---

The importance of researches within the syntactic scope of different languages and dialects in scientific frameworks has specifically gained interest within the Optimality Theoretic Framework (OTE), within which the variety differences can be defined by differential rankings of the same set of constraints, and the concept of “Unity in Variety” in different linguistic domains is achieved. The present dialectological study is aimed to investigate the word order of declarative projections (including transitive, intransitive and clefting sentences) in Ateni/ Saravi dialect of Mazandarani language. To achieve the goals of the investigation, 27 dialectal declarative sentences are analyzed and represented by the usage of tableaus and diagrams throughout the paper. The analysis is performed by the aid of Grimshaw's (2001) left alignment constraints (Head Left, Specifier Left and Complement Left) as well as her (2001, 1997) obligatory element constraints (Obligatory Head and Obligatory Specifier). For the sake of determining the appearance and absence of subject in the projections studied in the dialectal data, the research applies Kohn's (2003) structural constraints including that of faithfulness (Full Interpretation, Parse) and markedness ones (Opearator-Specifier, No - Lexical Movement, Stay). Following Grimshaw (2001), the investigation of the concept of unity in variety has been followed throughout this study not only by the usage of alignment constraints but also by their number of violations; i.e. the variation lies only in which of the constraints to be violated, and the number of times it violates. In accordance, the present research demonstrates that the sameness of the number of elements in the dialectal projections results in the sameness of the total number of alignment violations that approves the unity in spite of superficial linguistic varities. Keywords: Word order typology, Alignment constraints, Obligatory element constraints, Structural constraints, Unity in variety.

---

In this paper we analyze word Order in four Persian Dialects of Khuzestan, namely Behbahani, Dezfuli, Shushtari and Hendijani, from the typological perspective. The main theoretical framework in this research is Dryer’s word order research (1992). Dabir Moghaddam (1392) has studied 24 features in his research about Iranian languages, which 19 of them are selected from Dryer (1992) and others from Dryer’s Database. In the present research, we also consider the same 24 features. The founded results are compared with the world languages and those of Europe and Asia. The data collection tool and method is a questionnaire based on the features and interviewing the native speakers of these dialects, which were Totally 30. Then, these recordings were transcribed and analyzed on the basis of the mentioned features. The typological behavior of these dialects both in comparison with the world languages and languages of Europe and Asia were studied. Broadly speaking, it was observed that these four dialects have a tendency toward VO languages and in this respect are different from the intermediate type suggested by Dabir Moghaddam (1392) in the case of Persian. It should be noted that these dialects only in 9th and 11th features behave differently and in all other features they share common behavior.

---

language typology focuses on both language universals and linguistic variations. Implicational universals in typology have semantic, pragmatic, discoursal, processing and cognitive explanations. In this research, word order of Semnani language was analyzed based on Dryer’s 24 typological components. The purpose of this study is the determination of word order of Semnani language based on language typology. Research data are collected through interviewing Semnani’ speakers. The research data indicate that Semnani language has 17 components of strong verb- final languages type and 16 components of strong verb-initial languages type comparing to genera containing languages of Europe and Asia, except for southeast Asia , and this language has also 16 components of strong verb-final languages type and 14 components of strong verb-initial languages type  comparing to genera containing world languages. Therefore, there is a tendency for Semnani to be one of languages of verb- final type. Of course, there is no long distance between components of strong verb-final languages type and strong verb- initial  languages type of research findings  and this is a sign of change in Semnani language from verb-final languages type toward verb-initial languages type. Also, there is gender agreement between subject and verb in Semnani and all infinitive verbs have a marker of perfect aspect.    

---

 In the world languages, subject and direct object which are also called grammatical relations are distinguished by three strategies in a sentence: word order, agreement and case marking system. World languages might yield one or two of the so-called strategies or might use all of them for distinguishing grammatical relations. In this article these strategies are examined in Shushtari’s transitive clauses. Therefore a questionnaire consists of 62 sentences was prepared for this purpose and interviews were done with native speakers of Shushtari dialect. Data analysis shows that word order is neither used for distinguishing subject nor for direct object. Agreement is applied for subject and case marking system for direct object in this dialect. As Shushtari is classified in the same dialectic branch with Persian, it is considered to yield the same strategies which are confirmed through data analysis.

