---

The pragmatics is one of the main branches of linguistics that considers discourse coherence as the result of interaction between language users and text context. Hence, its subject is the study of the ability to use language and to construct context-related sentences to show how speech makes sense in situations. The pragmatics of language studies the meaning that the speaker conveys and the listener or reader interprets. In the meanwhile, protest and argumentation is a process of linguistic communication that the speaker uses in order to change the attitude and point of view of the audience and in the direction of the desired goals, makes his thought pursue and in this process of techniques and methods Benefits variety. In the present article, the techniques of argumentation were criticized and analyzed in a number of Nahj al-Balaghah proverbs in order to obtain a more accurate reading and understanding of these proverbs. To conduct this research, 95 samples of proverbs in which protest techniques were more common were analyzed based on the book (Al-Amthal wa Al-Hakam Al-Mustakhrajah) written by Mohammad Al-Gharavi. The results showed that Imam Ali (AS) by maintaining the laws of language evolution, in order to persuade and persuade his audience, from a variety of linguistic-rhetorical strategies, methods of persuasion, quasi-logical structures, rhetorical approaches, preaching, simile, allegory, irony and metaphor. Has used and artistically presented his desired moral, social and political concepts in the form of words that express the linguistic and cognitive ability of Amir Bayan (AS).                                             

---

This study examines the cognitive processes underlying the comprehension of second language idioms using two different visual instructional techniques, visual representation of literal meanings versus virtual meanings of each idiom’s visual representation. For this reason, two environments (positions) (PFL vs. PSL), two different terms (opaque vs. transparent), and two different sufficiency levels (intermediate vs. advanced) are considered, which involves common teaching methods that use dual coding theory as two different visual techniques with verbal support to teach different types of idioms. The statistical population were 67 second language learners and 63 foreign language learners who participated in this study. A term comprehension test was used before and after the training. The results of repeated measure variance analysis based on pretest-posttest comparisons showed that understanding of SL idioms is different according to the learning environment, teaching technique and the type of idiom. However, it sounds that the level of sufficiency doesn’t affect any group’s comprehension outcomes. The results show that in the SL environment, the figurative technique was more successful than the literal technique. While in the FL environment, using the literal technique compared to the figurative technique, got better scores for the language learner. PSL learners were better than PFL learners in learning terms with opaque meanings, while PFL learners performed better in learning terms with transparent meanings. The results of this investigation support the Dual Idiom Representation Model, which states that PSL learners activate their existing lexical entries and understand them figuratively, while PFL learners must analyze the idioms.

 

---

Mehdi Sahabi s’est essayé, pendant des années,  à l’atelier de Proust et ce faisant,  il a atteint à un certain degré de mûrissement. En traduisant A la Recherche du Temps, il a voulu faire œuvre, comme dit Antoine Berman.  Les Plaisirs et Les Jours, livre d’un jeune auteur qui demande reconnaissance, préfigure déjà  La Recherche, malgré la différence compositionnelle et thématique entre les deux ouvrages. Dans cet article, en nous basant sur les procédés techniques de la traduction énumérés et exemplifiés par Vinay-Darbelnet dans leur théorie de La Stylistique comparée, nous cherchons à analyser le processus de la traduction de ce  recueil proustien. L’objectif est de connaître d’abord la méthode de traduction dee Sahabi et la manière dont il  a procédé,  et  de savoir ensuite  si la théorie appliquée est efficace dans la lecture d’un texte littéraire traduit. Les premier et second  objectifs, pour être atteints, ont besoin de la mise en présence des deux textes et de l’explication de l’opération traduisante. A priori, les projets traductifs de Sahabi semblent ciblistes et orientés vers le lecteur, mais il  est le traducteur des choix inattendus et peut nous surprendre. Par ailleurs, l’applicabilité de cette théorie linguistique au texte proustien  déterminera son efficacité dans la critique de la traduction littéraire.
 

