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Students are the country's future makers and the university's existential philosophy. Participation in sports activities can positively affect students' liveness and vitality. The purpose of this study was to present a constructivist theory in line with student participation in sports and physical activities, which was done with a qualitative research method and a heuristic-fundamental nature. Through the purposeful sampling method and snowball sampling technique and based on interviews with 17 experts with experience in university sports, research data were collected, and data were coded and analyzed based on the theoretical foundation of data and with Charms' constructivist approach. The findings showed that four operational factors: budget allocation, management, human resources, technology, and infrastructure, and two mediators of development environment and development resources have a significant role in student growth and desire to participate in sports. As a result, a baseline theory based on medium-range data, which is the essence of the theoretical foundation of data, called " general to specific growth pattern of student in sport, "was explained aiming at changing behavior and institutionalizing a desirable habit based on the active participation in sports for students. It was found that the components of university sports become in the form of the university sports components roles, taking into account the development of stimuli through mediators and operational factors, and the development of university sports in Iran is not far away if this cycle is implemented properly.
 

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ارمغان نظریه‌های ادبی تحلیل نظام‌مند ماهیّت ادبیات است. نخستین مرحله از تکامل فرمالیسم روسی «فرمالیسم مکانیکی» یا «فرمالیسم تقلیل‌گرایی» نام دارد. این نظریه در ژرف‌ساخت اندیشگانی خود برای تبیین ماهیت ادبیات از اسم‌انگاشت «ادبیات ماشین است» بهره می‌برد. هر چند تبیین ماهیّت ادبیات از طریق استعارۀ ماشین زمینۀ بروز خلاقیت و تسهیل در توضیح و تبیین نظریه را برای نظریه‌پرداز فراهم می‌کند ولی پژوهش‌های معاصر نشان می‌دهد که استعاره‌ها فرایند ادارکی نظریه‌پرداز و در نتیجه فرایند مطالعۀ موضوع و فرمول‌بندی نهایی نظریۀ را نیز تحت تأثیر قرار می‌دهند و به نوبۀ خود در بحث انتقال نظریۀ ادبی به سایر فرهنگ‌ها، کژکارکردهایی نیز خواهند داشت. چرا که ادراک هستی‌شناختی، معرفت‌شناختی و روش‌شناختی همۀ فرهنگ‌ها از حوزۀ مفهومی استعارۀ «ماشین» یکسان نیست. ازین‌رو، شاهد ظهور نوعی مطالعات فرمالیستی در زبان‌های مقصد، مانند زبان فارسی هستیم که تلقی خاصی از روش‌شناسی فرمالیستی دارند. بنابراین این نوشتار در صدد است با رویکرد توصیفی‌ ـ تحلیلی کارکردها و کژکارکردهای استعارۀ ماشین را در تبیین ماهیت اثر ادبی در فرایند نظریه‌پردازی فرمالیسم مکانیکی و نیز انتقال آن بررسی کند. برای این منظور ضمن بررسی ریشه‌های فکری و اندیشگانی اندیشۀ جهان ماشینی به نقش تقلیل‌گرایی دکارتی در شکل‌گیری سطوح مختلف نظریۀ فرمالیستی می‌پردازیم و سپس بر پایۀ علل اربعۀ ارستویی به مقایسۀ ماشین و ادبیات می‌پردازیم و تفاوت‌های ادراکی «ماشین» را در زبان‌های روسی، انگلیسی و فارسی به شکل مختصر بررسی می‌کنیم. بررسی‌ها نشان می‌دهد که تبیین ماهیت ادبیات بر مبنای استعارۀ مکانیکی، در مرحلۀ نظریه‌پردازی موجب شده است نظریه‌پرداز در فرمول‌بندی نظریه برای رسیدن به یک روش‌شناسی خلاق و سازگار با اثر ادبی ناکام بماند، و در مرحلۀ انتقال نیز تفسیر و کاربست آن با نوعی بدفهمی مواجه شود.

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Today, one of the challenges of academic research in the field of language and literature is the frequency of using the theory in conducting fundamental research in the field of theoretical and practical critique. Adherents of such an approach, due to systemic and coherent interdisciplinary nature, consider the need for such recursive tools for literary research to be essential as synchronous as the literary researches of the Western world. And adherents of such an approach insist on stereotypes, artificial, superficiality, reductionism and westernization of these researches and according to the policy of negation of theorist, they believe it is necessary to return to the traditional methods of past critics or pioneers in this field.The author believes that at the intersection of the two aforesaid, a moderate route can be found, Therefore, this descriptive-analytical essay emphasizes that While avoiding any kind of extremism in the pursuit of the theory-based research, There are two great ways to retrieve literary texts: First is the combination of scientific and interdisciplinary methods to analysis and evaluation of literary texts And the second is a deep acquaintance with the principles of theorizing and philosophical approaches to produce indigenous theories compatible with the worldview prevailing on Persian literature.

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Information Systems (IS) and the process of distinguishing Information Systems ontology have been the center of challenge during the 50 years of IS development. The importance of this challenge is emergent in direct link between knowledge development process in IS and the IS ontology. In other words, theorizing and efforts to falsify theories, which have been developed, is influenced by the way IS ontology is approached. Critical realism enjoying the unique approach to the IS ontology based on transcendental realism and critical naturalism can be a useful basis to establish the transdisciplinary view in the process of IS knowledge development.   This point of view is important regarding the role of human agent in different layers of the IS ontology as a result of its transcendental ontology. Critical realism develops human role during next stages of knowledge and the methodology development based on the transdisciplinary view to IS. The explanation of a transdisciplinary view to the IS ontology regarding the unique role of human agent in the process of theorizing and knowledge development in Information Systems is presented in this article.