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Critical Thinking (CT) which has been defined as the employment of cognitive skills or strategies for obtaining sound conclusions (Halpern, 2013) has been the subject of different Second Language (L2) studies at national and international levels. The aim of the present study was to provide a meta-analysis on the (quasi) experimental studies of critical thinking in second language education in Iran. To this end, from a total of 168 studies published between 2011 and 2020, 24 studies were selected based on the inclusion-exclusion criteria. The included studies were coded to calculate the mean effect size of the studies. The results show that 1) L2 teaching was positively effective for the CT development in Iran; 2) the most beneficial aspects of L2 teaching on CT promotion were related to teaching L2 speaking and L2 rhetorical strategies; 3) concerning L2 proficiency level, L2 instruction was most advantageous for advanced students’ CT developments; 4) regarding the age groups, L2 teaching contributed the most growth in CT levels for learners in the age group of 10-14 years, and 5) L2 teaching was most effective for the undergraduate students compared to other educational levels. The findings can be beneficial for pursuing the next moves in L2 research, education, and planning educational policies in Iran.

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Research on L2 learners’ engagement has highlighted the impact of emotional engagement on task performance to uphold their language development, but there remains a need for further empirical evidence, especially from the text-driven perspective on task-based language teaching. The present mixed-methods study aims to explore Vietnamese EFL learners’ emotional engagement during two task-based lessons driven by two text genres. One speaking task and a writing task that engaged the learners in solving problems driven by the texts were implemented in two three staged lessons. Quantitative data was collected by using a post-task questionnaire analyzed with SPSS v.29 to gauge 33 English undergraduates’ emotional engagement, and an interview was conducted with eight students on a voluntary basis to delve into factors that influence their emotional engagement. Observations during the lessons were further used to triangulate evidence. Descriptive statistics revealed that the participants were highly emotionally engaged in both task-based lessons, expressing high enjoyment and low anxiety. Further thematic analysis of engagement during the lessons indicated that pre-task visual prompting, text processing, the proper cognitive challenges of tasks and texts, and peer monitoring were the main influential factors. These findings imply that task design and implementation based on engaging texts potentially heighten learners’ emotional engagement in task-based performance, thereby facilitating their language acquisition.

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Background: Preventive measures such as training and awareness and prevention skills for personal protection in the musculoskeletal areas are one of the most important strategies in health care systems. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an educational intervention based on Health Belief Model (HBM) on promoting preventive behavior of musculoskeletal problems in female Afghan health workers. Material and Methods: In this study, 60 female employees of Afghanistan health ministry were selected and divided randomly into control and experimental groups (N = 30 women for each one). Data, collected through a questionnaire based on health belief model on preventive behaviors of musculoskeletal problems. The experimental group received the educational intervention for a month, and three months after the program, both groups completed a questionnaire and data were analyzed. Results: The results indicated that before the educational intervention program, there were no significant differences between the experimental and control groups in knowledge, perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers and perform­ance. However, after the intervention, these factors significantly increased in the experimental group compared to the control group and also perceived barriers decreased (all P < 0. 001). Conclusion: According to this study, health education program based on Health Belief Model was an effective program on promoting preventive behaviors of musculoskeletal problems. Therefore, for successful implementation of these programs, control, monitoring and follow-up training is recommended.  

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The oldness of religiousness and literature, and their co-relation ascribe to the first steps of human being toward the reflections and inner contemplations. The contemporary literature is also involved in the representation of themes referring to belief, faith and ontological questions that create man’s point of view. The present article performs a comparative study of Kiss the Beautiful Face of God and Jean Barios. The man’s fundamental questions like faith, religion, unbelief, skepticism, existence of God, love, life and death are represented in a communal manner in two novels. Furthermore, the representation of anxiety, solitude, loneliness and homeless are included in the “religious situation” of the two stories that get to doubt, denial and at last to creed. Moreover, in spite of their different origins and their literary value, these two novels are really successful in representation of a theme like return to the significant as well as agreeable and meaningful roots of spiritual life. The likeable and symbolic end of these novels is among the pleasant themes of comparative literature that displays man’s common experiences, visions and points of view.