---

Abstract The core concept of this article is the comparative study of the reflection of a common theme in the works of artists from different cultural backgrounds. The theme of temptation is common in the works of two artists studied here. "The temptations of Saint Anthony" by Hieronymus Bosch, the Flemish painter in the early sixteenth century and a miniature from Saadi's Bustan, "the Prophet Yusuf rejects Zuleykha" by Kamaledin Bihzad, the Persian master painter in the late 9th and early 10th century Hijra (early 16th century). The article studies the approach of each painter to the concept of "Temptation" and their perception of this phenomenon, how each one has tried to express their perception and the visual narrative they offer their audience. Through these comparisons and analysis, the authors try to examine the cultural differences as well as common cultural grounds between the Islamic and Christian cultures in one hand and on the other hand the artistic differences and similarities between the Flemish and Iranian painters' views.

---

Abstract TAZKERAT - AL - ULIA is the only work by Farrid - Al - Din Attar in prose form. It expresses the biography, ideas and deeds of seventy two mystics and sofism. The reflection of historical, political and literary events affairs and creation on the works of Attar in particular , and Farsi literature of that time in general is quite interesting. In order to study the dramatic aspects of Tazkerat –Al –Ulia it is necessary to read, analyse and evaluate them in a different set of literary and artistic terms, that is to say dramatic and theatrical terms. The elements of theatre contain elements of play, performance, dramatic devices and techniques. In order to reveal the theatrical capacities and potentials of Tazkerat – Al - Ulia a selection of its narratives (three stories) 1 - Fozail Ayyaz, 2 - Rabee Advieh, 3 – Hosein – Ebn - Mansour Hallaj is in the center of present study and their theatrical and dramatic aspects of the prementioned stories have been analysed and evaluated in theatre critical terms. The researcher hopes that her research findings has shed light on the theatrical and dramatic potentials and values of Tazkerat –Al –Ulia and paves the way for dramatization and stage adaptation of the stories of the work in question.

---

---

Applying social capital to refurbish urban streets has meant recognizing opportunities and challenges and shaping processes to its sequences over time. The purpose of the present study is to introduce a strategic framework for applying the potentials and values ​​of social capital in environmental improvement and responsible maintenance and social control of street-related sequences. The main question is that how to transform the role of today's street as an element of neighborhood segregation into a linking element of discrete neighborhoods so as to become a showcase for cultural and social interactions. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical which is in three phases: explaining the relevant conceptual framework for entering the research context, applying it to the research context, analyzing and discussing the objective and subjective findings, Qualitative data analysis is done. The measurement tool is a semi-structured questionnaire, using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics performed by SPSS software were used to evaluate criteria and answer research questions. The research context is Imam Khomeini Street and the neighborhoods adjacent to this street. The sample size was 378 using Cochran formula. Indicators used in this study are invitations, neighborhood personality expression on the street edge, transparency and depth to the street edge, and a sense of belonging and responsible environmental behaviors. The results indicate that the items related to the design of the entrances and the continuation of recreational and tourism activities on the edge and the inner texture of the neighborhoods are of greater importance for identifying street sequences.

---

Viable pollen grains and eggs are necessary for processes of pollination, fertilization, and embryo formation for seed production. Various staining techniques were used to estimate pollen viability in herbicide treated plants. Effect of metsulfuron-methyl (2-[in(4-methoxy-6-methyl-l,3,5-triazine-2-yl) amino] carbonyl] amino] siilfonyl] benzoic acid) on pollen grain viability of dyers woad (Isatis tinctoria h.) inflorescence was investigated. Pollen grains of these plants were treated with 3,5,8,12 g a.i./ha metsulfuron in mid-anthesis stages. The treated plants were harvested in 1,3,5,7,9 and 12 day intervals after treatment and compared with control plants. Aniline blue in lactophenol (acid) and acetocarmine in glycerin (basic) were used for staining herbicide treated pollen grains. Full staining of dyers woad pollen grains significantly declined as herbicide application rates increased. Postponing the time of harvest through intervals of several days after treatment decreased the pollen grain stainability, irrespective of herbicide rate. With similar staining trends among pollen grains with the acidic and basic techniques, a significant difference in stainahility rate of the pollen grains was observed, with lower staining rates with aniline blue in lactophenol versus acetociirmine in glycerin. The rate of pollen grain stainability of herbicide treated weeds gave an adequate estimation of viability and fertility of pollen grains. As the percentage of pollen grain stainahility decreased, the efficacy of metsulfuron increased and vice versa. Use of various acidic and basic stains to estimate pollen viability can be an adequate procedure to determine the treated herbicide efficacy.

