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Transfer of learning from English course to other contexts is one of the most fundamental objectives of EAP instruction. Providing opportunities to transfer the acquired knowledge from the ESAP writing course to writing tasks of specialized disciplines as well as analyzing students’ perceptions of transfer catalysts and barriers might suggest a foundation for future educational planning. This study examines how engineering graduates learning ESAP assessed the four constructs of learning transfer inventory that might facilitate or inhibit the transfer of learning in discipline-specific academic writing programs. 60 engineering graduate students participated in this study. During the ESAP course, collaboratively designed discipline-specific writing tasks were presented and practiced through multimodal input. The catalysts and the barriers to the learning transfer act were identified by administering the Learning Transfer System Inventory (LTSI). Results indicated that the students could obtain significant levels of academic writing skills and finally transfer their acquired instruction to authentic discipline practices. Furthermore, data analysis demonstrated that transfer of writing outcomes will be increased if more consideration of work-related factors is considered in higher education. All participants reported personal capacity as the main impediment induced by the work-related construct. Students’ positive attitudes toward three ability factors and all motivational factors suggested that an auspicious foundation for future educational planning exists if disciplinary and institutional considerations are embraced.
 

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Lentiviruses are considered one of the most effective recombinant viruses for gene transfer to mammalian cells and tissues. In this study, the potential of HIV-1-based lentiviral vector to deliver transgenes into avian cells was examined. We co-transfected human embryonic kidney cell line HEK-293T with three lentivirus vectors called transfer, packaging and envelope vectors. We collected the supernatant from transfected cells 24 and 48 hours post-transfection and filtered them immediately. Then we subjected the filtered supernatant to Amicon protein columns for concentration purposes. Centrifugation removed a larger part of the supernatant presumably free of viruses and left behind a small volume of darken solution full of virions. We thereby produced a 500-µl-volume of virus stock. Various dilutions of this stock were added to chicken liver cell line LMH. The initial sign of infection appeared within 48 hours and by 96 hours post-infection 100% the LMH cells positively expressed transgenes. Our results indicated that the human HIV-1-based lentivirus vectors are capable of transducing and transferring foreign genes into chicken cells. Given the need for a high-titer virus stock for successful target cell transduction, our results indicate that the filtration method of virus concentration is able to produce high virus titer and is cost-effective and less time consuming than ultracentrifugation or other traditional methods.

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Lentiviruses are considered one of the most effective recombinant viruses for gene transfer to mammalian cells and tissues. This study comprises of two essential parts: (1) evaluation of efficiency of protein purification columns in concentration of recombinant lentiviruses, and (2) production of recombinant lentiviruses carrying GDNF coding sequences. In part (1) we co-transfected human embryonic kidney cell line HEK-293T with three lentivirus vectors called transfer (carrying either GFP or Jred), packaging and envelope vectors. After a filtration step, we applied the supernatant from transfected cells to Amicon protein columns for concentration purposes. Centrifugation removed 99% of the supernatant and left behind 500-µl-volume of solution full of virions. We thereby produced a of virus stock. Various dilutions of this stock were added to HEK-293T cells that produced up to 100% infected cells positively expressing transgenes. To examine whether the removed supernatant (overflow) has any trace of infective virus by chance, we also used dilutions of the overflow for infection and observed no sign of eGFP or Jred expression. Given the need for a high-titer virus stock for successful target cell transduction, our results indicate that our filtration method of virus concentration is able to produce high virus titer and is cost-effective and less time consuming than previous methods. In part (2), due to the importance of neurotrophic factor GDNF in differentiation and neuroprotection as well as in therapy of neurodegenerative disorders, we ligated GDNF coding sequence into the lentivirus backbone in the second phase of our study. We applied the same method outlined above to produce high-titer recombinant viruses. Following infection of human astrocytoma cells with this virus stock, we detected 3-fold increase in GDNF mRNA expression using RT-PCR. Lentiviruses carrying GDNF can therefore be generated at high titer using the column method and applied for differentiation and neuroprotection studies.

