---

There are many similarities in the ups and downs of social and literary life of Nizar Qabbani, Arabic poet, and Ahmad Shamlu who is Iranian poet. This article examine concept of freedom in the poems of these two poets to consider differences and similarities of thought of the poets in this issue. People and rulers share in the acquisition and preservation of liberty, which these two poets have focused on both of them, using the symbol and the combination of lyrical concepts and political and social concepts, have presented their subject. Shamlu praises the freedom-loving people and defines “poverty” as lack of freedom. Qabbani tries to summon the people of the Arab lands to reform their affairs. he blames the heads of Arabic countries more, but does not name a certain person and notes the danger of the Jews. Ahmad Shamlu and Nizar Qabbani believe that gunfight is one of the ways which can be achieved freedom through it. So, they loathe silence of people against cruelty, autocracy and injustice, and they blame or chide and sometimes humiliate people for that. Both poets condemn autocracy and additionally they show their unique talent and genius in describing “freedom”. Clarity and simplicity of Nizar’s poems and mysterious and elusive words in Shamlu’s poesies are the characteristics of these two poets in the concept of freedom.

---

Semantic is one of the most important features in the study of native language learning process. The study of what children know about meanings in different levels would be away for achieving how the human becomes a speaker of a language. The aim of this study is evaluating children’s understanding of semantic contribution of the universal quantifier “every” at the across-proposition level. Investigating children’s computation of the across-propositional meaning relations involving the universal quantifier “every” would thus not only be the next valuable step to consider their knowledge about the semantics of “every”, but also would make a significant contribution toward a new aspect of children’s semantic competence. In this study, a new experiment evaluates the children’s ability in inferences between entailing and entailed sentences. For sampling, 28 girls aged 3-6 years were selection randomly. Finally, the results confirmed that the competence of children is like adults with regard to the semantics in the composition and comparison of sentential meanings.      

---

 
Zolfaghari. H.,PH.D
                                                
Abstract:
 
One of the stories of Nezami’s Haft Peykar is named Bahram Goor and his female slave "Fetneh" in hunting-ground. Nezami has extracted this story from very simple, short, schema-scheme and temporal Ferdowsi's narration and developed it and has added the second part to it. After Nezami, Amir Khosro Dehlavi (752-651) has mentioned this story in Hasht Behesht and Abdi Beyk Navidi Shirazi (988-921) has brought it in Haft Akhtar. Both of them are the imitation from Nezami's Haft Peykar. Amir Khosro has brought the middle part of story with little changes in comparison with Nezami narration and Abdi Beyk has added the range of changes.
By comparing and analyzing of these Four Narrations, we find out that Nezami's skill about narrative elements, motifs and moral, mental aspects has preference over the other narrations.
This comparison has been done with the view of the narrative structure not verbal aspects and expressive, stylistic devices. At the end of this article, for example, we only narrate the description of female slave from Four Narrations, so that the reader compares oneself.
In the beginning of the paper, not only do we introduce four works and reports of Four Narrations, but also present the narrative motifs, and consider the aspects of similarity and difference of narrations with the use of a chart.
 
 

---

principles and values ​​of the era and their religion sins and reward them invokes the punishment and Padafrah they speak. Due to the distinct practices and mention them with reward or punishment is given to the special function of the coordinates of a Ardavyraf. In contrast Altvhm Ardavyraf a sin and reward are not separate, significant and lasting psychological torment of their physical Zabhay. Meanwhile, preaching and spiritual Tavylhay other features that affect the structure and content of the author's worldview is influenced observations. In terms of structural characteristics, descriptive and literary Altvhm Zybatraz Ardavyraf a more coherent and discussed. Seeking perfection and ascension of the steps are the same wonderful man, is evident in both, the one that belongs to the collective unconscious of mankind, regardless of the particular religion that has Hrsr. Both Ascension accordance Razamvzy rites of passage are seven stages and come to full brightness. an