---

Various molecular techniques are available to make differences and to study the genetic divergences among species and populations, of which the most efficient ones are PCR-based markers. One of these methods, molecular fingerprinting, enables the distinction of closely related populations. ISSR-primers are universal primers that can be used for such studies. The utility of these primers was tested for threepopulations of Eretmocerus mundus Mercet (Hym, Aphelinidae), a primary parasitoid of the whiteflies. Of the 60 ISSR primers, that were checked, as many as 64 bands were obtained from 16 primers. The band sizes ranged from above 200 to 1000 bp for different primers. The rate of divergence among the bands was strong enough to make a clear difference among the studied specimens; however the intricacy of using these primers is very much for studying the divergence among several populations. Therefore, sequencing of specific regions of DNA could bring more success to find out divergence among populations of these tiny parasitoids.    

---

Background: Group B streptococcus (GBS) is the major cause of serious life threatening infections in neonates, pregnant women, and other adults with underlying diseases. Capsular polysaccharide typing is a significant way for epidemiological studies of GBS, the pathogenesis, and other studies associated with GBS infections including surveillance programs and vaccine development in future. Molecular serotyping (MS) methods offer more accurate and reliable typing of bacteria. The aim of current study was to differentiate genotypes of clinical GBS isolates based on PCR assay to acquire information about the distribution of GBS types in Hamadan, Iran.
Materials and Methods: A total of 62 clinical GBS strains including vaginal swabs, urine cultures, and blood culture isolates were examined for genotyping using multiplex PCR assay.
Results:Among the 62 GBS isolates examined, all capsular types, except VI, VII, and VIII, were found. Type III was the predominant type with 35 isolates (56.5%), followed by Type V with 11 isolates (17.7%), Type II with 7 isolates (11.3%), Type Ia with 5 isolates (8.1%), and Types Ib and IV with similar prevalence of 2 isolates (3.2%) for each type.
Conclusion: The results of the current study demonstrated that Type III is the predominant type in Hamadan, followed by Types V, II, Ia, Ib, and IV, respectively. Using MS method leads to accurate, sensitive, specific, and fast typing of GBS isolates. The advantages of MS method allow it to analyze various populations and to examine invasive and colonizing isolates in extensive epidemiological studies and surveillance activities. In fact, MS will facilitate the proper formulation of candidate GBS vaccines.

---

Low Back Pain (LBP) is the first cause of disability in people under 45 years old and the second cause of referral to physician, and the third cause of surgery (Noori et al., 2011). In developed countries, the overall cost resulted from LBP is 1.7% of gross national product total share (Karimi, 2004). In general, the prevalence rate of LBP is 30%, but over 70-85% of people in advanced countries experience it at least once in their life (Nezhad Roomezi et al., 2012). In Iran, this problem is the third cause of disability in people aged ranging from 15 to 69 years. Since Chronic Low Back Pain (CLBP) is a multifactorial phenomenon, several suggestions are proposed for its treatment (Nezhad Roomezi et al., 2012). In this study, it was decided to introduce a less-known but effective technique in the treatment of CLBP.