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Most previous laboratory studies of local scour at bridge abutments were performed in rectangular channels in which the distributions of flow velocity and bed shear stress were considered uniform in the transverse direction. In reality however, bridge abutments are usually located in the floodplain zone of rivers where velocity and shear stress distributions are directly affected by the lateral momentum transfer. The influence of channel geometry and lateral momentum transfer in compound flow field on scouring phenomenon, however, has not been fully investigated and understood as yet. This paper presents the results of an experimental study performed to investigate the impact of both sediment size and lateral momentum transfer on local scour at abutments terminating in the floodplain of a compound channel. It is shown that, by accounting for lateral momentum transfer at small floodplain/main channel depth ratios (yalH<0.3), estimates of maximum local scour depth are increased by up to 30% . In relation to the sediment size, earlier studies of scouring around circular bridge piers proposed a limit for the relative size of sediment (pier diameter/median size of bed material) beyond which the sediment size has no effect on the equilibrium scour depth (Ettema, 1980; Chiew, 1984). The results of the current laboratory studies, however, indicated that the limit established for circular bridge piers might not be appropriate for the abutment case installed in the floodplain zones; further studies are required to draw a more general conclusion regarding the effects of relative grain size in the abutment case.

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In graded structure aerogels, change of pores diameter through the thickness affects the effective thermal conductivity. As the pores diameter is reversely correlated to the density, the effective thermal conductivity of aerogel is often normalized to the density and it is expressed as the B parameter. Lower values of B would be the optimum conditions for the resulting aerogel. The objective of this work is to simulate the heat transfer of the homogenous structures and to compare it with structures that pore diameter vary through the thickness. For this purpose, the structure characteristics and properties of silica aerogel along with the effect of coupling thermal conductivity have to be taken into consideration. Using the COMSOLMultiphysics®software, the heat transfer was modeled for a number of cases, including homogenous structures with minimum density (L), maximum density (H) and for an optimum structure (OPT) having a minimum value of the B parameter. The results were compared to thestructurally graded aerogels in which the density was varied in two fashions, from higher values to lower (HtL) and from lower to higher values (LtH). The change of temperature with time was tracked for all the cases. Results indicated that the minimum value of heat transfer was obtained for the structurally graded aerogel of the type of LtH (a 2-percent increase of efficiency for LtH when compared to the optimum structure (OPT)). Therefore, this structure introduce as the best candidate for producing a thermal insulator.

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One of the miniaturization of heat transfer equipment is enhancing the convective heat transfer coefficient. The main aim of this study is design and producing a kind of nanofluid based on water and ethylene glycol. Graphene was synthesized via electrochemical method and its successful production was confirmed with XRD, FTIR spectrum and, SEM and TEM images. By using different amount of graphene i.e. 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, and 1.5%, water/ethylene glycol/graphene nanofluid was produced. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used as surfactant to improve graphene stability in the base fluid. The designed experimental setup was composed of spiral tube with constant wall temperature and equipped with flow meter and pressure and temperature indicators. Nusselt number and pressure drop were measured for pure water and compared with those obtained from theoretical relations and it was found that the setup works properly. Convective heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt number, and heat transfer rate were investigated for water/ethylene glycol (60/40 wt.%) and nanofluid with different amount of graphene using experimental setup. The results showed that by adding 1 wt.% graphene into the based fluid the convective heat transfer coefficient increased about 50% while pressure drop was also increased about 50%. Overall, the findings of this research work support the potential of water/ethylene glycol/graphene nanofluid for using in heating/cooling equipment.
 

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Error management culture is emerging concept which facilitates transferring and sharing the knowledge which obtained from organizational errors among employees and organizational units. This culture leads to improve learning processes among organizational units which denotes the concept of absorptive capacity. Knowledge gained from errors leads to improve organizational innovation which upgrade long-term organizational performance. This study examined the relationship between error management culture and organizational performance with consideration of the absorptive capacity role and innovative performance. All managers of pharmaceutical companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange were selected as statistical society for this survey. Hypotheses were tested based on 153 collected questionnaires by structural equation modeling and regression analysis. Findings prove a positive relationship between variables. Absorptive capacity and innovative performance play the roles of mediators between error management culture and organizational performance.    
 

