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Nahj al-Balagha with the Persian translation of fifth and sixth centuries is the oldest translation of this valuable book in our hands. Contrary to its linguistic and literary significance, this translation has received little attention from linguists and translators. For this reason, the present study seeks to examine and criticize the Persian translation of the famous sermon "Shqshaqiyah" based on Peter Newmark's criticism model (1988) as one of the first studies in this field. The findings of this study, written based on descriptive-analytic method, show that the translator has used the cultural equivalent selection approach in translating words and the metaphorical image reconstruction strategy in translating metaphor. Although he has chosen the literal method, it has not been an unconditional function of the source text in terms of grammatical structures, and there are cases of changes in its translation; These changes are sometimes due to ideological issues and sometimes to linguistic reasons.

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Recognizing the semantic differences of close meaning words is one of the most important challenges concerning the Qur’an, especially in the translation of the Qur’an; For in the Qur’an Allah Almighty wisely chose one word and ignored its synonyms, the fact that if be neglected will lead to an incomplete translation of the meaning of the divine purpose into the second language. The present research aims to study the semantic differences of the three Qur’anic words “'Uṣyān”, “Ṭughyān”, and “Baghy” through analyzing evidences of lexical sources and interpretive tradition and emphasizing semantic implications and contextual approaches. Then it evaluates the Persian translators of the Qur’an in terms of their successfully reflections of the differences. Findings show that “'Uṣyān” means absolute negligence in disobeying the command of the Lord and disregarding it, “Ṭughyān” is exceeding in “'Uṣyān”, and “Baghy” in the absolute demand of aggression and exceeding, whether this demand is at will or it comes to action. However, in “Baghy”, the public and civil aspect of “'Uṣyān” is considered. As a translator, these differences are also reflected in interpretive translations more, better and clearer.
 

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The critical review of translations is one of the most important approaches of researchers in the study of Nahj al-Balāghah, which can further reveal the hidden semantic and conceptual layers of Nahj al-Balāghah and on the other hand, it can determine the methods and requirements of a suitable and ideal translation. Given that Ladmiral's (1994) theory is the provision of destination-oriented translations and its purpose is to convey the full meaning and concept, and on the other hand, considering that Dashti has also tried to make a translation that can be understood by all people, the present study tries to review Dashti`s translation of Sayings of al-'Imam 'Ali in Nahj al-Balāghah descriptively and analytically from the perspective of Ladmiral (1994) translation theory. Therefore, all the Sayings of al-'Imam 'Ali in Nahj al-Balāghah along with their translations were adapted to the 11 components mentioned in the Ladmiral theory. The findings of this study show that Dashti`s translation is very similar to Ladmiral's theory and Dashti in this translation has tried to convey the text message to the audience. In addition, the findings of this article show that the readability component is most used in Dashti`s translation, which aims to convey the text message to the audience.
 

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Indefiniteness is a very common phenomena in Arabic texts, especially the Holy Quran, and has various meanings. Awareness of these meanings is essential for the translator and helps him/her to convey the meaning correctly. By using descriptive-analytical method, this paper has tried to point out the meanings hidden in indefinite words and criticize its representation in six different Persian translations (translation of Tafsir al-Tabari, the 10th century AH Quran, Elahi Qomshei, Ansari, Rezaei Esfahani and Safavi) of Surah Al-Baqarah. The results indicate that although the translators have, in some cases, succeeded in representing the indefiniteness of the words of the original text in their translations and in this respect, Rezaei Esfahani has the best and Elahi Qomshei the worst performance, the total performance of the six translations is not such that it can be considered as appropriate and successful. Some of the cases that indicate this poor performance of translators are: 1. Reflecting the indefiniteness of the word and not reflecting its meaning; 2. Discarding the indefinite in some syntactic functions such as Haal; 3. Not paying attention to a word that is used in a phrase (verse) both as indefinite and definite; 4. Insufficient attention to the indefinite word that is mentioned twice in a phrase; 5. Reflecting the indefiniteness of a word and the lack of representation of this feature in another word that are joined by coordinating conjunctions.
 

