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The influence corporate governance variables including: abnormal accruals, board independent directors and institutional investors ownerships ratio on the cost of equity capital have been examined. The examine of research hypothesis was done by multiple regression analysis by the use of general least squared (GLS) method, to the 65 selected companies accepted by Tehran Stock Exchange for the time period of 2004-2008 and by pannel data. The research- results indicate that among the corporate governance variables, abnormal accruals and board independent directors ratios have respectively positive and negative meaningful relationship with the cost of equity capital. .

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Purpose: This paper aims to design and test a model that explains the effects of dimensions of institutional pressures and organizational culture on the utilization and development of knowledge management. Methodology: A descriptive research is conducted to investigate the relationship between variables under study. To collect data, questionnaires (α= 0.949) are randomly distributed among 178 employees of Mashhad Regional Electricity Company. The Structural Equation Modeling using maximum likelihood estimation is applied to test the hypotheses. Findings: The results reveal that while perceived institutional pressures positively affect the exploitation and development of knowledge management, organizational culture plays a mediatory role. Thus managing organizational knowledge requires attention to the effects of institutional pressures and the role of organizational culture.   Keywords: Knowledge Management, Institutional Pressures, Organizational Culture.    

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Among contemporary playwrights, screenplay writers, and film directors, David Mamet is undoubtedly one of the best and most famous, especially in America. This study tries to analyze Glengarry Glen Ross, the best-known work of Mamet, which received Pulitzer Prize. We have chosen New Historicism as our main approach and we resort to Foucault's views and ideas in order to have a richer conceptual framework. The main concern of this paper is to analyze the concept of gender identity, the direct interrelation between power and sexuality, and the trace of this interrelation in social and business challenges. This study also discusses the traces of American capitalism as a circulating and dominant discourse and the way it exercises its power over different classes. Furthermore, it tries to give an account of David Mamet's attitude on gender roles. Finally, the paper deals with the question of language as a means of linking and signifying gender and power.

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Objectives: Today, the expansion of urbanization is associated with the disappearance of human activities in the space between buildings. The purpose of this research is to understand the dimensions of the connection between buildings and the city and how it is captured by the dispositive, and finally to find a way to emancipate in the form of an immanent connection.
 Method: The research is done by a qualitative method. The research paradigm is emancipation, the strategy is discourse analysis and the tactics are data collection, coding, analysis, display, explanation, and profanation.
Result : The findings indicate that the building and the city connection factors are related to each other through a hidden network in the form of three scales: the large scale includes semantic factors, the medium scale social factors, and the small scale include formal and functional-behavioral aspects. Therefore, social institutions on a medium scale, will be captured by the dispositive after constituting as they have a specific form and function, and will lose their relationship with the large scale and exist officially in the form of a formal institution, which ultimately leads increasing control and power, and further disintegration.
Conclusion: To achieve an immanent connection between the building and the city, the official institution should be disabled to reconnect the semantic scale for redefining the social institution. Also, it should be profane from whatever dispositive has been placed on the concept of institution. This is realized by the presence of non-institution in the space between the buildings

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The present study seeks to answer the following question: 'why Turkey and Iran have been failed to use the critical junctures of recent decades as a starting point for national development and shaping regional development?' To answer the research question, new institutionalism was used as a theoretical approach to understand regional development. Acemoglu and Robinson's theory of Critical Junctures was also used to explain the reasons for the failure or success of countries in achieving development. In terms of research method, the present study is a case-oriented historical comparative study. The unit of analysis of this research is the country and global, international, regional and national events and conditions are selected and analyzed in relation to it. According to the study, Iran and Turkey have experienced two critical junctures since the 1990s, one as a result of internal processes and national elections and the other as a transnational event such as the military occupation of Iraq or the Arab Spring. It seems that Iran and Turkey have chosen the path of national development in the first critical juncture, but in the second critical juncture, both countries have entered into internal and regional tensions and conflicts and the process of national development have been encountered with several obstacles. In addition, the two countries have not been able to move institutionally and sustainably toward economic convergence over the past two decades. This inability has prevented the emergence of a developed region in the Middle East. The Middle East identity -based conflicts, exacerbated by foreign interventions and confrontational politics, have shifted the region's environment to militarization and security, making the space conducive to economic growth and prosperity leaving the region in poor economic growth and prosperity.