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Stem cell therapy has been introduced as an innovative and promising treatment in Ischemic diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells are considered for cell therapy to some extent due to their immunemodulatory, differentiation potential, feasibility of isolation and proliferation properties. Stem cells, after transplantation, often encounter harsh and hypoxic environment in ischemic tissues, which leads to cell death and decreased therapeutic efficiency. On the other hand, the fate of stem cell viability and differentiation  is still an ambiguous issue in cell therapy regenerative medicine. To overcome this problem, Hypoxic/Ischemic preconditioning has been reported as a powerful tool with beneficial effects on cell survival. The reported master regulator in this process is a transcription factor known as HIF-1α. This study aimed to over-express HIF-1α in mesenchymal stem cells along with eGFP by using lenti viral vectors. Bisistronic expression of eGFP and HIF-1α provides the possibilities of tracking the transplanted cells and mimicking the hypoxic conditions for genetically modified stem cells for future animal model studies.  

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Several methods are using to collect insects from the environments, they are living in. The sweeping net is one of the commonly used equipment for collecting however the process of picking up the collected insects from net bag is laborious and time consuming job. In the present work we introduced a hand-held battery powered electric aspirator, which made based on a centrifugal fan which adapted into an especial storage bottle (replaceable). Field trials confirmed the efficiency of the new device in collecting insects from different orders, of which Diptera and Hymenoptera were dominant. Additional customization was made on the type of collecting bottle to enhance the applicability of the new device for different purposes. Finally, studies showed that the hand-held electric aspirator can be used successfully for faunistic and ecological studies.

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Background: Parasitic infections can cause different chemical changes in human body. This study was designed to determine the liver aminotransferase changes in Iranian people infected by parasite.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, blood samples were collected from 183 parasite-infected patients. After serum isolation in laboratory, Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) rates of all samples were measured according to IFCC standard method, and after recording in the information form, the results were analyzed using descriptive statistics.
Results: The results of this study showed that patients were infected by 19 different types of parasites. Also, the results showed that the average value ​​of ALT and AST in patients were equal to 32.30 ±23.40 and 38.60±34.80, respectively. The ANOVA test showed remarkable statistical differences between these values ​​and various infections. There was positive and significant correlation between ALT and AST.
Conclusion: The abnormality in liver function in patients with eosinophilia can be caused by parasitic infections in endemic areas; therefore, it can be the cause of a differential diagnosis for physicians.  Generally, non-significant changes in transaminase levels can also be attributed to the infection low intensity in patients tested.

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Behrouz Akhlaghi Associate Professor of Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Tehran University Hossein Beyabangard Ph.D. Student of Private Law, Tarbiat Modares University Technology transfer, a procedure based on which, sciences, technologies, skills and Scientific and technical abilities, owned or controlled by a foreign country or foreign company are transfered to a country or company, demanding them, constitutes one of the basic subjects of the foreign direct investment. Technology transfer is one of the most essential and fundamental subjects in foreign direct investment. Obtaining new technologies innovated by developed countries and the multinational companies is a principal goal of the developing countries. Technology Transfer from the standpoint of the analysis of it's nature within the legal system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, is already entailed in Article 10 of Iranian Civil Code. Technology as an immaterial commodity is transferable, both commercially and non-commercially. Joint-ventures, some times interpereted as legal participation or commerical participation, is considered as important and efficient method for the commercial transfer of technology. Among the different methods of advanced technology transfer, the foreign direct investment by way of establishing joint venture companies is of the autmost importance. For on the one hand, the foreign investore due to it's partnership in management and ownership usually present acceptable Technology. On the other hand, on accounts of local partner's awarnece of internal circumstances the Legal, economic and political sensitivities are minimized.