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Every word in the Holy Quran has its own meaning and has spiritual and rhetorical purposes, which should be considered in translation as well. One of the words that requires special attention in the translation of the Qur'an is the word "Innama", which is one of the Bounds and has a special place in the Holy Qur'an. However, despite the importance of paying attention to this matter, some translators have either not exercised the necessary care in translating "Innama", or have not translated it fundamentally, or have translated it incorrectly. In the present study, using a descriptive-analytical method, the verses in which "Innama" is used are extracted and studied in the translations of five translators (Ansarian, Khorramshahi, Fooladvand, Ghomshei and Makarem Shirazi). According to the results of the research, Common errors in the translation of "Innama" are: 1. Translation of the word "إنّما" emphatically, 2. Error in distinguishing the elements of Bound (Bouned and Bound into), 3. Error in distinguishing the Redundant "ma” from the private in "Innama", 4. The error in distinguishing the consonantal ma from the infinitive" ma”, 5. Error in finding the semantic equivalent of "Innama", 6. Error in the same translation of "ella" and "Innama". The results indicate that the translations of Khorramshahi (81 cases), Elahi Ghomshei (74 cases) and Ansarian (23 cases) did not pay the necessary attention to the translation of "Innama" and Makarem's translation has paid full attention to the emphatic translation of "Inna".
 

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Mousavi Garmaroodi's translation of Sajjadiyeh scripture is one of the most accurate translations of this prayer book into Persian. And because of the large number of relative clauses in the Arabic text, the critique of the translation of this word has been the subject of the present speech. Using the descriptive-analytical method and after extracting and arranging the equivalents of this type of Relative “Ma” from the script in Garmaroodi translation, the authors have focused on the first category in two categories without "مِن " and with "مِن". Because of relative clauses without what has a vague meaning, the translator must use the context or descriptions of the text to find the right equivalent, and this requires the translator's artistry, linguistics, experience, and extensive knowledge of the language and Literature is Persian and Arabic. It follows from this research that Garmaroodi has taken two methods for relative clause without what: either to keep the rhyme and brevity in the original text, he has kept it vague and has given him equivalents such as "which [آنچه]", or has turned to equalizing and bringing clear words from the Persian language. In order to find a suitable equal, he has used the context of the words and phrases back and forth of relative clause and apparently some of the descriptions on the Sajjadieh scripture. In any case, this combined method is a testament to the translator's meticulousness, research, and fidelity, and his aesthetic taste, and has placed his translation into a literary and beautiful prayer in Persian.
 

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The analysis of the observance of the principle of non-synonymy in the words of the Qur'an in the translation of quasi-synonym words is one of the most prominent criteria for evaluating the work of translators. Among the quasi-synonym words in the divine verses are words related to the concept of sin. Care in translating these words leads to a better understanding of the high teachings of the Qur'an in the three areas of beliefs, rules and ethics. In this regard, this study tries to evaluate the translations of Mr. Moezi, Fooladvand, Ayati, Elahi Qomshei and Ms. Saffarzadeh as representatives of five methods of literal, loyal, semantic translation, interprative and free using a descriptive-analytical method combined with criticism mentioned field. The lack of sufficient attention of translators to the semantic subtlety and the distinction between these words is obvious. Paying attention to the semantic principle proposed for each word that has been described in detail in Philology books will help the translator to translate these words accurately. The results indicate that the exact meaning of these words can be expressed in short and useful words or in the form of explanations in parentheses in semantic, free and interprative methods, but due to the limitation of Persian words, literal methods and loyal are not very efficient in this regard.