---

به زودی فرستاده خواهد شد. مطالعه آرایش واژگانی چه در دانش سنتی «معانی النحو» و چه در زبان شناسی معاصر اهمیت اساسی دارد؛ اما در زبان فارسی تاکنون تحقیق مستقلی بر آرایش واژگانی متون ادبی و تاثیر بلاغی آن انجام نشده است. این مقاله ابتدا جایگاه آرایش واژگانی در دستور و بلاغت را بررسی می کند و به نقد پیشینه تحقیقات معطوف به آن می پردازد. سپس کارکرد بلاغی آرایش واژگانی در تاریخ بیهقی را ذیل دو سرفصل پیش آیی و پس آیی عناصر اصلی و فرعی جمله بازمی نماید و با استناد به نمونه های آرایش واژگانی و رجوعِ همزمان به بافت موقعیتی و اقتضای حال، هنر بیهقی را در استفاده بلاغی از این هنرسازه نشان می دهد. برای تبیینی روشن تر از تاثیر این هنرسازه در تاریخ بیهقی، از متن سلجوقنامه ظهیری نیشابوری برای مقایسه استفاده می شود. بیهقی را می توان نقطه عطف بلاغت آرایش واژگانی به شمار آورد. او از آرایش واژگانی آزاد حداکثر بهره را برده است. انواع آرایش های نشان دار را می توان از تاریخ بیهقی استخراج کرد که غالباً کارکرد بلاغی دارند. برای مثال بیهقی همه عناصر جمله را بنا بر دلایلی که تنها با رجوع به بافت بیرونی متن آشکار می شود برای برجسته سازی در آغاز جمله قرار می دهد. برخلاف پیش آیی که بیشتر بر بافت موقعیتی اثر متکی است، پس آیی، غالبا با هدف تسهیل در پردازش جمله، تنظیم هارمونی خبری و نیز خلق ریتم رخ می دهد.

---

Carried out in the framework of Transformational Grammar and Typology, this research aims at determining the generation place of Persian Object Clitics, and examining the effects their synchronic-diachronic analyses may have on typological studies. The underlying order ‘Object Clitic + Verb’ was consequently considered to be at work in correspondence to SOV order; And, it’s the Move-α Transformation that drives the clitic out to surface elsewhere, i.e. mostly in Postverbal Position. Moreover, syntactic, morphological, and prosodic alignments were introduced to be influencing in cliticization in Persian as a trio of criterions which may change by the passage of time; Grammaticality of encliticization to the nominal part of Complex Predications in Classic New Persian and the ungrammaticality of the same process in some CPs of Standard NP was mentioned as an example; Referring to the UG Principle of ‘Minimal Link Condition’, this duality in behavior was argued to be an approval of the interaction between cliticization and incorporation processes. Finally, to explain the possible effects of the above results on the typological analyses, the hypothesis of Persian’s type change from OV to VO suggested by Dabir-Moghaddam (1997) was reformulated by keeping an eye to the diachronic change in the Clitic System; it was put forward that the historically-growing inconsistencies of this language to some of the Dryer’s (1992) criteria and specially to the Greenbergian 25th Universal are mostly applicable to the change stated. It was therefore concluded that the synchronic-diachronic behavior and placement of these elements testifies the aforementioned type-change hypothesis.
 