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Introduction
The review of urban development plans in Iran in the horizon indicates that a large part of the proposals and estimates in the horizon of this plan have not been realized. One of the main reasons for the ineffectiveness of these plans is the way they face the property rights. A right that is recognized in the country of Iran and based on Islamic law and Sharia; Therefore, it is necessary to examine this topic from the perspective of Islamic thought. Among the emerging ideas in the field of urban planning in the west is the transfer of development right (TDR) approach.
This idea was proposed for the first time in order to preserve cultural heritage in America. But is this approach, which is used in urban plans in recent decades in Iran, is expanding and has its roots in Western thought, can it be the answer of Iranian Islamic society? Therefore, in this research, the main goals are, 1. Obtaining the framework of the concepts of rights and the transfer of property development based on religious texts, jurisprudential principles and documentary sources.
2. Adapting and reviewing the legal status of owners in the TDR approach is from the perspective of Islamic thought. In this research, while examining the three dimensions, jurisprudence, ethics and law in the approach of transfer of development rights and the compliance of laws related to urban development plans with Islamic jurisprudence and the approach of transfer of development rights, it is tried to make suggestions to benefit from the jurisprudence/ethical rule based To be presented on Islamic thought in urban development plans.
Methodology
This research is applied and developmental in terms of purpose and analytical-descriptive in nature. This research is carried out in two stages, first by using documentary studies and existing information resulting from the implementation experiences of urban plans, the legal status of ownership and transfer of the right to development is examined, and in the next stage through studies of religious texts and Shariathe framework of property rights in the religion of Islam is explored.
So, the right of ownership in Islam and Islamic thought, focusing on the principle of subordination, is examined in comparison with the right to transfer ownership in the TDR approach, and suggestions are made for the integration of legal structures and the Islamic system in the field of ownership in order to increase the realization of projects. Urban development is provided.
Result and discussion
The transfer of development rights (TDR) approach was first considered in New York City and in the United States, the possibility of moving and the right to transfer a license plate to the adjacent license plate in the Zoning Law of 1916a. Based on this plan, the owners were given permission to sell their vertical development right to adjacent land plates, and the parts receiving this right would have the possibility of violating the construction height limit and setback requirements. Various issues are involved in the TDR approach, such as development right, development value, and service recipient and service provider areas.
By using the development right transfer approach, the owners of sensitive natural lands, farms, as well as historical and important areas can receive their losses through the sale of their transferable development TDR and voluntarily develop their property in the future.
Regarding the jurisprudential aspect of the transfer of development rights, according to the perspective of personal partial dispossession in Islam, people are free to own their property, but according to the interests of the society, some of these rights are deprived by law and government. Regarding the next aspect of citizenship rights, citizenship and ownership, which are considered among new concepts in the West today and are trying to achieve the rights of owners and citizens, are explicitly mentioned in Islam.
Regarding the moral aspect, Imam Khomeini mentioned that man is the essence of all beings and the essence of the whole world. The mission of the prophets is to actualize this potential extract. The effort of all prophets is to create social and inner justice in humans. Justice is the direct path of human progress to divine perfection. In practice, the limits of ownership and the amount of consumption should be based on right and justice and in the direction of maximum productivity and growth and ensuring social justice.
In Iran, the renovation and improvement of dilapidated urban structures as a problem with different social, economic, legal and technical dimensions has been included in the programs of the government and municipalities since the early 1980s. At the same time as drawing attention to this category on a national scale and in the form of by-laws and laws, Tehran Municipality has also started planning and intervening in these fields since 2013.
The actions of the Tehran City Renewal Organization show that at the beginning in 2012 with the construction plan of the eastern highway edge which was a program based on acquisition, demolition and reconstruction, in the years 2018 and 2019 in the form of setting up facilitation offices and based on Social actions crystallized. Previously, experiences in the field of intervention in urban contexts, especially worn-out contexts, were carried out with the approach of improving physical and functional conditions and without paying attention to other aspects of the issue.
This is despite the fact that the basis of the concept of citizenship rights in the Islamic city is the people. In fact, the role of people in all areas of urban development plans should be considered. The plan must satisfy the people involved in the plan, and one of the most important examples of this is the way of bringing together the owners in connection with the occupation of lands and properties in order to achieve the goals of collective development. It is obvious that a process that starts with the creation of dissatisfaction among the beneficiaries of the project is not based on the principles of Islam and jurisprudence.
Conclusion
Islam is the religion of justice, equality and right orientation, and by relying on Islamic jurisprudence, important rules can be extracted and explained in the field of urban issues. The rules of submissiveness, harmlessness and expediency are among the most important jurisprudential principles that must be observed in Islamic urban planning in Iran in order to maintain and control the family foundation, stability of ownership, and respect for citizens. Also, the main condition for validating urban development plans is their compatibility with the approved laws of the country.
Most of the specialized laws approved in the field of urban development and construction, including the Law of Municipalities (1960), the Civil and Urban Renovation Law (1968), etc., are related to the Pahlavi era, and these laws have not been corrected or updated over time. It is possible to achieve this goal in the form of adding notes to the articles of the previous laws, or canceling the previous laws and approving new laws. Islam is the religion of justice, equality and peaceful coexistence.
If the above laws are revised in accordance with the jurisprudential-ethical principles of the Islamic religion and the patterns considered for acquisition have the least amount of intervention and also the full satisfaction of the owners whose property is placed in the path of development plans, It is possible to observe the fulfillment of Islamic rules in the cities. Therefore, the following comprehensive suggestions are presented in order to achieve this goal.
- Avoid urban development plans that only exist with an economic and material view of land, buildings, and people's livelihood.
- Avoid large-scale decision-making and interventions.
- It is necessary to review and update the laws related to construction and development in line with the speed of development and complexity in cities. Including in the applicable laws that were approved before the Islamic Revolution era.
- Based on moral jurisprudence rules, a set of rights should be included in the laws and decisions should be made based on them, such as ownership citizenship rights, business and profession rights, water and flower rights, agricultural right.