---

Why is state, and in a broader view, political system or government, responsible for directing and governing individuals' conduct "both in individual and species level"? And how it accomplishes this "will of governing"? The answers to these questions appear to be different based on our way of perceiving categories such as government, power, or their due relation to the subject. The perspective design of "governmentality" by Foucault could be taken as inception of a new domain in which the triplet categories of government, power and subject are interrelated. It is shown in this perspective that how government's reluctance in using mere violence and, at the meantime, willing to govern people through it will inevitably make subjectification as the sole possible answer to the particular epistemological horizon of the governmentality problematic; an answer, which in form, on the one hand, multiplicities all government arts and, appears as multiplying all government institutions on the other. The form of conceptualizing how power operates, not only explains blurring of boundaries between persuasion and consent during the governmentalization of individuals to create desired subjects, but also it denies “the participation of desire in repressing itself”.

---

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa has become the most common cause of infections in burn patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibiotyping and genotyping of P.  aeruginosa strains isolated from burn patients in Mottahari hospital during June-October 2016. 
Materials and Methods: A total of 78 P.  aeruginosa strains were collected from wound infected patients. Identification of the isolates was performed by biochemical tests and confirmed by specific 16srDNA PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by disk diffusion method according to the CLSI guidelines. The isolates were then evaluated for genotyping by ERIC-PCR.
Results: From a total of 78 collected isolates, 77 isolates (98.7%) were confirmed as P. aeruginosa by specific PCR. We found 4 antibiotypes. The highest resistance was observed to imipenem and gentamicin (~100%), and the most sensitivity was shown to colistin (100%). Overall, MDR phenotype was observed in most of the isolates (98.7%). The PCR of ERIC box produced 52 different patterns and 3 main clusters. Also, 59 (83%), 2 (3%), and 9 (13%) isolates were included in Cluster A, B, and C, respectively, and Cluster A was the predominant ERIC profile.
Conclusion: The high resistance to antibiotics in our study may be due to their abundant use as the prophylactic or treatment regimen in wound infections. So appropriate use of antibiotics seems necessary, and colistin is a proper choice for treatment of burn infection. In genotyping, 3 main clusters and 52 different patterns were shown. A majority of the P.  aeruginosa strains isolated  from  burn   patients were related and belonged to Cluster A.

---

In this paper, a generalized method for accurate full-wave analysis of shielded MIC's and the three-layer microstrip structure enclosed in a rectangular cavity based on Mixed Potential Integral Equation (MPIE) derived in real space have been developed. Method of moments (MoM) with Galerkin technique has been used for the solution of the integral equation to obtain the surface electric currents distribution on the conductors. An accurate de-embedding procedure for the characterizing electric currents distribution and extracting S parameters based on pencil of matrix technique are employed. A new numerical technique for fast convergence of the double infinite series expansion of the MoM solution has been considered. A computer program implementing the analysis has been written in Fortran on a personal computer. Several types of microstrip discontinuities such as Open-end, bend, collinear Broadside Coupled Line (BCL) and crossover is analyzed and numerical results are presented and compared with both previously published data and the results found by HP-HFSS software.

---

Due to Limited resources and unlimited human demands, it is important for marketers to use resources efficiently and thoroughly to achieve the organizational goals. In this regard, green marketing assists marketers as a marketing strategy, and support environment and customers’ expectations with observable benefits. Automotive industry is one of the reflection of economic and industrial development, and as an extensive process, performs important role in rotating the wheels of economy. The aim of this study is to identify and examine the effective factors on green marketing in automotive industry of Iran. The statistical population is formed of two groups. The first group consisted 8 experts in green marketing and chose for identifying effective factors. The second group consisted experts in automotive industry to evaluate performance and extract indices weights. For collecting data, questionnaire of identification effective factors and performance evaluation used. Confirmatory factor analysis, Topsis and GRY decision making techniques employed to investigate the questions of the study. For presentation of clear and practical results, confirmed factors are placed in Importance-Performance Matrix, and separated to 4 parties. The most important factors are those that situated in second quarter which automotive industry must focus on, and improves its performance in those factors.  

