12 March 2009.
Human Rights Watch. 2017. "Turkmenistan: Death Threats Against Journalist". Human Rights Watch. 2017-08-08.
Jafari Valdani, Asghar. 2003. "Iran’s Foreign Relations after the Islamic Revolution". Tehran. Iran: Avaye Noor publications. [In Persian]
Jafari Valdani, Asghar. 2008. "New Geopolitics of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf". Tehran. Iran: Ministry of Foreign Affairs publications. [In Persian]
Letsexport. "Turkenistan". http://www.letsexport.co.uk/Embassies/T/Turkhmenistan.gif
Lopour, Jacqueline. 2015. "Geopolitics at the World Pivot’s: Exploring Central Asia’s Security Challenges". Centre for International Governance Innovation, CIGI Papers, No. 80.
Mojtahedzadeh, Pirouz. 2002. "Political Geography and Geopolitics". Tehran. Iran: Samt publications. [In Persin]
Najibullah, Farangis. 2019. "Escape from Turkmenistan: Almost 2 Million Have Fled, But The President Looks The Other Way". RFE/RL. (8 June 2019) Archived from the original on 15 April 2021.
NHC. 2008. "Statement Annaniyazov". NHC. 2008-11-19.
Opennet. "Turkmenistan OpenNet Initiative". Opennet.net.
Osborn, Andrew. 2006. "Obituaries: Saparmurat Niyazov, President of Turkmenistan". The Independent (London). 2006-12-22
Peyrouse, Sebastien. 2015. "Turkmenistan: Strategies of Power, Dilemmas of Development", Routledge, eBook
Qaderi Najafabadi, Ali. 2002. "The importance of the Caspian Sea region". Keyhan newspaper, March, 18. [In Persian]
Radio Free Europe. 2010. "Turkmenistan plans to allow privately owned media". Radio Free Europe. 2010-07-10.
Radio Free Europe. 2019. "U.S. Charges Russia, Iran with Serious Rights Abuses in Annual Report". https://www.rferl.org/a/u-s-charges-russia-iran-serious-rights-abuses-annual-report/29819531.html
Reporters Without Borders. 2009. "Reporters Without Borders Concerned Over Conditions Faced by Turkmen Prisoners". Reporters Without Borders. 19 February 2009.
Reporters Without Borders. 2016. "Ennemis d'Internet - Turkmenistan - Reporters Without Borders". RSF. En.rsf.org. Archived from the original on 2016-02-01.
RFE/RL. 2021. "Источники: Туркменистан в состоянии депопуляции. В стране осталось 2,7 миллиона населения" (in Russian). RFE/RL. 2 July 2021. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021.
Snow, Shawn. 2015. "ISIS Looks for Foothold in Central Asia". The Diplomat. January 18. http://thediplomat.com/2015/01/isis-looks-for-foothold-in-central-asia/.
Tasnim News. 2019. Tasnim news agency. https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1397/11/28/1949161
"The signal of freedom, part 4: Berdimuhammedov knows why the caged bird sings". New Eurasia. 2010-05-24.
The Economist. 2018. "Turkmenezuela: Turkmenistan finds a novel solution to mass emigration". The Economist. 7 July 2018. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021.
Turkmen News. 2021. "Численность русских в Туркменистане снизилась до уровня 1930–х годов" (in Russian). Turkmen.News. 23 April 2021. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021.
Turkmen News. 2021. "Госкомстат Узбекистана раскрыл численность этнических туркменов в стране" (in Russian). Turkmen News. 19 August 2021. Archived from the original on 19 August 2021.
Turkmen News. 2023. "Тайная перепись. Как в Туркменистане прошло важнейшее статистическое исследование" (in Russian). Turkmen.News. 10 January 2023. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023.
"Turkmenistan daily digest". Archived from the original on September 4, 2008.
U.S. Dos. 2005. "Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Turkmenistan". U.S. Department of State.
Watters, Kate. 2009. "Zatoka, Freed". Crude Accountability. 2009-11-10. Archived from the original on May 3, 2009.
Yanovskaya, Maria. 2009. "Andrei Zatoka's Long and Winding Road to Russia?". Ferghana. (2009-11-11). Archived from the original on 2010-08-15.
Zatoka, Andrei. 2009. "Statement from Andrei Zatoka". Human rights Watch. 2009-10-29
МетеоЖурнал. 2021. "В 2019 году из Туркменистана эмигрировало порядка 110 тысяч человек или 2,2% населения страны" (in Russian). МетеоЖурнал. 1 May 2021. Archived from the original on 4 May 2021.
Демоскоп Weekly. "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность городского населения союзных республик, их территориальных единиц, городских поселений и городских районов по полу". Демоскоп Weekly. Archived from the original on 26 February 2009.