---

Love in and traditionally wellness of soul mate in all around the world is pleasurable. It seems that soul mate of all poems and lovers is common in one feature: i.e. beauty ; the various characters of beauty will be different from land to land and from eyes to eyes ; Iranian and Arabic culture , with common origins, in many of literatures such as soul mate description, have great similarities. As far as meeting with love and beauty of soul mate looks and individual and personal object; the issue of effectiveness and impact between Iranian and Arabic culture are drawn. This effectiveness will be more clear by comparing two poems , especially the wars such as Noz’hat al-Majales by Jamal Khalil Shirvani on farsi in 7th century and Loving and beloved and the Musk and Brew by seri al-refah , in 4th century.
this work surveyed common themes in aesthetics and imagery of soul mate hair in Arabic and Farsi poem, by descriptive – analytical approach and comparative studies.
It is clear the in this assessment, our final achievement is not only comparing the work’s content and the minutes related to any bit , but also is expected pursuit of quality and expression and reflection of one of soul mate lover in both Arabic and Farsi poem. In fact, we have tried to ensure that how Iranian poet and writer deal with Arabic themes and works and how had concept, select, and seizure themes and imagery of hair.

---

 

 
 
Q. Qolam Hosseinzadeh.PH.D.
Hamed Norouzi
 
Abstract
The relation existing among the sentences of any text has a vital role in its final perception. Due to this reason a number of linguistics have devoted a large share of their theoretical discussion to the analysis of this relation. One of these theories is Holiday’s ‘Role Tendency’, in which he has made cohesion among the conceptual, verbal, syntactic and the rational sentences of any individual text. Through this attitude, coherence has factors such as; 1. reference. 2. subordination and omission. 3. vocabulary cohesion. and 4. Connection.
Since this discussion covers a wide domain, the writers of this essay chose to survey one of these factors; which is reference. By reference, as a relation, the interpretation of one of the partners of reference, in other words the presupposing element, does not actually take place based on its conceptual characteristics. Instead, for doing this process, it is referred to the other party of this relation; in other words the referent. Reference has three kinds; personal, allusive, and comparative. This research only discusses the personal and allusive ones. The personal reference is concerned about the person, while the allusive one points to the place and the extent of its distance; whether far or close. In the Persian language personal reference is comprised of personal pronouns and reflexive pronouns, while the allusive reference includes demonstrative pronoun and demonstrative adverbs.
 
 

---

Introduction 

Introduction
Administrative divisions refer to the territorial organization of the country space in a hierarchical manner, which is formed by dividing the land into smaller units along with layers of local government. Since the present situation of administrative divisions in Iran is facing challenges that pose obstacles to the realization of sustainable development and security, and considering the emphasis of the second, fourth, and fifth development plans on reforming the administrative division system, it is necessary to properly identify the weaknesses of this law and make necessary efforts to fix them and turn them into opportunities. To this aim, it can be helpful to review the laws of other countries regarding territorial organization. The present article provides a comparative study of the administrative divisions’ laws of Iran and Indonesia and seeks an answer to the following question: according to the laws of the two countries, based on which indicators and through which processes are the political units established, and how are the responsibilities and authorities distributed among the levels of local government?

Methodology
The present study is an applied research. A descriptive-analytic method and a qualitative approach were used to compare the administrative divisions’ laws of the two countries. The research data are composed of the legal documents of two countries regarding the system of administrative divisions. The data is collected through library method.