---

Elections are the most effective and practical tool and means for exercising the thoughts and beliefs of the people and recognizing social options and priorities in democratic societies, during which the voting and participation of the elected candidates and the voters play an essential role. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, a favorable circumstance and profitable condition has been provided for public freedom and a widespread and great political participation of citizens, groups and parties in order to determine the political destiny and fate through elections. Elections are mentioned a fundamental mechanism for gathering and recognizing social choices and preferences, hence its rule and legitimacy is determined by the people. The method which used in this research is a descriptive- analytic according to the nature and aims of the subject and also in accordance with the testing of hypotheses and data collection. The statistical population is the households living in Islamabad and Dalahou districts with a population above 176864 people and 51177 households. The research findings show that there is a significant relationship between the sense of socio-economic status and the use of candidates' advertising techniques; In other words, the more suitable the socio- economic situation of the candidates, the higher the techniques will be in terms of quantity and quality
 

---

Gas sensitive metal oxide layers used in fabrication of resistive gas sensors are prepared by different deposition techniques. The technical data reported on some basic and practically important specifications of these devices, although fabricated based on the same gas sensitive oxide, are anomalously different. The influence of the fabrication technique used for the deposition of the gas sensitive layer on determination of the significant specifications of the transient response of a resistive gas sensor is experimentally investigated for the first time. ZnO and SnO2 layers were prepared by LPCVD, PVD, EPD and powder pressing techniques. Prototype gas sensors based on these layers were fabricated. The transient responses of these devices to a step change in the composition of the surrounding atmosphere were recorded and compared. It was shown that the thickness, porosity and pore micro-structure of the gas sensitive layer are the most effective parameters in determination of the transient response. The relationship between these parameters and the temporal variation of the electrical conductivity of the gas sensitive layer was qualitatively analyzed. Oxide layers of higher porosity resulted in gas sensors of faster response, but response time increased with the thickness of these gas sensitive layers. The sensors produced by EPD technique demonstrated the fastest responses while those produced by CVD were the slowest among the samples investigated.