1. Introduction
Undoubtedly, the most important step in the translation process, especially in the translation of holy texts, is to transfer the concepts of the source language to the target language with precise words and translations. The importance of this issue is so much that it can be said that in translation criticism, lexical criticism has the first place in the critic's opinion; as critics mainly focus on evaluating the merits and demerits of translations from the point of view of accurately comparing the words and meanings of the source language. One of the most prominent criteria in evaluating the work of Qur'an translators from this point of view is to examine the extent to which they pay attention to the translation of quasi-synonyms and observe the principle of non-synonyms in the words of the Qur'an. Among the quasi-synonym words in the divine verses, there are words related to the concept of sin. So far, little research has been conducted in the field of analysis and evaluation of Persian translations of words related to the concept of sin. Therefore, this article tries to analyze the weak points and strengths of Persian translations in this field with a descriptive-analytical method combined with criticism. In this regard, this research tries to use a descriptive-analytical method combined with criticism and evaluation of the translations of Mr. Moezi, Fooladvand, Ayati, Elahi Qomshei and Ms. Saffarzadeh as representatives of five methods of literal, loyal, semantic translation, interpretive and free using a descriptive-analytical method combined with criticism mentioned field.
  Research Questions
Based on what was said, the questions of the present research are as follows: What is the best equivalent for a quasi-synonym related to the concept of sin in the Persian language? What is the most successful translation method regarding the mentioned words?


2. Literature Review
The theoretical framework of the current research can be explained in two parts. Its first foundation is based on the point of view of the absence of synonyms in the words of the Arabic language in general and in the words of the Qur'an in particular. The second theoretical foundation of the current research is based on the "semantic principle" theory. What is meant by the semantic principle in the Qur'anic dictionary is the meaning that has become famous due to the status of the authors and the plurality of usage, and usually, this semantic principle is common among the lexical roots of a word.

3. Methodology
In order to find the answer to the mentioned problems, under each word and firstly, an introduction of the meaning of the words mentioned in the lexicological sources is given, then the examples of the use of the word in the verse are discussed. In the next step, the mentioned word is analyzed in each translation from the mentioned translators and finally, a suitable proposal for translation is presented.

4. Results
Criticism of Persian translations of synonymous words related to the concept of sin in Quranic verses shows that, except in limited cases, a precise distinction between these words is not reflected in the translations, and the translators have not placed a clear picture of the nuances and nuances of the meanings of these words. Although the limitation caused by the essence and nature of the translation process makes it difficult for the translator to choose an exact word for these words, considering the meaning principle of each word explained in the lexicographical books, it is possible to convey the concepts of the Quranic verses. Among the translation methods, literal and loyal methods are not suitable for such an action, because, in these methods, the emphasis is on rendering the meaning of the word without explanation and explanation, while it was mentioned that it is not always possible to find an exact equivalent in Persian language for this words. Therefore, semantic, free, and interpretative methods are more effective in this direction, in such a way that as much as possible and in the form of brief words, the semantic principle of the word is expressed in such a way that the coherence and integrity of the translation are preserved, but if this is not possible, this can be achieved by mentioning explanations in parentheses.
 