 


 

---

Typology of language is 250year old. It is a systematic study of variations among languages and the presupposition of this definition is to consider some general principles governing language diversities (Comrie, 2001: quoted by Dabir-moghaddam). Word order is one of the integrated fields in determining differences and similarities in typology. Hawkins is one of the eminent linguists who has been the most influential figures of this branch specially word order. In addition to his vast knowledge in Generative Grammar, he had presented principles and universals related to word order (Hawkins, 1983:10). Dialectical studies have expanded greatly over the recent decades in Iran so that many linguists and typologists began to record and study the Iranian languages and dialects, they carried out many studies in the field of different dialects. The purpose of this study is to introduce Hawkins' theories, principles and universals related to word order, besides comparative analysis of word order between Azeri and standard Persian. This study was performed based on practical researches, theoretical framework and data collected through questionnaire in the analytic-descriptive method, also its conclusions prove the identity of Hawkins' some approaches on these two languages as well as verifying the similarities and differences about word order.                                                
  

---

German language has a subject–verb–object (SVO) word order in independent clauses and a subject–object–verb (SOV) order in dependent clauses. Despite this feature, which is totally different from Farsi and English (these two languages both use the same word in dependent and independent clauses), German has a flexible word order. That is to say each of the syntactic functions (e.g. subject, direct object, indirect object, and adverb) can occur before the conjugated verb (referred to as Vorfeld), between the conjugated verb and the second verb (known as Mittelfeld, in sentences with a modal or linking verb), or after the second verb or the infinitive (called Nachfeld position in German grammar). The present study focuses on the arrangement of elements in the Mittelfeld position according to the information structure rules and other factors, such as definiteness, animacy, and pronoun placement. The significance of the study comes from the fact that there is no limitation on the places words can take in the middle of the sentence, as opposed to the Vorfeld position in which only one element can be placed. A question that is often raised here and that many German learners struggle to answer is: What are the rules underlying placement of elements in different positions? The answer to this question lies in that feature of the German language pointed to earlier in the abstract, i.e. the flexible word order in German. Referring to the rules of information structure and introducing other factors affecting word order in the middle of the sentence, the present paper (through a descriptive-analytical approach) shows that in addition to the relative freedom in the arrangement of grammatical words, semantic and pragmatic factors can also influence Words’ order. The results indicate that a number of these factors are sometimes in contradiction to one another. After scrutinizing a few example sentences, some decisive examples are presented.

---

When a form is more complex or more marked, the meaning will be more complex consequently. A sentence could be said to be marked if it does not follow the conventional or unmarked word order pattern of a language. Changing word order is done by the syntactic processes which make a sentence marked. The typical function of an unmarked sentence is to show focus on some elements. Markedness can be represented as binary or as a cline which begins with unmarked, and it ends in the most marked one .For markedness, what is mainly considered is that complex or marked form has more morphemes than the unmarked form. Moreover, the occurrence frequency of the unmarked form is much higher than its marked counterpart. Therefore there is a direct relation between the markedness of a form and its semantic variety and complexity. Different syntactic processes in a language can change an unmarked sentence to a marked one mostly to represent more focus on one of the elements of the sentence. Among others also we find that serial verb construction(SVC) is an unmarked sentence. Serial verb construction or verb serialization is defined as a string of verbs or verb phrases that are not separated by a connector and the verbs in this construction share the same grammatical information and sometimes the same arguments, and finally this construction describes a single event. This paper will analyze some samples of the unmarked sentences of the standard modern Persian which are the result of the syntactic processes and, it could be seen in topicalized, clefting, scrambled and SVC sentences among others. The main hypothesis of this paper is that the standard word order change of Persian sentences which are the result of the syntactic processes is related to the concept of markedness. A different type of markedness will be introduced in this paper. In Persian we mostly find this new recognized type of markedness which is movement markedness. Beside movement markedness, the formal markedness is also seen in the syntactic structures of Persian among others. Movement markedness is found in syntactic structures and specifically word order because movement is a key issue in syntax. The function of this markedness is to focus the moved element. Markedness is not a process but it is an abstract phenomenon which is revealed by syntactic movements but it is not a process by itself. When a syntactic process like passivization works in a language, the state of sentence changes from unmarked to marked. This formal markedness beside the distributional markedness are often at work when there is movement markedness in the structure. This paper will show that this type of markedness is very frequent in creating new syntactic structures. It is predictable that the movement markedness is a universal concept and it works in other languages too, since there is no language without syntax. The movement markedness shows how syntax with syntactic processes employs markedness to create diversity and different functions.
 

