---

Grammarly software is one of the most popular software for automatic recognition of grammatical errors in texts translated from Persian to English. The study aims to evaluate the efficiency of Grammarly and propose some suggestions for upgrading the software. To achieve this, a corpus including the English translation of the booklets introducing the works of Resistance-literature was studied. After the grammatical errors were extracted by the researchers (human evaluator), the electronic file of the booklets was provided to the software to detect the errors by Grammarly. Grammatical errors were then categorized and the extracted data were matched by researchers and software. After the qualitative and quantitative analysis of errors and the presentation of the findings, suggestions were made to improve the efficiency of Grammarly. According to the findings, out of 98 cases being specified by Grammarly as errors, 16 of them were not actually errors. In 4 cases (4.9%) Grammarly failed to accurately identify the "type" of error. The weakest grammatical performance of the software occurred in the misdiagnosis of ‘word spelling’ and ‘misuse of masculine and feminine pronouns’. Regarding the efficiency of Grammarly, it was found that the software has an excellent performance with a diagnosis of 82.8% of errors.
 

---

The historical novels The Golden Falcon  and The Flares of the City of Otrar  narrate the life of Jalal al-Din Khwarazmshah. Unlike ancient historical texts in which the simple and predictable process of action by the central actor of the hero takes place, in these works, by creating active and anti-active characters, the actions deviated from their main stream, leading to the actions of deviation, substitution, action error and ... have become. The purpose of this research is to investigate how actions deviate within the narrative and damage such as action error, action change or even action collapse. For this purpose, the theory of action-discourse system of Greimas has been used to examine the action narratives related to the character of Jalal al-Din in the two historical novels The Golden Falcon and The Flares of the City of Otrar. In The Golden Falcon's novel, the deviation of action is seen as the transformation of action and the destruction of action by actors; A place where efforts have been made to reach Jalal al-Din's valuable object and save his life. In this novel, according to the value object "Beloved" and "Homeland" Jalal al-Din is depicted as a "lover" and "patriot". In The Flares of the City of Otrar, deviation of action can be seen as transformation of action and replacement of action. Most of the characters in the story and Jalal al-Din himself play the role of antagonists and try to distance Jalal al-Din from his valuable object and destroy him.
 

---

The present research study aimed to investigate the pragmatic awareness, attitudes, and practices of nine upper secondary English teachers in EFL (English as a Foreign Language) classrooms, with a focus on the intercultural aspects of the subject. Using a phenomenological methodology, the study conducted nine semi-structured interviews with English teachers of upper secondary students. Teachers demonstrated a high level of awareness of pragmatics, particularly when presented with pragmatic input based on syllabi formulations. The awareness suggested a recognition of the importance of pragmatic competence in language learning. Teachers incorporated pragmatics into their teaching methods. Pragmatics was used as a tool for fostering metacognitive conversations about language, helping students understand the appropriateness of certain phrases or words. Teachers aimed to make students aware of why people communicate in certain ways. The understanding of the reasons behind communication choices was deemed important for both teachers and students. Teachers perceived the intercultural dimensions of the English subject as crucial. Issues such as monocultural teaching groups, filter bubbles, and the rise of difficult conversations were highlighted. Teachers found using students' first languages to be an important tool for understanding and scaffolding their learning of English. The incorporation of pragmatics in the EFL classroom not only benefits language development but also serves as a facilitator in developing an understanding of other people. The study suggested a link between pragmatic awareness and intercultural competence in language teaching.

---

Edrisid, as the first Alawite state in the second half of the second century A.H, settled down in North-West Africa; in a region surrounded by hostile states from all sides, the Umayyads of Andalusia in the north, the Aghlabid's in the east; and the Banurostam government in the northeast and Banumedarar government in the southwest. Being located in such a geographical position must lead to the inevitable entry into long and erosive wars and endless tensions. However, by studying the history of Edrisid's not only don’t we see any continuous wars but we come across a stable government which carries out the most brilliant period of civilization in the Islamic Maghreb region in the first centuries (A.H.). The current research intends to look into Edrisid's foreign policy management and explaining the strategies of this government in curbing hostilities and turning crises into opportunities in the field of diplomacy. Data analysis in the historical reports related to this government reveals that the Edrisid's were able to succeed in foreign policy by adopting policies such as: religious tolerance, extensive business relations with neighbors, establishment of a balance of power and exploiting tribal differences in the territory of neighbors. Through these measures, they were able to avoid erosive conflicts and continuous wars with neighbors and thus provide the basis for stability and development in their territory.
 