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Ethics is the most important discussion of each religion. To build a society based on Islamic ​​and ethical values, it is essential for ethics to be considered by society. One of the most important issues in modern organizations management is institutionalizing ethics in organizations. This study is conducted to identify factors influencing the institutionalization of organizational ethics in organizations. To satisfy this purpose, existing literature were reviewed and an interpretive structural modeling were applied to define the relationships between affecting factors of institutionalizing ethics in organizations. To define these relations, opinions of 16 experts at Islamic Management and having at least 5 years work experience as managers at different Public organizations were used. These expert were chose using Snow ball sampling. The results show that the model includes seven factors: culture, code of ethics, selective system, educational system, performance evaluation system, management support and individuals' psychological contract. Creating a code of ethics have a fundamental role because of high driving power and low dependency. Other factors of selective system, educational system, management support and individuals' psychological contract to be high driving power of other factors and are also less dependent on other factors. The performance evaluation system is at the third level and culture is located at the fourth since it has lowest driving power and highest dependency.

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Introduction
The subject of this research is corruption, which has been studied in 176 countries in 1996 to 2019. The problem of the this writing is that the scores of the control of corruption index in oil dependent countries are lower than non-oil dependent ones, and the variance of the control of corruption index among oil dependent countries is also significant. To explain these issues, two questions have been proposed: how the difference in corruption between oil dependent and non-oil dependent countries could be explained? How can the diversity of corruption be explained within the oil dependent countries?
Methodology & Conceptual framework
To answer this question, by adopting a unified approach, and using the theories of rentier state, neo-patrimonialism and neo-institutionalism, the research conceptual model was formulated. In response to the research questions and according to the requirements of the conceptual model, the research hypotheses were proposed in the form of four testable statements in the form of fuzzy logic. Fuzzy method was used to test research hypotheses in the field of data collection and assessment research hypotheses. Finally, the collected quantitative data was graded and the fuzzy membership was measured for every parameters. After measuring the fuzzy membership, the fuzzy relationship of these theoretical constructs was evaluated and tested in the form of individual and compound causal conditions. To theoretically explain the differences in corruption, the causal conditions of the rentier nature of the state, the quality of political institutions, the quality of economic institutions, the level of political freedom and the level of economic freedom have been used.
Results and discussion
The results of descriptive analysis show that rent dependency in the Caucasus and Central Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and South America is more significant in determining the variances of corruption and other parameters of the conceptual model. Also, the explanatory analysis of the results shows that rent incomes are more sufficient for systemic corruption and the low quality of political institutions is the most significant in determining the level of corruption among the 176 countries under investigation; the inefficiency of political institutions leads to systemic corruption in 90% of cases. Coverage index of Standard analysis shows the high importance of political institutions ineffectiveness for systemic corruption. So that 43% of corruption variances can be explained only through the inefficiency of political institutions. Another finding is the quality of economic institutions and economic freedoms do not control corruption alone. These factors together or by combining with one of the efficient political institutions or political freedoms are able to control corruption.

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    Abstract The Constitutional revolution in Iran at the late Qajarid dynasty resulted from a coalition of middle classes; however, it failed to be consolidated. This paper applies the structural-institutional approach to explain the instability of constitutional achievements and fragile coalitions between the revolutionaries. Five structural-institutional factors will be discussed as the causes of fragile coalitions. Analytical narrative is the method for explaining events. A matrix of institutional arrangements including imbalanced class structure, economic deficiencies, world-system situation, and incapacitated state were identified as the main factors that created instability. But the effect of weakly founded political institutions of constitutional period was the most important factor of the fragile coalitions, which resulted in conflicts between the political actors, loose agreements, and lack of structured system of decision making and achieving common aims.        