---

In this article, word order in syntactic structures of the mixed Turkish-Persian language of Baft was studied through the 24 correlation pairs of Dryer (1992, 2009 & 2013) to determine the typology of this language compared to Europe-Asia and world genera. Other purposes of this research were to study the efficiency of Head-Dependent Theory, Branching Direction Theory and Cross-Category Harmony Principle to investigate whether they can explain the typological behavior of this language. The findings showed that this mixed Turkish-Persian language compared to Europe-Asia languages had 16 elements of strong object-verb languages (verb follows object) and 15 elements of verb-object languages (verb precedes object). This language in comparison with world languages also had 15 elements of strong OV languages and 14 elements of strong VO languages. These results prove that this language variety compared to Europe-Asia and world languages corresponds with OV genera. Having the elements of strong VO languages compared to Europe-Asia and world languages indicates that this variety is moving toward the strong VO languages and typologically is not a consistent OV or VO language, but a mixed one and this property is for a broad bilingual social environment. Moreover, the evidence of this language showed that Head-Dependent Theory, Branching Direction Theory and Cross-Category Harmony Principle cannot explain the typological word order behavior of this mixed Turkish-Persian language.

1. Introduction
Typology is a branch of linguistics using parameters like word order to discover the shared characteristics of languages and to represent the functional explanations. The purpose of this article is to study the word order in syntactic structures (phrases and clauses) of the mixed Turkish-Persian language of Baft through the 24 correlation pairs of Dryer (1992, 2009 & 2013) to determine the typology of this language compared to Europe-Asia and world genera. This research was to study the efficiency of Head-Dependent Theory, Branching Direction Theory, and Cross-Category Harmony Principle to investigate whether they can explain the typological behavior of this language as well. Moreover, the typological word order of this Turkish- Persian language in comparison with monolingual languages like Turkish and Persian will be clarified. For this purpose, we compared the data of 24 correlation pairs of this language with the corresponding elements in Europe-Asia and world genera. The framework for this study was Dryer (1992), the most comprehensive experimental study regarding word order, correlations, and the number of languages. This database includes 625 languages identified based on genera.

2. Literature Review
Greenberg (1963) was the first figure studying word order typology. He presented 45 universals through investigating 30 languages. Then Lehman (1978a) based on the findings of Greenberg (1963) introduced the fundamental principle of placement and reduced his three typological components into two elements including verb and object. Vennemann (1974) indicated the unimportance function of subject in word order typology as well but he used all word order universals of Greenberg (1963) based on categorical analogy. He showed that heads and dependents are placed in the same direction. That is, the dependent was placed before the head or the head was placed before the dependent. He maintained that the dependent was before head in OV languages and head was before dependent in VO languages. Hawkins (1983, p. 116) rejected the word order typology of Greenberg with the help of 236 languages. He based adposition to study word order typology and referred to the importance of frequency and quantity of word order correlations (Song, 2018 p. 237). Dryer (1992) indicated genera and statistical universals compared to the individual languages against Hawkins (1983) who studies for finding universals. Dabir-Moghaddam (2014) studied the word order typology of Farsi, Balochi, Davani, Larestani, Taleshi, Vafsi, Kurdish, Aramaic Laki, Delvari, Nayini, Shahmirzadi and Tati languages based on the correlation components of Dryer (1992). He concluded that the 24 correlational elements of the mentioned languages have been influenced by Persian as the superstratum language having a strong middle verb. The findings of Rezapoor (2015) in Semnani and Rezapoor, E. & Abdollahi (2019) in Sangesari languages compared to Europe-Asia and world languages are strong verb final languages.