Results and discussion
In the Iranian division system, the quantitative indicator of "population" is dominant in developing and promoting the levels of administrative divisions. Other indicators mentioned in the law (position, homogeneity, sphere of influence, etc.) have not been defined, and no standard criterion has been presented for their measurement. In the Indonesian legal system, two categories of basic and administrative requirements (indicators) have been specified for the establishment of preliminary regions which, after passing the preliminary period, change to a new political region according to the approval of the law. The basic requirements (territorial and regional capacity) are the indicators that a geographical area must possess to promote the level in the division system. The important point is that these indicators have been defined, and their measurement criteria have been specified. Placing these indicators together, a diverse and multi-dimensional set of features is created that a geographical region must possess to be promoted in the division system. The outcome of these features is that a new administrative unit is developed when it has the necessary capabilities for self-reliance. Administrative requirements are, in fact, the prerequisite for starting the process of considering the creation of a political unit in the Indonesian government and parliaments. It shows that one of the indicators required for establishing new administrative units is a serious request on the part of the people, which is approved by the local parliament, the mayor/regent, the provincial parliament, and the governor.
The law of Iran has deferred any abstraction, annexation, conversion, creation, and integration, as well as determining and changing the center and the name of the units of administrative divisions, except for the province, to the proposal of the Ministry of Interior and the approval of the Cabinet of Ministers. The process of establishing political units in Iran is a top-down process. The law does not specify anything about the different stages of this process. In Indonesia, however, provinces and cities/regencies are established by passing laws. Also, any changes in the borders of the regions are regulated by law. Nevertheless, the change in the name of the region, the naming and renaming of a part of the land, the transfer of the capital, and the renaming of the capital are determined by government regulations. The characteristic feature of the Indonesian legal system in this regard is that prior to passing any law about establishing a political unit, a preliminary area must first be created for a trial period (three years) according to government regulation. During this preliminary period, the prerequisites for establishing a new province and regency/city should be provided (e.g., infrastructures, human resources, etc.). During this three-year preliminary period, the government evaluates the status of the preliminary region, and if approved, the new political unit is established according to the law by presenting a bill to the parliament. The law describes the process of creating a new preliminary region at the level of the province, the central government, and the parliaments step by step until the law is approved for establishing a new province or regency/municipality.
Iranian Law of Administrative Divisions adopts a place-oriented approach to political divisions. In other words, the law focuses on the way the land is divided without providing a description of how to manage the division levels. The mentioned law lacks provisions regarding the separation of national affairs from local ones, the responsibilities and authorities of divisional levels, coordination and communication with the central government, etc. In contrast, the Indonesian law of regional government has a space-oriented approach. In this law, regions are viewed as a geographical space with all its contents and relationships. The discussion of establishing new administrative units constitutes only one chapter of the law, and the rest of the law is a detailed description of how national affairs are separated from regional and local ones, the responsibilities and authorities of the central and regional levels, and other issues related to the management of political units, including regional finance, structure and organization, and performance monitoring.

Conclusion
The Indonesian law of regional government has some features that have negative consequences for this country; for instance, the bottom-up process of establishing political units has led to the uncontrolled proliferation of political units, resulting in spatial fragmentation, which has negative developmental consequences, and its pure imitation is not recommended. However, reviewing this law reveals that in order to reform the administrative divisions system of Iran through the approaches taken by laws of the fourth (Article (73)), fifth (Article (186)), and seventh (Article (105)) five-year development plans of the Islamic Republic of Iran, it is necessary to amend the Iranian Law of Administrative Divisions so that first, the levels of administrative divisions, including the position of the city in the division system, indicators for establishing political units, and the process of creating political units are revised. Second, it should clearly divide the responsibilities and authorities between the central government and the local government levels, including municipalities. As a result, such a law must necessarily include how to choose/ appoint heads and managers of local governments, responsibilities and authorities of all levels of government, structure, and organization of local governments, how to finance the tasks delegated to local governments, how the central government supervises local governments, etc. Definitely, drafting a comprehensive bill on administrative divisions through such an approach, representing decentralized governance from an administrative and financial point of view, requires revising and merging the laws on definitions and regulations of administrative divisions, the municipal law, the law of city and village Islamic councils, and other relevant laws as of a comprehensive law. Such a law will provide a comprehensive and transparent picture of regional and local governance and, in fact, the way the provinces and their subordinate levels are governed.
 

---

Study and recognition and comparison of the divine names, plays an important role in understanding, translation and interpreting the Qur'an. In this research by using descriptive and analytical method, the eight divine names in the field of creation are examined. Based on Arabic poetry and prose, words of linguists and commentators, linguistic contexts, and succession relations, their exact meaning and their use in different verses should be revealed. "Sanee" means who create with precision, science and power. "Sanee" translated to "Maker". "Khaliq" means who create on the basis of size and creativity. The word "Khaliq" in Qur'an is associated with two names: "Rabb" (The Lord) and Razegh" (The Provider). "Khaliq" translated to "Creator"."Fatir" means who fission the inexistence and signifies God's power and greatness. "Fatir" translated to "Bringer". "Mobde", according to its antonyms [Moiid], means who began the creation. "Mobde" translated to "Producer". "Monshe" means the creator who exalt the creations. "Monshe" translated to "Establisher". "Badiee" implies that the Creator's innovation and his needless from former matter and form "Badiee" translated to "Originator". "Bare" means the Creator who himself and His creations are isolated from all flaws. "Bare" translated to "Shaper". "Zare" means the creator that his creations are vast, wide, and dispersed. "Zare" translated to "Multiplier". Without questioning it must consider the conceptual difference between these names in the translation, interpretation and cite of the verses.