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Transfer Matrix Method (TMM) has been applied to analyze characteristics of semiconductor laser optical amplifiers. The input signal is sinusoidal modulating wave and we do not assume the modulating bias signal as well. We have shown that the distoration arises from gain modulation at low modulation frequencies, but in microwave modulation frequencies, the gain takes an average value and the response becomes linear.

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The purpose of the study is to identify factors  that does not originate directly from the training program and how to implement it, but included in the two following categories of “organization environment” and “meta-organizational factors” affecting the training application in the organization. The findings of the study were obtained using qualitative research and case study method. The research analysis unit was Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2014. To collect data, 34 people were considered for the population, including 13 managers, 12 faculty members and 9 employees. The research instrument was open interview and semi-structured interview. Results showed that factors affecting the training application in university following factors related to organization environment include eight factors: climate of application of Education, Supervisor and Peer Support, outcome of application, Providing a appropriate substrate, Encourage to work,Organization Culture, Occupation Guarantee and Organization Demandsand meta-organizational factors are 3 factor: Expectations of society, Social status and the rapid development of science and technology. Considering these factors could help organizations to achieve the goal of “Application of Training”, that is the perennial concerns of managers and main factor to assess the effectiveness of education.

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Fruit juices are among heat sensitive foods. Vitamins, proteins and other organic materials present in most fruit juices may be easily decomposed during heat processing. Therefore, evaporators with minimum residence time and maximum efficiency for concentrating fruit juices should be applied. So,tubular type falling and climbing film evaporators are suitable devices. In the present investigation, certain important factors in concentration of in digenous orange juice from north region of Iran in a pilot-plant double effect falling-climbing film evaporator have been studied. Variation of liquid film tickness, heat transfer coefficient, hydrodynamic and thermal properties show that evaporation of the fruit juices take places in turbulent regime and required concentration and ratio of the product concentration to acidity can be achieved by six stages evaporation.