3. Methodology
The data of this descriptive-analytic research was collected by the researcher as a native speaker and other native speakers by comparing these structures with 24 correlation pairs. After analyzing the clauses and phrases into morphemes, they were transcribed and compared to two columns related to corresponding elements in both Europe- Asia where this variety itself was located, and world genera where all other languages in the world were placed. The correlation pairs are adposition (preposition and postposition) and a noun phrase, noun and relative clause, noun and genitive, adjective and standard in comparative construction, verb and adpositional phrase, verb and manner adverb, copula verb, and predicate, want and verb phrase, adjective and noun, demonstrative and noun, adjective and intensifier, tense/aspect particle and verb, question particle and clause, adverbial subordinator/ subordinate conjunction and clause, article and noun, verb and subject, number and noun, tense-aspect affix and verb stem, noun and possessive affix, the sequence of an auxiliary and content verb, complementizer and sentence, question particle and sentence, verb and object and negative particle and verb.

4. Results
The result of data showed that this mixed Turkish-Persian language compared to Europe-Asia languages had 16 elements of strong object-verb languages (verb follows object) and 15 elements of verb-object languages (verb precedes object). This language in comparison with world languages also had 15 elements of strong OV languages and 14 elements of strong VO languages. These results prove that this language variety compared to Europe-Asia and world languages correspond with OV genera. Having the elements of strong VO languages compared to Europe-Asia and world languages indicates that this variety is moving toward the strong VO languages and typologically is not a consistent OV or VO language, but a mixed one and this property is for a broad bilingual social environment.
According to the Head- Dependent Theory, languages tend towards one of two ideals: head-initial languages, in which heads consistently precede their dependents, and head-final languages, in which heads consistently follow their dependents. One of the goals of this paper is to investigate this theory based on Turkish- Persian language. The findings showed that this Turkish-Persian variety is a strong OV language. Based on Head-Dependent Theory, it is predicted that heads occur after dependents, but contrary to the prediction of this theory that verb patterners are heads and object patterners are dependents, the relative clause is head and noun is dependent. This finding proves that what HDT predicts is not correct. Moreover, the correlation data of this variety does not prove and explain what Cross-Category Harmony Principle predicts. Based on CCHP, head-initial languages have consistently initial head and head-final languages consistently possess final head, but the correlation pairs of adjective and standard in comparative construction, the order of article and noun, and the order of verb and object in this head-final language showed that the standard in comparative construction, noun, and verb in these pairs are not heads and the structure type determines the head. This finding is consistent with Dryer (1992: 89) that claims that HDT and CCHP in identifying head and dependents are inefficient.
Based on the Branching Direction Theory (BDT) of Dryer (1992: 90), languages tend towards one of two ideals: right-branching languages, in which phrasal categories follow nonphrasal categories and left-branching, languages in which phrasal categories precede nonphrasal categories. That is, head-initial languages are right-branching and head-final languages are left-branching. Based on BDT, the Turkish-Persian language is head-final language and therefore it must be left-branching, but its data, specifically the adjective and the standard of construction does not follow this theory. Moreover, the BDT theory cannot predict the correct occurrence of the verb and object correlation pairs. In general, the evidence of this language showed that Head-Dependent Theory, Branching Direction Theory, and Cross-Category Harmony Principle cannot explain the typological word order behavior of this mixed Turkish-Persian language.


 

---

This paper aims to investigate postposing in Modern spoken Persian. Persian is a verb-final language; however, some constituents frequently follow the verb and appear in the post - verbal domain. Among the factors motivating this phenomenon, one of them is grammatical weight. The universal tendency proposed by typologists is the “short-before-long principle”; locating the heavy constituents after the light ones in order to ease the process of production and comprehension. Some studies advocate the position of long constituents before short ones in verb-final languages like Japanese and Korean. Based on the Persian spoken corpus, this research analyzes the postposed constituents according to their grammatical weight. It is observed that the heavier constituents are postposed more easily compared with the light ones; supporting the universal trend of placing heavy constituents after the light ones.

1. Introduction
In most grammatical and linguistic studies, the order of the unmarked word order in Persian has been considered "subject-object-verb". But in Persian sentences, there are other sequences in which the above-mentioned order is not necessarily observed. One of these marked sequences is the presence of some constituents in the postposed position. This movement also called postposing, is a phenomenon that occurs mostly in the spoken form of Persian. The main hypothesis of this study is that the weight of structures affects postposing and heavier structures are more liked than lighter structures, and therefore the Persian language puts heavy structures in the postposed position; after light structures. To test this hypothesis, it is necessary to examine natural data and the corpus of this research is spoken corpus of Persian.
Research Question(s)

1. Does grammatical weight affect postposing in Persian?
2. Which constituent comes first? Heavy before light or light before heavy?