---

 

 
Alireza Shadaram, PH.D.
Farhad Doroodgryan, PH.D.
 
Abstract
Two anecdotes “Tristan and Iseult” and “Vis and Ramin”, despite some varying points, have much similarities. The fiction “Tristan and Iseult” that was written about a century after “Vis and Ramin” is considered the masterpiece of erotic literature in the western world. Since these two works are the primary and foremost love stories of the East and the West, this paper attempts to explain commonality and differences in literature and culture taking into account analytical-comparative methods. For this purpose, after reviewing the origin of the story of “Tristan and Iseult” and counting its similarities with “Vis and Ramin”, the paper studies and analyzes the two works with respect to their structure and contents.
 
 

---

This study investigated the stable comparison (SC) describing human appearance in the Russian and Persian languages so that it can compare and analyze the languages picture of the word of these two languages through these cultural marked linguistic units which are considered as the total- reflection of the languages picture of the word. The SC are special layers of phraseological unit neglected by the researchers, and it can be said that they reflect their speakers’ lifestyle, mentality and cultural color more than other types of phraseological units . This study was within a cultural linguistics research formwork and was the first attempt to compare and investigate the SC between the Russian and Persian languages. This was a statistical, comparative-analytical study aiming to answer the following question: Is there any difference between the Russian and Persian languages regarding the covert language’s picture of the word of the SC? It tasted the hypothesis that since Iranian and Russian are different with respect to their belief, ethnicity, and geography of their living place, a trivial culture with common ground will be found, and the effect of these factors should generally be observed in their language’s picture of the word. The results of this study were divided into the quantitative and content categories. According to the quantitative results, the distribution of SC was 0.3% showing the low level of cultural common grounds between Russian and Iranian and the significant difference in their cultural linguistic picture which confirms the hypothesis. With respect to the content analysis of the studied samples, the factors such as religious elements, beliefs, and behaviors (Russian: beautiful like God- Persian: like Usef); the characters and figures of mythological and literature (Russian: Koschei, Kolobok- Persian: Rostam, Rakhsh); historical characters (Persian: Omar, Yazid); and geographical climate and living tools (Russian: Kolomna verst- Persian: Moshk Saqa) played the major role in creating the difference in the language’s picture of the word of these ethnics.

---

Folk tales are oral narrations that have been cited through the ages among the different generations by word of mouth and now we may find their written forms. It is not far from truth to claim that these stories consist of the most fundamental principles of human thought through times. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries A. D., the genre of folktales has been focused by researchers; and especially with Prop’s method that have been modified and completed by others,a new window was opened in this field.Different theories have been formed about the features of stories and their classification,and these developments progressed to the point that a group of scholars considered one single source for folktales.Comparative literature thatputs its emphasison similar topics in the literature of two languages or nations, with a wide field provided the ground for research and comparison of similar works in different cultures.One of the topics of comparative studies is to investigate the folktales in different cultures. This comparison shows not only the similarities and differences, but also represents the extent of creativity of authors or narrators.
While pointing to the characteristics of folktales and the researches and criticisms that have been developed in this genre, this article introduces folktales shared by Korean and Iranian literature.Moreover, it analyzesthree Korean folktales that have similar versions in Kelile and Demne. Among these three pairs of tales, two pairs have nearly similar themes and actions, and the third pair represents such a strong similarity in both Persian and Korean cultures that persuades us to think that they have the same origin. The comparison and analysis of these tales show not only their similarities and differences but also indicates the structural changes of narration in Kelile'swritten text versus its oral folk version.