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The monotheistic tradition, especially in Abrahamic religions, emphasizes the belief in an omnipotent, omniscient, purely benevolent, just and wise God. Such a view is threatened by various forms of evil-beliefs, and if logical and convincing answers cannot be given to it, it is a serious threat to the tradition of monotheism. In this article, it is shown that due to the presence of the infinite God's activity on one side of the equation of the problem of evil, the most logical solution is to use the total of possible answers in a combined and unified way, because the combination of the existing ways brings closer to the answer and is more convincing in this context. Therefore, while paying attention to the differences between the metaphysical, natural and moral evils from each other, combining answers such as the relativity of evil, evil as a necessity of human free will, seeing evil as a punishment for human sins, evil as the cause of human spiritual excellence, and seeing the world of the hereafter and the importance of the eternal perspective are needed as the final manifestation of the evil philosophy.
 

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Background: Identifying the health problems of governmental organizations staff, their health needs, and prioritizing these needs are the first step in intervention planning in order to improve their health. This study was conducted to identify health problems and health-related needs of Mellat Bank employees in Yazd, Iran.
Methods and Materials: For this cross sectional study, 179 eligible employees were selected from 34 branches of Mellat Bank in Yazd province. The data collection tool was a questionnaire containing an open question as "What problems affect your health in your workplace". The questionnaire was sent to all employees of the Mellat Bank through official automation system, to which 167 people ultimately responded. Then the problems were combined, listed, and sorted based on their frequency.
Results: In this study, from a total of 167 employees (92%) responded to the questionnaire, of which 152 (91%) cases were man and 15 (9%) cases were woman. Most of the studied subjects had a bachelor's degree of education. A total of 86 (51.4%) subjects suffered from musculoskeletal problems, among which low back pain (n = 61, 71%), neck pain (n = 39, 45%), and knee pain (n = 26, 30%) were the most frequent. In addition, about 47 (28.1%) and 32 (19.1%) cases suffered from stress and psychological disorders, respectively.
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the most important identified health problem was musculoskeletal pains. Therefore, in addition to further research to be carried out in order to confirm these results, it is suggested that the causes of these problems be investigated in analytical research in order to be able to design and implement appropriate interventions to address these problems.

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The Persian works of Abdalrauf Fitrat-e Bukharaie (1886-1938) in Transoxania (mā wara` an-nahr) are of the first new prose and poetry instances of Tajiki Farsi in this region. The Monäzere (Debate) of Modarres-e Bukharaie with a European in India on the new schools, known as Monäzere (Istanbul, 1910), in addition to be the first prose and narrative work of this writer and poet of Transoxania, is the first independent Tajiki Farsi work in new Tajiki Farsi literature in this region, that describes the conflict between modernity and tradition in the form of short novel/long short story. This book is classified under thesis novels, i.e. problem novels so far as content is concerned. The present article tries to criticize and analyze the Monäzere from the view point of structure and story elements and further explore its outstanding role in founding dramatic literature and forming or establishing the new Tajiki Farsi literature in the Bukhara in the early twentieth century.

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Based on the interaction between science and religion, Nancy Murphy turns to a special version of non-transitive physicalism that uses empirical science, physicalism, and the Bible to formulate her holistic physicalism; A middle position between essential dualism and illusionism that defines humans as spiritual beings and hides the problem of the mind within it. Murphy brings the soul into holistic physicalism with his theological assumptions and not with scientific evidence and philosophical arguments. The distinguishing feature of non-transmission physicalism from transmission physicalism is the attention to the explanatory gap in the issue of "supervenience". Holistic physicalism has not filled this gap and has only changed the form of the problem from explaining the relationship between human parts to explaining the relationship between human dimensions. Therefore, combining the universal and weak perceptions of supervenience, along with the positive and negative teachings of holistic physicalism, that is, the use of pure holistic physicalism and avoiding introducing theological presuppositions in a philosophical theory, can be used to solve the problem.