2. Literature Review
Reviewing previous studies, we can say that there are three types of conclusions about the effect of weight on the arrangement of constituents in Persian: the group that considers weight ineffective in word order (Frommer 1981; Ma’aref and Mehdizadeh, 1397). The second group has studied weight in preposed constituents and considers it effective. In their view, heavy structures take precedence over light constituents (Faghiri & Samvelian 2014, 2020). The third group has studied the postposed constituents and concluded that weight is effective in the postposing and heavier constituents are moved more easily and frequently and after the constituents (Alaei et al. 1396, 1397; Rasekh Mohanand et al., 1392, 2016).
None of the above studies that have utilized the natural spoken corpus have not specifically focused on postposing. The present study, considering the spoken corpus of Persian, investigates the effect of weight on the rearrangement of constituents.

3. Methodology
In the present study, in order to study natural data from Persian, the spoken corpus has been used. ELAN software version 5.7.0 was used to prepare spoken corpus. This software is a tool for producing natural language data and is a tool used in the project of a spoken corpus with the name HAMBAM.

4. Results
Here Finally, it can be said that the results of this study are a confirmation of the researches of Alaei et al. (1396, 1397) and Rasekh Mohannad (1396) who have emphasized the effect of weight and more probability of moving heavy constituents to the end of the sentence. Also, according to Hawkins (1994), the main reason for the postposing and tendency of Persian to choose a heavy constituent after a light constituent can be considered as facilitating sentence comprehension and processing. The placement of the verb as the semantic core of the sentence before the heavy constituents makes it possible to understand the meaning of the sentence faster and thus convey the message.

5. Discussion
 In summary, this study, considering the principle of "heavy constituents before light constituents " in four areas, confirms that in Persian, among the constituents that have become obsolete, and the constituents that are in the unstable position. The signs are located, four constituents follow this principle; In contrast to other constituents, with a slight difference, they show a tendency contrary to this principle.
6. Conclusion
We can examine the hypothesis of the present paper. In this study, the main hypothesis was that the proposed constituents are heavier than their corresponding pairs in the unmarked state. If this hypothesis is confirmed, at least it can be said that the Persian language puts heavier constituents in place after the verb, in other words, the principle of light structure is observed before the heavy structure.
Among the three types of views on the effect of weight on the arrangement of constituents in Persian mentioned, it can be said that the view that considers the effect of weight on the arrangement of constituents is acceptable. There is sufficient evidence for this tendency in the constituents of the subject, predicate, time, and indirect object, but the evidence related to direct object, place constituents, and manner constituents do not confirm this finding.
 

---

In the present research word order has been used to determine the type of Eastern Armenian Language in comparison to the groups of “Eurasian” and “world” languages based on Dryer's (1992) “Branching Direction Theory”. Dryer (1992), has introduced 23 correlation pairs as verb-patterned and object-patterned, to determine the word order in languages. He has argued against Greenberg's (1963) “Head-Dependent Theory” and by presenting “Branching Direction Theory” has concluded that the word order correlations reflect a tendency for languages to be consistently right-branching or consistently left-branching. The main question here is to investigate the belonging of Eastern Armenian language to the OV or VO language types, in comparison to “Eurasian” as well as “world languages”. In achieving the research goals, 19 valid correlation pairs have been analyzed within the collected data. The results show that Eastern Armenian language in comparison to group of “Eurasian” languages has 14 characteristics of strong OV languages and 15 characteristics of strong VO languages, hence, it has a tendency to VO languages; In case of its comparison to the group of “world languages” it has 14 characteristics of strong OV languages and 14 characteristics of strong VO languages, hence, it has a tendency to both OV and VO languages. Furthermore, it illustrates that despite Dryer's (1992) claim, the Eastern Armenian language does not have tendency to be classified consistently in a left-branching or right-branching type. Based on these, the median type could be considered as an independent type for Eastern Armenian language.
1. Introduction
One of the most important topics in language typology is the study of word order in languages. Dreyer is among the most well known linguists in this field. He (1992) has introduced 23 correlation pairs as verb-patterned and object-patterned, to determine the word order in languages and by presenting “Branching Direction Theory” he has concluded that the word order correlations reflect a tendency for languages to be consistently right-branching or consistently left-branching. The main question here is to investigate the belonging of Eastern Armenian Language to the OV or VO language types, in comparison to “Eurasian” as well as “world languages”.