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In the present work, investigation on flow boiling heat transfer of R-134a inside a horizontal tube and also the tubes with coiled wire inserts has been done experimentally. The experimental setup which was used in this investigation was a well instrumented vapor compression refrigeration system. This set-up consists a test evaporator which all the experiments were carried out on it. Refrigerant which flows inside the tube of test evaporator is electrically heated by the coils around it. The evaporator tube is a copper tube with 7.5 mm internal diameter. The range of some operating parameters are: refrigerant mass velocities 54-136 kg/m2s, vapor qualities 0.2-1.0 and heat fluxes 2-6 kW/m2. The empirical data were collected for plain tube and tubes with seven different coiled wire inserts (different coil pitches and different wire diameters). The results show that the insertion of a helically coiled wire inside the evaporator tube increases the heat transfer coefficient by as much as 83% above the plain tube values on a nominal area basis. An empirical correlation was developed to predict the heat transfer coefficient during flow boiling of R-134a inside horizontal coiled wire inserted tubes.

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It has been argued that the copulatory structures of the weevil genus Sitona Germar have their equivalents in the opposite sex. Hence, the male intromittent organ represents a species-specific key to unlock the corresponding genital tract of its mate, and the female internal genitalia displays several positions that match the functional armature and surface prominences of the endophallic internal sac from the conspecific male. However, this claim can lead to a major challenge due to the perceived lack of variation in the females copulatory organs across the species of a large genus, Sitona.  Therefore, a special case can be very helpful for modeling an elaborate correspondence of male and female genital traits in this group. One of the most intricating and unusual forms of the genitalia in the tribe Sitonini that is assumed to be the representative of an advanced type of the “lock-and-key” relationship belongs to S. fairmairei. A pair of peculiar “bursal plugs” along with the two slender accessory pouches were revealed inside the female bursal lumen of this species that were considered to operate in concert with the unusual ejaculatory pump and anchoring device of the male transfer apparatus respectively, in the process of insemination. The Modification of the pumping device and the way that the endophallic armature threads along the female spermathecal duct in S. fairmairei were compared to another species, S. cylindricollis. Our results provide evidence on how the biomechanics of copulation can drive the evolution of a “cooperative lock-and-key” isolating mechanism in the genital traits of the weevil genus Sitona, as well as the significance of a clear understanding about the reciprocal morphologies of male and female copulatory organs.

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Abstract In the present work, investigation on flow boiling heat transfer of R-134a inside a horizontal tube and also the tubes with coiled wire inserts has been done experimentally. The experimental setup which was used in this investigation was a well instrumented vapor compression refrigeration system. This set-up consists a test evaporator which all the experiments were carried out on it. Refrigerant which flows inside the tube of test evaporator is electrically heated by the coils around it. The evaporator tube is a copper tube with 7.5 mm internal diameter. The range of some operating parameters are: refrigerant mass velocities 54-136 kg/m2s, vapor qualities 0.2-1.0 and heat fluxes 2-6 kW/m2. The empirical data were collected for plain tube and tubes with seven different coiled wire inserts (different coil pitches and different wire diameters). The results show that the insertion of a helically coiled wire inside the evaporator tube increases the heat transfer coefficient by as much as 83% above the plain tube values on a nominal area basis. An empirical correlation was developed to predict the heat transfer coefficient during flow boiling of R-134a inside horizontal coiled wire inserted tubes.

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We present a detailed analysis of the static tuning characteristics of three section tunable distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) laser. The analysis is based on the transfer matrix method (TMM), transmission line and scattering theory. The key feature of the analysis is the use of modified oscillation condition. With the exact oscillation condition, the static tuning characteristics such as threshold current, output power, oscillating wavelength are obtained and the effects of a discontinuity at the active-passive interface and also the manufacturing imperfections on the device characteristics are investigated

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This paper presents an analytical solution for steady state conductive heat transfer in a cylindrical composite laminate. The results of this solution can be pretty useful in investigating heat transfer in pipes and reservoirs. In this research, tensor of thermal conductivity coefficients for composite materials is presented and the procedure of determination of the coefficients is described based on the properties of fibers and matrix material. Then, the equation of heat transfer of composite materials has been determined in cylindrical coordinates. The research has been done for conditions that fibers are wound around the cylinder and the heat transfer equation has been solved via separation of variables method.