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Surveying the problem of emanation in Farabi's view, has some difficulties like that does for Farabi this problem is a fundamental problem in metaphysics or a secondary one? In this issue we are confronted with two main difficulties: one is that some scholars doubted to two Farabi's works that he discussed there the problem of emanation, mean Fosus Al-hekam and Ouoon Al-masael. They cannot say that these two books certainly are Farabi's books. But the more difficult problem is that Farabi's views on the problem of emanation are different in his works. It seem that some of Farabi's books are basically written in the Aristotelian context and some of his books are from his personally views. In addition, there is another difficulty: Farabi discussed the problem of emanation in some of his books that are not basically metaphysical but are psychological. In the present article, we try to survey these difficulties in Farabi's works.
 

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Why is state, and in a broader view, political system or government, responsible for directing and governing individuals' conduct "both in individual and species level"? And how it accomplishes this "will of governing"? The answers to these questions appear to be different based on our way of perceiving categories such as government, power, or their due relation to the subject. The perspective design of "governmentality" by Foucault could be taken as inception of a new domain in which the triplet categories of government, power and subject are interrelated. It is shown in this perspective that how government's reluctance in using mere violence and, at the meantime, willing to govern people through it will inevitably make subjectification as the sole possible answer to the particular epistemological horizon of the governmentality problematic; an answer, which in form, on the one hand, multiplicities all government arts and, appears as multiplying all government institutions on the other. The form of conceptualizing how power operates, not only explains blurring of boundaries between persuasion and consent during the governmentalization of individuals to create desired subjects, but also it denies “the participation of desire in repressing itself”.

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The reason or cause of doing something, in most cases, differs in Persian and Russian Language. These differences will be revealed when the reason is explained using prepositions. In Russian, the prepositions, in addition to position and purpose, have causal features that are very important when talking in Russian and translating from Persian into Russian. Further Iranian language learners become superficially familiar with them when learning the language but they (language learners) are not taught enough as they ought to be. In Russian language, a definitive preposition is used for expressing a special reason in a way that the other preposition can not be replaced with it. The meaning of nouns and verbs, which are used with causal prepositions and also the reason of creating that, are really important in finding the causal preposition and that's why Iranian language learners have trouble in expressing the reason. This article examines Iranian language learners' problems and tries to prove it based on evidence.

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The significant reduction of bollworm infestation by the implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in Bt Cotton as a component of IPM led to reduction in bollworm infestation and increase in yield. However, these alterations have brought in many new biotic problems hitherto unknown or of little economic importance. Field survey of rainfed Bt cotton fields in Perambalur district of Tamil Nadu, India during 2008-2014 revealed that the incidence of various insect pests and plant diseases is on the rise in different Bt cotton hybrids. In 2008-2009, it was observed that the Bt cotton was damaged by cotton mealybug (Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley), green mirid bug (Creontiades biseratance Distant) and root rot (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn) which caused severe yield losses. In addition to that, other pests like papaya mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink) and Alternaria leaf spot caused more damage in Bt cotton during 2009-10. Besides these pests, the mirid bug (Campyloma livida Reuter), stripped mealybug (Ferrissia virgata Ckll), tobacco streak virus, grey mildew Ramularia areola and boll rot incidence in Bt cotton were noticed in 2010-12. Apart from this pest and disease problems, the Alterrnaria leaf blight, root rot (Macrophomina phaseolina Maubl) and Myrothecium leaf spot caused severe yield losses in Bt cotton during 2012-2014. The survey revealed that, the pests and disease problems are increasing year by year in Bt cotton which caused yield reduction and also increased the cost of cultivation. If left unchecked these pests and disease problems are capable of undoing all benefits gained due to Bt cotton in terms of increased yield and reduction in use of chemical pesticides.