---

Global warming is claimed to be the cause of climate change, which is often held responsible for water shortage.  Let geopedology represents the complex process of soil formation, out of which much can be learnt about paleoecology; soil formation being a dynamic interaction between the atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, and the hydrosphere. In a multidisciplinary sustainability-oriented study in northwestern Iran, geopedologic data were analyzed and cross-referenced with some historic and archaeological information to reconstruct paleoecologic conditions in several time periods, through which the changes both in climate since upper Pleistocene, and in landuse and their consequences in terms of land degradation could be concluded. The occurrence of a (sub-) surface layer of travertine, dated 27,000 y BP that is coated by a thin organic layer with traces of rancienite (mineral), dated 13,000 y BP, implies a humid environment, corresponding with the pluvial uppermost Würm. The geopedologic survey, supported by soil micromorphology, revealed that between 6,000 and 2,600 years ago the area was subject to cycles of erosion and sedimentation that have led to glacis formation. A type of climate that is characterized by the alternation of wet and dry periods is also supported by the occurrence of Petrocalcic and Argillic horizons in the soils. Cultivating rice, tobacco and cotton, which was practiced until over a century ago, also implies relatively wetter conditions. The study concludes that aridification has never been as degrading as it is today, due to the over-exploiting of the non-renewable fossil groundwater.

---

One of the style-oriented features of narrative texts is frequent application of “epithet” with various functions. In documents and texts of narrations, epithet often refers to persons through expressing the parentage relationships, such as a proper noun; however, in addition to the foregoing, in many of cases not as per such parentage relationships, but through a virtual implication, it makes a certain name for someone to show him/her as considerable in being attributed to a certain feature, so that again it virtually names other phenomena or even abstract concepts. Whereas the epithet discussion is fully based on Arabic culture, it causes certain challenges in translating narrative texts into Persian; especially due to the fact that apparent inclusion of the same in Persian text as a proper noun hides the relevant variable semantic implications; like the fact that due to the syntax and spelling differences between Arabic and Persian languages, the aforementioned also causes further problems in terms of writing. The action of translating narrative text into Persian language enjoys a considerable background, but after all, the problems caused by epithet inclusion in such action have not been studied in any independent work. Relying on several samples taken from the narrations of Bihar Al- Anwar Book, this study addresses and analyzes some of the major issues caused by transferring epithet in translating narrative text into Persian and then practically gives certain solutions to solve such issues and problems.

---

Landslides are natural disasters that annually inflict great damages to public and private properties which may associate with loss of life. In recent decades, research on developing methods for predicting the time of landslide has been one of the significant attempts made by scientists. Since in some type of material, landslides are preceded by undetectable movements that cannot be recorded and revealed by conventional instruments, recording the chemical changes of the water flowing out from the toe of the slopes susceptible to sliding can provide important and reliable indicators of landslide activities and early warning. In this study, changes in the chemical composition of water seeping out from the toe of an active landslide were investigated. This process was studied in a laboratory physical model, in which a sliding surface was simulated and the changes in the ion concentration of potassium (K), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), sulfate (SO₄), chlorine (Cl), and bicarbonate as well as EC and pH in both stable state and in the conditions of slight rupture along the sliding surface were investigated. The results indicated that the appreciable chemical changes in the outflowing water, particularly changes in the concentration of some ions, could be used as suitable indicators for early warning of the landslide occurrence.