---

---

 Mojahed Gholami, PH.D.
Abstract
 
This article, by taking into consideration novel theories on poetry, especially the formalist standpoints, intends to study the efficiency of what is referred to as the defects of eloquence in the contemporary analysis of Farsi poetry. This process has taken place in two generalized and detailed styles. In the generalized process, the issue of dominating element in Russian formalism has been taken into account and interaction has been made between the theories presented on the defects of eloquence in Farsi books. Also, the shortcomings of eloquence up until the end of period of promotion of Hindi styles have been classified and researched in the three domains of compatibility, lack of compatibility and regression. The analysis of this subject leads us to conclude that in the era of compatibility, concurrent with the development of Khorasani style, the views presented on the defects of poems were in line with Farsi poetry. However, this rate of compatibility gradually declined. In the incompatibility era, which was concurrent with the  promotion of Hindi style; the social, literary, and aesthetic needs of Farsi language wiped out the originality of the analysis of contemporary poetry in based on consideration of defects of traditional eloquence.
In the detailed approach, the views of formalists on establishment of unity in language via reduction and addition of a number of norms seem inefficient in identification of defects of eloquence. Based on the analysis of this topic, it was concluded that in the formalist approach and in dealing with modern poetry, the cases taken into consideration as the defects of poetry actually distinguish literary language from ordinary language and ultimately lead to creation of poems.
 

---

The literature of popular culture, based on beliefs, thoughts, and desires, has featured many adaptations and revisions of mythical epic narratives. It has been used as a model to create new stories that afford insight into the general perception and perspectives on these tales. This study aims to undertake a comparative analysis of the characters, actions, and mythical epic motifs of the story “Kor-e Asb-e Siah” in Bakhtiari culture and the story of "Siavash" in Shahnameh using document analysis. The comparative investigation encompasses an examination of their social backgrounds, physical attributes, and actions of stepmom characters, horse characteristics, and seeking asylum in another land. The results demonstrated significant similarities between these two stories; the main protagonists are princes with indeterminate maternal lineage, possessing corporeal beauty and horses that share similar qualities such as color, intelligence, and the ability to jump high. Additionally, their stepmothers are seeking for a sexual desire, both ultimately taking refuge in another land, getting married, and building a city and palace for themselves. Nevertheless, there are divergences between these stories; the story of Siavash features more politically motivated character behavior, whereas “Kor-e Asb-e Siah” emphasizes on familial matters. Hence, it could be concluded that “Kor-e Asb-e Siah” in Bakhtiari culture is a creative retelling or adaptation of the story of Siavash.
 

---

 
. Ahmad Rezai. PH.D
 
Abstract
 
In this study, attention has been made to the denotation and connotation of dreams and the related functions and theories have been enumerated. The features of dreams in the epical and mystic-educational genres have been named and their possible differences and similarities have been researched. The result of this study shows in epical texts, dreams are more bonded with the text in regard to time, driving force, and elements. Hence, in these texts, dreams are more effective and involved in the process of narration, compared to the mystical literary genre, such that dream is an integral part of the related text. Additionally, the message or theme of the dream is more transparent in epical texts or is revealed upon the assistance of the dream reader, removing all existing ambiguities.
 
 

---

In this study, the radial flow turbine of a cooling turbine is investigated numerically and then compared with the experimental results at some operation conditions. Performance characteristics of the compressor are obtained experimentally by measurements of rotor speed and flow parameters. In this investigation, the turbine performance curve is obtained and three dimensional flow field in the turbine is analyzed. The rotor and casting geometry are modeled in BLADE GEN and CATIA softwares respectively. The TURBO GRID software is used for grid generation of rotor while the ANSYS MESH software is applied for grid generation of casting. Finally, 3D numerical solution of fluid flow in the turbine is solved by CFX flow solver. In this approach, compressible flow equations are solved according to the pressure based method with SST turbulence model. To ensure the numerical results, the grid independency is studied. Finally, the performance characteristics of the turbine are obtained numerically which are then compared to the experimental results. The comparison shows good agreement between numerical and experimental results.

---

The present paper aims to investigate the superlative comparison schemas and to capture the way this grammatical notion is encoded linguistically in Persian based on Heine’s (1997) cognitive approach. To this end, all comparative constructions involving the notion of superlative comparison were collected as our data through a comprehensive search of the Colloquial Persian Dictionary by Najafi (2008). The research hypothesis is that Heine’s proposed model cannot account for the Persian data. The results of the study showed that in Persian, five more schemas, namely the Linking, the Possession, the Equation, the Body part, the Idiomatic schemas and three more subschemas, as well as some schema blends encoded the superlative notion, in addition to the eight schemas listed in Heine’s. Furthermore, it seemed that some schemas (subschemas), especially the Linking schema, were specific to Persian and they had not been documented in Heine's approach. Moreover, the formal expression of the degree marker, the marker of standard, and the standard was not obligatory and, in such cases, the superlative comparative meaning was encoded by an element that combined the meaning of these elements together in some way or other. Finally, our hypothesis was confirmed and the study ended with a suggestion to modify Hein's schema list to account for the Persian data.