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Over the centuries, cities have always employed human societies to achieve their goals; to be more precise, they are part of the infrastructure and tools that are made by human to deal with nature threats and of life management within communities. Of course, it should be considered that cities, as opposed to tools and machines that formed based on the presiced design, are the means which their emergence are not based on detailed planning and a lot of their features simply and arbitrarily have manifested.
The increasing growth of technologies are as emerging phenomenon in cities that follow a future of uncertainty in societies. Political, economic and social factors that are shaping urban applications will be beyond the grasp and control, and will be associated with a set of unknowns and the uncertainties. So the planning and management of cities in its current form, can not respond to this complexity. Integrated management of this uncertainty, requires planning to make smart cities and communities and configuration of these cities should be based on the creation of environments aimed at improving cognitive skills and learning abilities and innovation. This necessitates the creation of digital, physical and organizational spaces that are organized via innovation and creativity through a combination of individual cognitive skills and information systems.
Smart cities are emerging around the world, but still deep differences can be seen with amazing smart environments that open minds and transmit skills and the abilities from the base. Integrated studies in this area can be somewhat overcome the raised shortcomings.
Therefore, this article seeks to explore various aspects of urban intelligence and key components of smart city based on an integrated conceptual model. Method of this research is descriptive and based on gathering documents related to this field. In the first step smart city and its related concepts are presented, in the next step, key factors of smart city based on summing up the views of experts in the field are revealed; catagorized in the framwork of basic smart city factors and componenets (public, institutional factors and infrastructure). Three important factors (intelligence, integrity and innovation) considered as essential requirements for the creation of smart communities that the combination of these factors and preconditions depicted in the form of a model. Ultimately in the final stage of research, how to smart cities explained based on the dimensions and components of the considered model.
One hundred years ago, only about one out of every seven people lived in the city. Today, half of the population live in cities and the percentage of that is growing steadily each year. Because more people migrate to the big cities, town’s credit, technology, trade, formation of governments, resource consumption, quality of life, and many other things considerably grows.
Personal talent or professional opportunities of people, creativity, economic exploitation and accumulation of large numbers of people can have a positive impact on society. Of course, the big urban communities are always big risks for Earth in the form of overcrowding, excessive carbon emissions and waste and high levels of non-renewable energy consumption, so cities - municipal governments, along with businesses and city dwellers that launch the economic growth have a major responsibility for the effective monitoring of people and the environment.
The need to manage resources in terms of sustainability associated with a more important purpose: to create an attractive social and economic environment in which citizens, companies and governments can work and live interactively. In fact, The Cities compete more for their citizens and investments than the merchants for their customers.
The issue that is subsequently increased its importance; the overall attractiveness of a particular city, is the experience that the city provide to its citizens and businesses and it becomes manifested in a wide rangeof important features: Value and sustainability of the city government, the economy and employment opportunities, its schools, the quality of the physical environments, culture and artistic resources, higher educational institutions and other educational opportunities for adults, housing, security, social participation, freedom and its variations.
Smart cities and towns have been created via the connection of innovation and digital cities and with the aim of promoting knowledge and innovation. This connection is based on two objective criteria: (1) innovation and digital cities are both community-based processes, and (2) innovation and digital cities are both knowledge-based processes. «Connection» is on the basis of shared knowledge networks and online provision of knowledge and innovation processes. Intelligent Community Indicators depict a global framework for understanding the different communities and regions that can create a competitive
advantage in today›s economy. Indicators show that an intelligent city has a more life span than a traditional form:
•Significant deployment of broadband communications and government facilities; government that has a role of catalyst via provision of regulations and incentives
•Education; training and workforce development to create a workforce, capable of implementing knowledge effectively.
•Government programs and private sectors that promote digital democracy, benefit from all sectors of society, including the expansion of citizen participation in government and their decision-making.
•Innovation in the public and private sectors, including e-government initiatives and efforts to create economic and business development to finance new job opportunities; Effective marketing as a lever for economic development, attract workforce and other community assets to new employers.
•Smart cities, lifeless spaces, complex structures, physical infrastructures, and electronics applicable programs are not digital, In contrast, they are such living communities that use from skills of individuals and institutions for collective learning and innovation, and use from physical and digital infrastructure to communicate and online collaboration.
This research is based on descriptive approaches, for which our goals were to collect data on surviving geometrical patterns and classify them on the basis of time scale and regionalism. Such approaches provide dialectic answers to a wide range of philosophical and architectural questions, such as when or where a particular pattern was extensively used. Smart City, due to the outstanding characteristics of sustainability and attraction, is divided from other cities. Environmental projects are flowed with more than a moral obligation. Sustainability is important for its positive Social consequences and the main factor is creation of habitable environment by the health and welfare of citizens and their businesses. Today, there is no smart city. However, one of the most common ways to get started is creation of a starting point that is based on the geographic, political, economic of the city, then, that city can determine different states based on the costs and effects of different projects and their anticipated transactions, and begin to design various forms of technology, strategy, processes, training, supervision and management of a developed program.
With regard to the impact of the cities on the health of the planet, the agenda of smart city, regardless of where they live, is important for all citizens. If cities are focused on affordable measures to embed intelligence in their services, they have to carry out fundamental right activities, Open and intelligent architecture that is enabled of delivering smart services now and in the future due to the growing needs of a city.

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It is a longtime that arbitration has been recognized as an impressive disagreement resolution in the international contracts. However, because of the absolutely technical features of some contracts, for example international construction contract, and also necessity of their issue completion in a determined time, the arbitral institution cannot fulFill what they ask for, especially conventional requests or anticipations. Therefore, after 1957, the international organizations and institutions, active in the domain of international construction contracts, including international federation of consulting engineers (FIDIC): Fédération International Des Ingénieurs Conseils), recommend a number of the typical contracts which, via the pre-arbitral institutions, forecast the resolution of the probable disagreements between master and contractors. These institutions have two notable and leading features: first, the persons who are delegates of disagreement resolution, are essentially engineers or experts on the subject of the argued contract; and second, their will and decisions are indispensable- binding though the possibility of complaint against their decisions exists in arbitral court or courts. In this research, after a brief presentation of pre-arbitral institutions, we proceed to distinguish them form arbitral institutions and finally, we consider and analyzed the effects of pre-arbitral involving stipulations on the both parties' right to call on the arbitration.