---

One of the most important aspects of presence of citizens in urban spaces, that enhances their vitality and their effective social roles, is “moving on foot”. Nowadays, in many urban spaces, motion of a large number of citizens, who like to walk here and there in the cities, is affected by various factors. Dissatisfaction of pedestrians due to the limitation of urban spaces has a relationship with the violation of their rights. Citizenship rights, is one of the issues to be considered in Islam and is highly encouraged in respecting human values. A citizen, is an official member of a city, state or country and because of that, there are rights and responsibilities for him/her that have been assigned in law. In fact, citizenship right is a combination of duties and responsibilities of citizens in relation to each other, to the local and to the national government. In Islam, the rights and responsibilities that are known as the citizens’ rights are indigenous with the laws and regulations that have been known and assigned as Islamic human rights. These rights that must be strongly respected by Muslims, include civil, human, social, political, cultural and judicial rights. By studying some samples of justice in the Holy Qur’an, one can notice that “justice” involves all the issues which related to human beings. Some of the meanings of justice in Qur›an which have connection with citizenship rights in Muslim community include: placing everything in their right places, proper and accurate application of everything, respect for individual rights and the prevention of injury and trespassing, saving and prevention extremes, equality with other people and prevention and prohibition of superiority. Prophet Mohammad (peace be upon him) also mentioned justice as a factor for protecting and defending human beings’ right. He emphasized justice as the main criterion for all individual, social, moral, material, physical, spiritual, political and non-political rights. In this article, citizenship right is discussed from the perspective of justice in Islam. Justice is an important factor in the formation of the Islamic city. City is a complex structure that in every moment is influenced by three factors, «body or the built form», «population» and «social relations». So, establishment of justice in Islamic city is the function of (1) establishment of justice in the physical framework of a city, (2)fairly citizens use of urban facilities, (3) establishment of justice regarding to the citizens’ cultural aspects and issues (4) establishment of justice in the behavior of citizens with the physical framework of the city. The balance of the city framework, justice in the rational provision and distribution of municipal facilities, with access to the city authorities, fighting against oppression, good placement of urban facilities and their proximity and accessibility are all the signs of justice in urban scale. But in small-scale there are principles that following them, shows the importance of respecting pedestrians› rights and social justice, such as respect for human worth and dignity, good proportionality between dimensions of space and the characteristics of mental and physical organism of the human body, making the relationship between nature and human, and respect for other people, “La zarar va La zerar rule in Islam”, individual privacy, creating visual beauty and many other issue of these kinds. This study sought to evaluate the impact of these factors in violation of the rights of pedestrians, in the study area (intersection of Jalal Ale Ahmad and Chamran Highway to Kargar-e-shomali Street and Fatemi Intersection) as one of the areas with high pedestrian traffic. The statistical population of this study are the pedestrians who use these paths (the study area) at different times of the day and night. Research methodology is analytical-explanatory and based on field study. So on the basis of pedestrians and authorities views that was found through the researchand the principles of justice in Islam in relation to citizenship rights, six sets of criteria for the analysis citizenship rights of pedestrianscan be defined: Continuity, short distances, beauty, security, safety and comfort.A hierarchical model which intends to determine and analyze the factors that affect the rights of pedestrians in the study area has been used as well as “Expert Choice” software to evaluate the model. The results were obtained for the measures, on the basis of priority including security, safety, short distances, comfort, continuity and beauty. This means that in the study area, security had the greater role on the rights of pedestrians, and beauty has the least importance than others. On the basis of the principles of justice in Islam in relation to rights of citizens and with the issues which obtained in technical studies and expert opinions, the criteria which can affect pedestrian rights were found. For analysis of data, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique, and for the importance of options, a questionnaire have been used. “Delphi Method” was also used to evaluate the importance of the criteria and sub criteria. AHP, according to its special features in the issues related to urban planning is a useful and desirable application. It is useful because it prepared a context for analysis and conversion of complex issues to a logical and simple hierarchy, thus planners can evaluate options with criteria and sub criteria. In addition, it also helps in analyzing the compatibility review in judgments. Given that most issues in urban planning and design can be studied through qualitative and quantitative indicators, the possibility of simultaneous use of both qualitative and quantitative criteria in AHP method made it a powerful tool for analyzing urban issues. Flexibility, ease of calculation and the possibility of final rankings also are other advantages of AHP method which can help in the investigation of Issues in urban planning. So, citizenship rights as a manifestation of the principle of justice in the Muslim community should be considered in Islamic cities. The results of the research show that urban management is the most important factor in relation with violation and defense of pedestrians’ rights. Other factors are: the way people behave in adjacent spaces, the behavior of the owners of vehicles and the behavior of other users at the urban spaces. Security is also the most important factor for pedestrians, the lack of it, is a type of violation of their rights. The current problematic situation of pedestrians’ rights is the result of years’ lack of planning and implementing the rights of individuals to neglect issues of implementation of the management system, but the planners and designers can enhance the present situation through a integrated comprehensive and coordinated planning. This program should be associated with all aspects of planning, design and management of the system. Thus, the crucial role of urban management in connection with the rights of pedestrians in designing new cities, in regularization of towns, in allocating of funds for the reconstruction and rehabilitation of urban road networks and the regulation of urban laws (like appropriate legislation and ordinances to bring about the changes in the culture of citizens who are either walking or riding in urban spaces), as the main tools for managing short and average trips within the city, and the most appropriate manner, must have the highest priority.

---

---

 

 
 
Javad Asghari.PH.D.
 
Abstract
“Stream of Consciousness” is one of the modern techniques for narrating a story which has been of particular notice to the story writers, especially in the last century. This method is one of the most prominent methods in narrating a story and writing psychological novels, but despite what might be imagined by some of the readers of this article, this technique differs with “inner whisper” and “mental analysis” techniques. Actually the first psychological stories, or in other words the initial appearance of these stories was in the form of “inner whisper” which gradually developed and later on found its form as our discussion conveys in both story form and modern novels. This article makes an attempt to offer a clear and precise definition of this technique, while it discusses its methods and characteristics, added to the basic principles and the psychological principles of the related technique.