---

---

In the current era, organizations are trying to adapt themselves with rapid environmental changes in a dynamic manner. Since environmental changes influence many aspects of organizations, they should be capable of utilizing the appropriate solutions in order to survive in the competitive atmosphere. One of the best methods and structures to deal with the rapidly changing environment is to become structurally agile. Agile organizations are working through a special and unique organizational structure, which fits them and assists in being more effective in work processes and operations. One of the first steps of forming an agile organization is to shape the organizational structure appropriatly. The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of organizational structure on agility, which has led the authors to identify and measure the facilitating structural variables that improve organizational agility. By comprehensively studying relevant literature, the authors identified the most cited variables of measuring and improving the organizational structure. In the next step, a group of experts investigated the variables in order to determine their importance and priority on facilitating agility. Furthermore, based on a case study of one of the largest software development companies in Iran, the agility of this firm has been assessed and analyzed. The results of current research provide the scholars and practitioners with a set of practical suggestions and guidelines on how to become more agile in the current competitive market.

---

 rnIn the current era, organizations are trying to dynamically adapt themselves to rapid environmental changes. Since environmental changes have great influence on organizations, they should utilize appropriate solutions in order to survive in such competitive environment. One of the best methods of dealing with changing environment is forming agile organizations which are capable of being more effective in their work processes and operations. One of the first steps in forming an agile organization is the creation of an appropriate organizational structure.rnThe main objective of this study is to examine the impact of organizational structure on organizational agility. This lead the authors to identify and prioritize structural variables which facilitate organizational agility. By comprehensively studying relevant literature, the authors identified the most significant variables which could be utilized for measuring organizational structure. A group of experts investigated the identified variables in order to determine their priority in facilitating organizational agility. In the final step, the agility of one of the largest Iranian software development companies was assessed in relation to the identified organizational structure variables.rnThe results of the current research provides a set of practical guidelines for firms on becoming agile in the current competitive environment.rn 

---

---

Garden city idea as an important idea had emerged on 19 century. Creating sustainable complexes and having more relationship with natural environment were the main goals which had been defined for this idea. This idea was established in urbanism literature by Howards' research about creating a balance between city and village living; whereas in east, Garden City as a pure idea has had a metaphysic meaning which is used to create earthy paradise since 16th century. Respect and reverence for water and trees is institutionalized in ancient civilizations of Iran. Iranian people respect trees and water, both separately and in composite forms as gardens, which have been a well-known cultural value both before and after Islam. The oldest Persian garden that have been discovered dates back to the Achaemenid Empire and the quadripartite gardens (charbagh) of Pasargadae. By studying about existent historic gardens, Persian Gardens are divided into different types. The way people use special physical and functional features could also be used as a scale of this division. In Persian Garden category, Garden City has been defined as a well-known model for designing particular gardens in city scale. According to this model, gardens have used sacred and soft spaces as a combination of hard and heavenly, for defining body structure and the development of the city textures. In advanced (pre- designed) samples, the entire city has been formed as a big garden; composed of a set of small gardens with many symbolic features, such as pavilions and water ponds, as seen in the Persian Charbagh Garden. During Safavid dynasty, Isfahan, as the largest Persian garden city, had been supported by a green major axis; which is the so called Charbagh that has been remained as a green heritage so far. Gardens and trees were the most important natural and architectural elements in Isfahan's cityscape at that period. These elements usually have been considered as the traditional identity of the garden city; hence their sustainability had a key role in preserving the structures. Therefore, Designers manufactured particular urban infrastructures to provide useful irrigation system. They had to construct the channels that branched off from the central river of Isfahan (Zayandehrood) and made the water accessible all around the city. First section of this paper is about Safavid Garden City origin. This subject was studied from the politics and governance points of views. In the following, Howard's Garden City origin has been studied. It has formed according to the special Utopias, which had relationships with that time's believes. In addition, some principles of Safavid Garden City have been compared to Howard's. The special study has been done about Intellectual origins which have influenced these Garden Cities creation. In conclusion, the comparison of Howard and Safavid Garden Cities shows that these ideas had been developed based on the worldview and vision of creative Iranians during Safavid dynasty and in 19th century. Moreover, the special methods of plantation, the quality of social relationships and economic similarities were the main differences between these two Garden Cities.