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poor sitting posture and prolonged sitting have, therefore, significant health and socio-economic effects^[. People spend on average more than half of their day sitting down. The ill-effects of poor sitting posture and prolonged sitting on physical and mental health have been extensively studied, and solutions for curbing this sedentary epidemic have received special attention in recent years

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Agha Golzade .F., PH.D                          
 Mamasani . SH .
Abstract
This research provides a discussion of the text organization of Chubak’s famous narrative "Tangesir". Its organization contains a problem-solution pattern, introduced and described in Hoey (2001). The main problem of the hero, "Shir- Mohammad", is that four people have eaten up all his money. To solve this problem successfully, many responses have been suggested, both by the hero and other characters, which are either positively evaluated, but have negative results, or negatively evaluated and consequently have negative results. A kind of repeated process of testing different responses and negative results prompt recycling of the pattern until the main plan (killing) is successfully turned to the solution. This positive result is overridden by immediately following problems at the end of story, the first one is resolved by the plan of "escaping", but the next one, that is leaving the homeland and living in a foreign country, remained.
 

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Aim: The objective of this paper is to design nutrient-adequate, varied and cost-efficient diets for diabetes patients.
Methods: A new multi-objective mixed integer linear programming model under uncertainty is developed to design diet plans for diabetes patients.
Findings: The analysis is conducted on the population of 30 years old men and women in 24.99 and 18.5 body mass index, 1.50, 1.65 and 1.80 (m) height categorized in 4 physical activity levels (sedentary, low, active and very active). The objectives of the model are the minimization of the total amount of saturated fat, sugar and cholesterol and the total cost of the diet plans. The constraints of the model are fulfilling the body's nutrient requirements and the diversity control of each patient’s diet. In order to get closer to the real world, fuzzy parameters are considered in the model. To solve the model, a new hybrid solution methodology (Jimenez and epsilon-constraint method) is used to offer the optimal Pareto of non-dominated solutions. Each optimal Pareto of the model consists of diet plans that each patient can choose the proper food based on the taste, availability and cost.
Conclusion: Mathematical modeling of diet planning and study of its optimal solutions can be considered as a decision support tool for the professionals to design the most proper diet plans.

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Aim: Diabetes mellitus and the patients’ need for self-care may bring several challenges in the daily life of diabetic patients. This necessitates the obligation to adopt coping strategies against stress in order to adjust with the governing conditions. The purpose of this study was to explore coping styles in type 2 diabetic patients and their potential associations with demographic factors.
Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, 201 patients with type 2 diabetes were incorporated from the Tehran-based Dornian Care Clinic and evaluated using the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS). Data analysis was performed using SPSS software (ver. 16) at the significance level of 0.05.
Findings: The diabetic patients in this study adopted avoidant (72.1%), emotion-oriented (17.9%), and problem-based (10%) coping strategies. While problem-oriented and emotion-oriented strategies correlated with gender, avoidant style did not. Married individuals used avoidant strategies more than singles. There was a significant relationship only between the use of problem-solving strategies and education level. Also there was a significant relationship between the complications of diabetes and adoption of problem-oriented strategies.
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, diabetic patients have hard times in the face of stresses of life events and the subsequent challenges of their disease. Counseling seems beneficial in order for effective teaching of coping strategies to diabetic patients.

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This paper focuses on the economic, social, and psychological impactcs of retirement on the faculty members of Tehran university. This is an important issue. On one hand, the population of retired people in many sociteies is getting larger, and larger. On the other hand, the employed people feel a kind of jop insecurity, If these people do not have an acceptable social, economic and psycological situation the people who are working now, also would not work with assurance and their productivity would be decreased. This paper is based on a survey method. The results of this survey show that the fuculty members of Tehran University besides having economic and social problems, have psychological problems such as stress, uncertainty, absurdity and uselessness. Finally this paper is supporting the idea of “step by step retirement” instead of “complete retirement”.

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