1. Introduction
Comparison is a cognitive general concept in human language dealing with the description of the status and the howness of two or more entities compared to each other. This conceptual domain is encoded in a variety of ways in the languages of the world. Heine (1997: 109) points out  “the domain of comparison in general, and the term comparative construction in particular, refer to a number of different conceptual and linguistic forms and the main kinds of comparative notions that are commonly distinguished are as follows: 1- positive, 2-equative, 3- superior comparative, 4- inferior comparative, 5- superlative, 6- elative, 7- excessive.” The superlative notion as a main kind of comparative notion, concerns with the description of the status of one entity and its superiority or priority to more than two entities. The present study aims to focus on this kind of comparative construction, namely “the superlative”.
In Persian, there are a variety of comparative constructions including various types of superlatives, some of them are not observed and attested in other languages due to the existence of some characteristic features, such as “Ezafe construction”, as well as some morphological constructions (phrasal/complex predicates). The present study is innovative and practical in identifying comparative constructions not documented in Heine's cognitive approach making some suggestions to modify this model to make it more comprehensive and inclusive to account for the comparative constructions in the languages of the world. This research will provide the answer to the following questions:
Research Question(s)
1-Which schemas are used to encode the superlative comparative notion in Persian?
2-To what extend Heine’s cognitive approach (1997) is able to account for the superlative comparative constructions in this language?
3-What morpho-syntactic mechanisms does the Persian language use to encode the notion of "superlative comparison"?

2. Literature Review
Among the first seminal works on comparison and comparative constructions, it can be referred to Ultan (1972) and Stassen's (1985) classification of the comparative constructions in different languages of the world. An interesting fact pointed out by Stassen (1985) and, a decade later, by Breivik (1994) is that most languages do not have a separate construction, but employ existing ones to convey difference in gradeability (Parra-Guinaldo, 2011: 141). Furthermore, some researches have been done about thr comparative constructions in the English language based on these fundamental works. For example, using parallel corpora, Nose (2010) examines different types of comparative constructions in three languages, English, Japanese, and Tok Pisin based on Stassen's classification. He claims that the functional differences observed in the comparatives of three languages can be explained in terms of the transitivity model. The last but not the least study, Paraginaldo (2011) investigates the comparative constructions -more than in Old English and he proposes grammaticalization as a proper explanation for the evolution of the grammatical form "particle" from a lexical form.
As the focus of the present study is to investigate the superlative comparative constructions, the theoretical framework applied here is that of Heine’s (1997) cognitive approach examining all kinds of comparative constructions in the languages of the world as the schematic constructions which are usually formed based on other more abstract conceptual sources. Heine (1997, 111) calls these conceptual source structures as event schemas. This study is the first research investigating the superlative comparative constructions in Persian benefiting from a cognitive approach.


3. Methodology
As far as the methodology of present research is concerned, this research is a corpus-based and descriptive-analytic study. The data and examples mentioned in this study were extracted from The Colloquial Persian Dictionary by Najafi (2008). The corpus on which this dictionary is based comprises more than 120 prose works of Modern Persian. These works include short stories, novels, periodicals, books and articles. Then, the superlative comparison schemas were identified based on Heine’s cognitive approach (1997) as the theoretical framework.

4. Results and Discussion
The findings of the present research revealed that, in addition to the eight schemas proposed by Heine, five more schemas and three more subschemas were used to encode the superlative notion in this language. The important fact obtained from the results of the study is that the Linking Schema as a language-specific schema in Persian not been observed in other languages of the world, is used frequently not only to express the comparison notion, but also it is used to express some other grammatical notions, such as possession. This fact itself might be considered as one of the typological consequences of the free word order in this language, compared to other languages such as English (having a rather fixed word order) which give rise to form the various superlative comparison schemas in Persian.
Therefore, although Heine’s cognitive approach to the study of comparison can explain many of the comparative constructions in the languages of the worlds, it needs to be modified to account for the superlative comparative constructions in this language. Below, the figure (1) demonstrates the author’s suggestion to modify Hein's schema list to account for the Persian data:
Fig 1.
The superlative comparison schemas in Persian



Furthermore, the findings indicated that the Persian language used more various morpho-syntactic mechanisms to encode the superlative comparative notion. That’s why,  the components "parameter marker" and "standard marker" had no formal expression in most of the comparative constructions in this language and their presence was mostly optional.