---

The growth of energy consumption in modern societies has confronted world with threatening changes along with the peril of depletion of fossil resources. Therefore, exploiting the methods of sustainable design has found a high status in international planning and policy making.The most energy consumptions are happening in the building industry, about 40%, and the major part of which is spent for cooling, heating and ventilation. Therefore, using suitable measures to reduce energy consumption has a great influence on energy balance of building. Solar energy for natural ventilation has been used for centuries. Air ventilation is necessary for removing or depleting pollution that can be supplied through solar chimney. Solar chimney is a simple idea to increase natural ventilation in surrounding spaces by using solar energy and chimney effect in an air gap. The driving force in solar chimney is buoyancy force. The solar energy absorbed by chimney causes heat up the air in the chimney so that the air flows upward because of the stack effect. That can be a driving force to enhance natural ventilation. Therefore, the breeze inside the space lets the fresh air enter the space through window. There are a lot of cases which show the use of solar energy for ventilation by some absorption effect in building. The commonest design of solar chimney for ventilation is in vertical form. In the present study, the effect of solar chimney on ventilation rate has been examined in four cities of Iran with different climates. The cities were Rasht (moderate and humid climate), Tabriz (cold climate), Isfahan (hot and dry climate), Bandar Abas (hot and humid climate). Due to the lack of access to the implemented samples, the computerized simulation was used as an alternative method for field studies, the results of which by Energy Plus software in four cities of different climates show that the most suitable city is Isfahan (hot and dry climate) and the maximum ventilation is obtained there. There are also other factors that impacts solar chimney efficiency. Three cities (Isfahan, Yazd, Shiraz) of hot and dry climate were investigated to define their impact of latitude on ventilation rate.

---

The water remains at the centre of livelihood from the beginning of human civilization. Civilization enriched mostly on the fertile plains and river valleys. With times, people began migrating to highland slopes where there was easy access to water to use. Two villages in Mustang region of Nepal were considered for research to drill the causes of conflicts on water sources right and water shares. People’s perception, traditional practices and field evidences from those two villages were collected and analyzed. There were no any conflicts over water rights between two villages over long period in the past (until 200 to 300 years before). When the natural hydrological process derailed, people felt effects in decreasing in agro products and pasture due to scarce waters. Worsening livelihoods reflected to conflicts over water in the area. Communities were not only demanding greater portion of water share but also were claiming exclusive right over sources. The inherent cause of conflict were climate change which appeared through dyeing springs and changing nature of hydrological cycles.

---

Soil characteristics is very important in water erosion processes. The present investigation was conducted in gully lands of Ardebil Province, Iran, to assess the role of soil texture and structure on aggregate stability using wet sieve method. To achieve the study purposes, mean weighted diameter of aggregates was calculated, and its relationships with lime and clay percentages, sodium absorption ratio and soil organic matter were then determined. The research results showed, in the first and second depth, the organic matter had the highest direct and positive effect on aggregate stability. In first depth, clay and lime had a direct and positive effect on aggregate stability. In both depths, sodium absorption ratio had the highest but negative effect on aggregate stability. Organic matter and clay had the highest direct and positive effect on aggregate stability in the second depth. The highest indirect effect of the parameters on aggregate stability was in second depth due to effect of clay and organic matter on each other. In second depth, lime had the direct and positive effect on aggregate stability. Sodium absorption ratio had a direct and negative effect on aggregate stability in both study depths.

---

Certainly the fair rewarding between personnel based on their productivity and performance which could motivate the employee and increase productivity of organization is one of the most important matters for managers. Obviously, allocating rewards and bonuses that result from productivity or other which has been defined from management should be justly and based on people effectiveness and efficiency. The purpose of this research is designing a productivity model for allocating bonuses through determining the productivity and performance indexes and then measuring and also analyzing, as well as allocating rewards and bonuses among employees based on their own productivity and performance. This is an applied research, uses descriptive statistics and the data are collected from random stratified sampling in Niro Mohareke Company.  Finally, the model which is confirmed and validated by experts and managers of Niro Mohareke Company, is used as a practical example in the Strategic dep.