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Literary proper names can perform various functions. In fantasy literature, which usually has its own dedicated secondary world, these functions are even more prevalent. Analyzing the translation of these names provides new insights for translators of the genre and literary translators in general. In that light, the present study was designed to analyze the translation of proper names in five fantasy novels. To conduct the research, first the proper names in fantasy novels were identified and their functions were determined based on Gibka’s model (2018). Then by analyzing the translation of the proper names from English to Persian, the translation strategies were identified and examined. After the analysis of data, it became evident that contrary to popular belief, non-translation is not always the best strategy for translating literary names. Based on the results, the strategy of translation never caused the loss of semantic function in the translated texts, while in some cases the non-translation strategy caused the loss. Moreover, non-translation never caused the loss of localization function. Therefore, choosing the translation strategy for proper names with secondary functions in mind will help translators transfer these functions to the target text more effectively.
Extended abstract
Introduction
Translation of proper names in fantasy literature can be a contentious topic among translators and theorists alike, since literary proper names can perform different functions within the narrative. The present research was conducted in order to determine the different functions of proper names in fantasy literature and the strategies employed for translating those names and to see if and how the translation strategy affects the proper name function in the target text.
Methodology
The present study was an empirical, descriptive and analytical research, conducted in order to analyze proper names and their translation in the fantasy genre. The corpus of this study was a parallel, bilingual one. It consisted of the novels, “Prince of Fools”, “The Liar's Key”, “Shadow and Bone”, “Everless”, and “Bone Season” and their Persian translations. These novels were translated to Persian within the last ten years (2014 – 2017) and could indicate recent trends in the translation of proper names in the fantasy genre in Iran.
The novels were wholly read with a purposive sampling method, and all of the proper names were extracted. Proper names were then classified using the eight relations and the twenty-two permanent secondary functions defined by Gibka (2018) which were applied to both the source text’s proper names and their translations in the target text. The data was analyzed at the lexical level. Each name along with the titles or other modifiers, were considered as one unit. Then, Van Coillie’s (2006) ten strategies for translating proper names were used as to analyze the translation of proper names.
Results and Discussion
In total 426 proper names were found and analyzed, out of which 214 had secondary functions. Among the proper names with secondary functions, the semantic function was the highest, followed by the localizing and sociological functions. Some of the proper names had two or three overlapping functions. Semantic and localizing were the two functions that overlapped the most (13 proper names), followed by localizing and sociological (11 proper names).
After the analysis, it became evident that most proper names’ functions stayed the same in the translation. All in all, no proper name changed its function in the process of translation and among proper names with no secondary functions, none gained new ones. However, there were cases in which the secondary function was lost or delayed in the process of translation.
Loss of function happened only for 11 semantic proper names and one localizing proper name, while no allusive and sociological proper name lost its function. The only translation strategy that caused the loss of function in semantic proper names was non-translation. Regarding the localizing proper name, phonetic adaptation was the strategy that caused the loss of function. Furthermore, delay of function happened for proper names with the semantic function and one proper name with the humorous function, and it only occurred when the proper name was transferred using the “non-translation plus additional explanation” strategy, where the additional strategy was in the form of a footnote or an endnote.
Conclusion
One of the important findings of this study was that while examining the translation strategies, some translation strategies were detected which had not been included in Van Coillie’s model (2006), namely combinations of different strategies, and in two cases, additional explanations added to a strategy other than non-translation (i.e. “replacement by a counterpart in the target language”, and “translation”). Furthermore, it did not relate the strategies to the secondary functions of literary proper names. However, the delay of function was the only issue that was not included in Gibka’s model (2018), which might be because this delay is probably specific to proper names in translated texts. Keeping this in mind, Gibka’s (2018) model can be effective for analyzing the translation of proper names in fantasy literature. 
The results of this research can be useful for translation research and theory. This study showed that the “translation” strategy never caused the loss of the “semantic” function, while the “non-translation” strategy did cause this loss. So the “translation” strategy can potentially be an effective strategy for semantic proper names, while translator should be careful when using the “non-translation” strategy with semantic proper names, as the loss of function is likely to occur.
This can help translators who are working in the fantasy genre to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between the secondary functions of proper names and the translation strategies. The results of this research can also benefit translation students in classes such as “literary translation”, since it indicates the significance of proper names and the attention that their translation requires, specifically in the fantasy genre.
 

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   The present study focuses on the evaluation and critical reviewing of equivalence translation process and output. The choices of equivalents were examined by Fairclough’s model (2011) of critical discourse analysis. According to this model, interpretation and explanation of socio – cultural, socio – historical and situational context as macrostructures which examine everything about texts are complementary pairs for descriptive analysis which examine everything in texts as microstructures. To clarify the discussion, translated texts (Meta texts) are analyzed and compared with their source texts (Proto text). The results indicated that in order to find a framework for equivalence; there is a significant need for discursive features which are partly critical and partly descriptive (semantic) as units for translation criticism. These discursive components in translation process have been coined in this study as “CRISEME”.