5. Conclusion
This research was conducted with the aim of examining the superlative comparison schemas in Persian based on Heine’s (1997) cognitive approach. The findings of the present research showed that in addition to the eight schemas proposed by Heine, five more schemas, namely the Linking, the Possession, the Equation, the Body Part, the Idiomatic Schemas and three more subschemas, as well as some schema blends encoded the superlative notion in Persian.
Furthermore, it was found that the Linking Schema expressing the superlative comparative constructions in Persian can be considered as a language-specific schema not observed and documented in the list of languages ​​studied by Heine. Moreover, the results indicated that due to the existence of some typological features in this language, such as “Ezafe construction”, “free word order”, as well as other morpho-syntactic items including the constructional idioms, some lexical items and phrasal/complex predicates, the formal expression of "parameter marker", "standard marker" and "standard" in Persian is not obligatory and their order is flexible.
Finally, it was revealed that Persian used more various morpho-syntactic mechanisms, such as reduplication, Ezafe construction, reduplifixation, complex predicates and some lexical items meaning 'better/superior', constructional idioms, and idiomatic/proverbial expressions, compared with other Languages. So, we came to the conclusion that Heine's proposed model is not adequate enough to capture the Persian language. This study ended with a suggestion to modify Hein's schema list to account for the Persian data

---

The art of carpet weaving has undergone changes during the course of history. This ancient art has gradually found its place among other branches of art due to its artistic and consumer characteristics. The art of carpet weaving has heavily influenced other fields like painting for its elegant ornamentation. This paper will elaborate on the widespread relations between Persian and Italian art during 8-11/14-17 centuries; hence, the influence of the ornamentation of Persian rugs on Italian painting will be analyzed. There are several questions to which this paper seeks to answer throughout the article. 1- What were the cultural, political and trading backgrounds of the import of Persian rugs to Italy during 14th -17th centuries? 2- What are the common patterns of Persian rugs reflected in Italian paintings? The data were competed through available historical documents and images.

---

Catalyst layer is one of the important components of PEM fuel cell that its modeling and optimization can have a significant effect on the performance and the price of fuel cell. Despite successes were obtained to improve the fuel cell performance but still the slow reaction of oxygen in the cathode catalyst layer and mass transfer limitations are the main factors that reduce the efficiency and the performance of PEM fuel cell. The aim of this paper is modeling the cathode catalyst layer with homogeneous and agglomerate models and comparison with together. The governing equations are including oxygen diffusion equation, electrochemical reaction rate equation, transport equations of protons and electrons and auxiliary equations that solved by Matlab software and validated with experimental and numerical data available in the literature. The results show that at constant porosity, with increasing the agglomerate radius and thickness of ionomer film around agglomerate, the activation loss is increased and the concentration is reduced therefore the fuel cell performance is reduced. By more decreasing the radius of agglomerate, the fuel cell performance curve base on the agglomerate model approach to the performance curve base on the homogenous model.

---

One of the important issues in shooting by air guns is to select the appropriate projectile for different distances of the target. In this paper, the performance of four samples of air gun projectiles (pellets) is studied. The motion of these projectiles is assumed in four degrees of freedom including three translational motions and one rotational motion. The considered projectiles have three calibers of 4.5, 5.5 and 6.35 mm, and four different types, namely flat nose, sharp nose, round nose and spherical. In order to numerical simulation of the problem, after these projectiles have been modeled geometrically, the 3-D compressible turbulent Navier-Stokes equations and dynamic equations of the projectiles motion are solved in a coupled form and in a moving computational grid. The numerical simulation is based on “Roe” scheme with second-order accuracy in space and time using a finite volume method. To validate the computer program operation, the results are compared to valid experimental data. Computed results describe the trajectory, velocity variations and altitude loss of the projectiles with time and location. Comparison of the projectiles performance including the trajectory, velocity variations and altitude loss indicate that the round nose projectile has the best performance in long distances compared to the other samples and the flat nose projectile has a great performance in short distances, while it has a weak behavior in long distances. Additionally, effect of nose shape on the performance of the sharp and round nose projectiles is investigated and the optimum nose shapes are obtained.