---

Abstract By emergence of competitive economics, the concepts such as customer orientation and customer satisfaction have become the fundamentals of businesses and any organization that is regardless of these aspects is eliminated from the marketplace. In addition to introducing the indicators of internal marketing, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between internal marketing and customer orientation in Bank Melli Iran at branches of Mazandaran province as a financial-service enterprise. The under study population is comprised of the bank’s employees. The stratified sampling is used to select the sample of this study. Using Morgan sampling table and considering the number of regions and their employees, a sample size of 250 employees is determined. This amount includes a higher percentage to cope with the unreturned or incompleted questionnaires. Gathered data are analyzed using SPSS and Lisrel software and proposed relationships are examined. Research results indicate that the organization vision did not significantly affect the customer orientation, skill development programs affected the customer orientation significantly, and incentive and reward programs affected the customer orientation, either.   Keywords: Internal Marketing, Customer-orientation, Improvement and Development, Reward, Branches of Bank Melli Iran in Mazandaran.    

---

Precipitation data is of utmost importance to carry out many hydro-meteorological studies. Observed warming over several decades has been linked to changes in the large-scale hydrological cycle such as: increasing atmospheric water vapour content, changing precipitation patterns, intensity and extremes, reduced snow cover and widespread melting of ice, and changes in soil moisture and runoff. Precipitation changes show substantial spatial and inter-decadal variability. General Circulation Models (GCMs), representing physical processes in the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere and land surface, are the most advanced tools currently available for simulating the response of the global climate system. Recent interest in global warming has also increased concerns about the possible changes in rainfall amount including floods and drought patterns. This study is based on statistical downscaling, which provide good example of focusing on predicting the rainfall using the input of coarse GCM outputs. In this study, we have used GCM outputs for predicting the rainfall. It is obtained from the study that predicted rain values are higher for the first 30 years in compared to remaining prediction periods. The result has shown that winter rainfall may highly decrease in compared to monsoon, post monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons

---

Aim: It has been shown that workers who had previously been involved in a work accident had significantly lower situation awareness scores than those who had not had an accident in the workplace. In this study, we examined the role of stress, sleep loss and fatigue in predicting situation awareness among workers. Methods: The current study was a cross-sectional study. The sample consisting of 180 employees in National Petrochemical Company in 2014 was selected according to the stratified random sampling method. They responded to questionnaires about work situation awareness, work stress, sleep loss and fatigue. The data were analyzed by correlation techniques and stepwise regression. Findings: The results showed a significant internal correlation among work stress, sleep loss and fatigue, and work situation awareness. Also the results of stepwise regression analysis showed that sleep loss, fatigue and stress predicted, respectively, almost 25%, 23% and 21% of variances of work situation awareness among workers. Conclusion: The variables of stress, sleep loss and fatigue could predict work situation awareness. Therefore, these variables can be important to promoting the awareness of work situation among workers

---

Suhrawardi’s hermeneutical approach to the elements, components and narratives of the Shahnameh, as they are expressed in his mystical treatises, delineates the metamorphosis of the epico-mythic Weltanschauung into a mystico-gnostic worldview. We will best understand this metamorphosis by contrasting the hermeneutical principles of Suhrawardi with those of Ferdowsi in interpreting various myths and epic narratives. Ferdowsi’s hermeneutics can be described as “logocentric,” a term which highlights the role of λόγος in imposing a rational interpretation on the seemingly illogical and counterfactual aspects of myth and epic narrative. In contrast, Suhrawardi’s hermeneutics is dominated by different ontological and epistemological principles that turn it into what can be designated as “radical hermeneutics,” a theory of reading whose radicality consists in making the Erlebnis of the reader and his or her intentiō lectoris the focal point of interpretation. The paper will scrutinize the way in which Suhrawardi interprets the epico-mythic elements of the Shahnameh as mystical symbols in the context of his Gnostic and illuminationist worldview and thus metamorphoses the epic into the mystical.