2. Literature Review
The question of whether the basic word order in Eastern Armenian is OV or VO is a matter of controversy. Many descriptive and typological studies consider it to be a SOV language (Der-Houssikian, 1978; Dryer, 1998; Dum-Tragut, 2002; Howkins, 1979; Hawkins, 1983; Kozentseva, 1995; Minassian, 1980). The studies based on the generative grammar have placed it in group of SOV languages, considering that it is head final, therefore SVO order is considered as the result of movement (Hodgson, 2013; Giorgi & Haroutyunian, 2016; Kahnemuyipour & Megerdoomian, 2011; Tamrazian, 1991; Tamrazian, 1994). Some studies have placed it the median type between OV and VO (Dum-Tragut, 2009; Dryer, 2013 in WALS). Other grammarian believe that SVO is its basic order (Abrahamyan, 1975; Arakelyan, 1958; Badikyan, 1976; Papoyan & Badikyan, 2003). Faghiri and Samvelian (2019) show that the distribution of SVO order is too high to qualify as a marked option.


3. Methodology
As a descriptive-analytical study, the main data collection of the present research has been provided by the first author as a native Eastern Armenian speaker in the form of sentences, clauses and phrases in Eastern Armenian. In addition the gathered data has been asked from 15 other Iranian-Armenian speakers and have been compared to the examples of Avetisyan and Zakaryan (2012).

4. Results
The results show that 4 out of 23 correlation pairs do not apply in Eastern Armenian which are as follows: 1. adpositional phrases and manner adverbs, 2. order of verb and negative particle, 3. order of content verb and negative auxiliary verb and 4. order of plural word and noun.
The 19 correlation pairs which are used in this study are 1. adposition and NP, 2. N and Relative clause, 3. noun and genitive, 4. adjective and standard of comparison, 5. verb and adpositional phrase, 6. verb and manner adverb, 7. copula and predicate, 8. "want" and subordinate verb, 9. noun and adjective, 10. noun and demonstrative, 11. adjective and intensifier, 12. tense/aspect auxiliary and verb, 13. question particle and sentence, 14. adverbial subordinator and S, 15. noun and article, 16. verb and subject, 17. numeral and noun, 18. tense/aspect affix and verb stem, 19. possessive affix and noun.     
There are two differences between results of present research in compared to Wals data. The first difference is about adposition. Examples 1 to 4 respectively show that Eastern Armenian has pretposition, postposition and adpositions which used as both preposition and postposition.
Example 1. preposition

ARA-n	gn-AtsH	depi	tun
Ara-DEF	go-3SG.PAST	to	home

"Ara went home."
Example 2. postposition

ARA-n	siRAn-i	pHoxARen	kARtH-AtsH
Ara-DEF	Siran-ezafe	instead of	read-3SG.PAST

"Ara read instead of Siran."
Example 3. preposition

bAtsHi	ARAj-itsH	mARtH	tSH-kA-R
but	Ara-ABL	person	NEG-be-3SG.PAST

"There was no one but Ara."
Example 4. postposition

ARAj-itsH	batsHi	mARtH	tSH-kA-R
Ara-ABL	But	Person	NEG-be-3SG.PAST

"There was no one but Ara."
The second difference is about question particle which could be placed at the beginning, middle or end of the sentence. Alternatively, the sentence can be used without question particle. Examples 5 to 8 show the position of question particle while example 9 represents a sentence without question particle.
Example 5.