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In recent years economists have become increasingly interested in Institutionalism. Institutionalism has different branches and encountered some critics. In this article, we first rely on comparative study to review the institutionalism and provide new division in the paradigm and then examine the Searle's critics to institutionalists for their neglect to language as an important institution while it is central to philosophical concerns. Findings of this study indicate that considering language as an institution, this relates institutional theory to the so called discourse theory. Therefore, such a correlation would improve institutional theory.

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Nowadays, New Institutional Economics (NIE), as the most important heterodox school of thought in Economics, is not only against mainstream, but also supplement. Therefore, due to the lake of adequate representation, the neoclassical economics is sever to explain issues in developing countries, recognition and the use of institutional analysis in solving development problems. Amongst NIE’s, three theorists and Nobel laureates are prominent. They are Ronal Coase, Douglas North and Oliver Williamson. In this article, the most prominent theories of Williamson, Nobel laureate in 2009 for Governance, are discussed. According to his articles, the most important contribution of Williamson to NIE can be summarized in four categories as follows: • Transaction cost economics • Bottom up approach in analyzing development issues • Four levels of social analysis as a starting point in development reform and • Economics of governance. These theories and more specifically, bottom up approach and four level social analysis have a good power in explaining development issues in Iran.

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Business environment has a significant impact on performance of all enterprises, and thus affects economic development. According to the view of the majority of economic experts, Iran's business environment is not in a good condition. Most of actions for its improvement are implemented without considering their components interactions and hence no success is achieved.Therefore,before any action, it is crucial that the components of business environement should be identified.The aim of this research is vast analysis of business environment elements and their interaction, Hence the context and business environement improvement is obtained. This research has identified 481 components of the business environment by examining 1751 international and domestic researches. Interpetive- Structural Modeling as a tool of soft operation reseach (OR), makes people and groups map the complex relationships among many elements in a complex decision making situation. In this research, by using Interpretive Structural Modeling we analysed intensity of influence, effects, direct and indirect effects and their dependency. The results of the research show that, the most influential component of business environment is legal environment. Hence, for improvement of legal environment and consequently Iran's business environement patology and procedures of law making are mostly important duty of policy makers.

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There is a tradition in contemporary literary theory and philosophy of literarture according to which there is a rift between literary/aesthetic value and cognitive value. The anti-cognitivist maintains that even if a literary work has some cognitive value, this has nothing to do with the work’s overall aesthetic value. Furthermore, if a work’s perspective on some issue is seriously flawed, this, by no means contaminates its aesthetic purenss. This paper aims to demonstrate the opposite. It thus makes use of a ceratin thought-experiment and the concept of possible worlds to show that the cognitivist’s position is justified and proceeds to illustrate that even polyphony as an aesthectic value cannot be properly understood without recourse to its cognitive status. It then goes on to meet a serious challenge: the so-called “institutional argument” which is deemed to be among the best arguments in the anti-cognitivist’s dialectical arsenal. The argument is shown to have several defects in the context of the contemporary debates in theory and philosophy of literature. The main conclusion of the paper is thus as follows: The cognitive value of a literary work is part and parcel of its aesthetic value

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Abstract

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Empirical studies imply that natural resource abundance plays an important role on economic growth in natural-resource-rich countries. The growth literature shows that human capital, education, technology progress and institutional quality are effective factors on economic growth. This article using a panel data firstly investigates the Resource Curse Hypothesis and then analyzes the effective factors and how they affect RCH. Among several effective factors that are reported in present studies, in this paper the main focus is on Human Capital and Institutional Quality. The sample for this research is two groups of petroleum exporting countries: A) Major petroleum exporters and B) Other petroleum exporters which are analyzed for the period 1996-2006. Results show that Resource Curse is seen in major Petroleum Exporting Countries. The findings also confirm the importance of low institutional quality and inadequate investments in human capital in case of resource curse. The results confirm that natural resource abundance has a negative impact on growth if considered in isolation, but a positive direct impact on growth if other explanatory variables, such as human capital, institutional quality, openness and etc. are taken into account.

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Proverbs are one of the influential cultural tools in promoting organized ideologies, setting worldviews and guiding social behavior. They strengthen collective coordination and cooperation among social activists and cause intellectual and cultural convergence around a common issue. In this article, an attempt is made to address the problem of how proverbs, as a tool of popular culture, shape collective behavior with the method of qualitative analysis and description. The premise is that proverbs arrange individual behaviors with collective behaviors via "rationalization", "institutionalization" and "structuralism". The foundations and function of proverbs show their capacity and ability to monitor and control social behaviors; expecting roles such as "correlation and development of cooperation", "achieving common benefit", "defining behavioral patterns", "framing", "collective conscience" and "social cohesion" from proverbs make it is possible to regulate the scattered behavior of actors.
 

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