ARtHjokH	du	indz	siR-um	es
Q-marker	You	Me	like-PROG	2SG.PRES.AUX

"Do you like me?"
Example 6.

du	ARtHjokH	indz	siR-um	es
you	Q-marker	me	like-PROG	2SG.PRES.AUX

"Do you like me?"
Example 7.

du	indz	ARtHjokH	siR-um	es
you	me	Q-marker	like-PROG	2SG.PRES.AUX

            "Do you like me?"
Example 8.

du	indz	siR-um	es	ARtHjokH
you	me	like-PROG	2SG.PRES.AUX	Q-marker

"Do you like me?"
     Example 9.

du	indz	siR-um	es
you	me	like-PROG	2SG.PRES.AUX

       "Do you like me?"
The results show that Eastern Armenian language in comparison to group of “Eurasian” languages has 14 characteristics of strong OV languages and 15 characteristics of strong VO languages, hence, it has a tendency to VO languages; In case of its comparison to the group of “world languages” it has 14 characteristics of strong OV languages and 14 characteristics of strong VO languages, hence, it has a tendency to both OV and VO languages. Table 1 shows Eastern Armenian language in comparison to Eurasian languages and table 2 shows Eastern Armenian language in comparison to world languages.

Table 1.
Eastern Armenian language in comparison to Eurasian languages

Element

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

Total

Type

Strong verb final

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

14

Weak verb final

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

9

Weak Verb medial

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

8

Strong Verb medial

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

15

Table 2:
 Eastern Armenian language in comparison to world languages

	Element	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	Total
Type
Strong verb final		X	X	X	X	X	X	X			X	X	X			X	X	X	X		14
Weak verb final		X			X	X			X	X			X	X	X					X	9
Weak verb medial		X		X	X	X	X	X		X			X			X					9
Strong Verb medial		X	X		X	X			X		X	X	X	X	X		X	X	X	X	14

5. Conclusion
The research findings show that in comparison to the group of “Eurasian” languages Eastern Armenian has a tendency towards VO languages. In case of its comparison to the group of “world languages”, it has a tendency to both OV and VO languages. Based on these, the median type could be considered as an independent type for Eastern Armenian language.
 

---

It is a typological observation in more than 90% of languages where the basic word order is either subject–verb–object (SVO) or subject–object–verb (SOV). Functional typologists believe that the prevalence of these two orders; in which the subject precedes the two other elements, and the verb and the object are contiguous is due to the functions of language in the real world. Hence, the two principles of subject salience and verb-object contiguity have been proposed. The typological explanations put forward for these two principles hold that transitive sentences of a language have come into existence as a result of the encoding of the prototypical transitive action scenario. In such a scenario, subject salience is a result of the fact that the transitive action scenario is started by the doer of the activity. Also, because of the tight causal relationship between the activity and its receiver, the linguistic counterparts of these two elements, too, tend to be contiguous. Since functional pressures can only be manifested in language through human cognition, the present paper looks at the cognitive processes involved in the cross-linguistic prevalence of the afore-mentioned word orders.

---

One of the typological variations between languages is differences in word order, which is the position of elements at the clause or phrase level. There are some correlations between word order criteria in languages; for example, the type of adposition correlates with the order of verbs and direct objects in a clause, in languages. The present study aims at introducing the said typological correlations in Sivandi language, which is considered as an endangered language by UNESCO and is spoken by residents of Sivand village, an area in Fars province. In this research, the data are gathered by interviewing the native speakers and the research’s main linguistic corpus consists of three Sivandi stories, a questionnaire, which has been compiled for this purpose based on Max Planck institute’s questionnaires and other reliable sources, and some proverbs, which all collected from native speakers. Sivandi is considered a verb-final language. By examining the typological correlations in this language, it was concluded that, in some cases, the correlations between word order criteria and the order of verb and direct object in the clauses, are consistent with language universals but in some others, this consistency cannot be observed.