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The aim of this study is to investigate the fundamentals of Wittgenstein's theory of language games and its role in overcoming false preconceptions and biases. This qualitative research utilized a conceptual analysis and inductive method to review the related literature. In the findings section, by examining the theoretical foundations of Wittgenstein's linguistic games, we first critique the shortcomings of early philosophy such as the absoluteness of affairs, a purely analytical approach and ostensive definition, and then, the characteristics of language such as sociality, variability and discussion of its use and instrumental role were mentioned. Also, while expressing the mission of Wittgenstein's philosophy, the position and cause of the centrality of language in his philosophy was revealed and finally, due to the new perspectives on the theory of language games, and based on it, as well as Wittgenstein's way of working in later philosophy, a set of strategies was proposed to overcome biases. Overcoming the sense of essentialism, perspicuous representation, self-imposed exile, experiencing different occupations and professions, emphasis on differences, and eventually designing appropriate questions are among these strategies. As a result, it can be acknowledged that many false beliefs and preconceptions are passed on through language to future generations, and therefore many issues have survived throughout history. Therefore, incorrect concepts and ideas should be identified in the language and their repetition should be avoided by removing them.
 

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What is called language? In the history of Western philosophy, we have different answers to this question. However, according to Wittgenstein and Gadamer, these different answers are basically similar, and both criticize this basic approach. Gadamer refers to the history of Western philosophy as the history of forgetfulness of language. But he regards Augustine as an exception in this history; for Gadamer, Augustine has appreciated the central status of language and the vital relation between language and thought through his idea of the inner word. However, Wittgenstein introduces Augustine as the main agent of the basic approach of Western philosophy to language, raising his criticisms of this basic approach by objecting to Augustine's claims. In this article, I review these two different interpretations and think about the possibility of making an affinity and compromise between Gadamer's narration of Augustine's idea of the inner word and Wittgenstein's philosophy of language.
 

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Gholamhoseinzadeh.Gh.,PH.D.
Zavari.M.A.
Abstract:
 
Usually, during history, the name for some cities and the geographical places varies and forgotten gradually, so that it create some difficulties for the researchers to determine their main place, and causes the ancient texts' correctors, including the historical and literal texts, sometimes do mistakes and errors. These default and worries, also follow other research and analyze related errors which causes incorrect interpretations and results. This paper points to some parts of these errors that the historical names of Balkh region has been enforced in Tarikh-e Beihaghi, and by virtue of the historical and literal important books and observances, the correctness has been pointed out for them. These corrections have been related to the Pirooz (and) Nakhchir, Manjooran (Meikhoran), Dastgerd (Dasht-e-katar – Dasht-e-Kord) Ravan (Parvan) and Robat Korzovan (Kervan).
 
 

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In this study surimi was produced from big head (Hypophtalmichthys nobilis) carp and the effects of three independent factors including microbial transglutaminase (0.5%, 0.75% and 1%), salt (0%, 1.25% and 2.5%) and temperature (35 ̊C, 40 ̊C and 45 ̊C), were examined on textural properties and color parameters of produced surimi was examined. The results showed that enzyme concentration of 0.5 % and 1.25 % of salt at 45 ̊C temperature were as optimum treatment, thereby, reducing the salt percentage from 2.5 % to 1.25 % without significant reduction in textural properties such as Hardness (resistance of food at the first bitting of the food), Cohesiveness (maintaining the strength of the food during chewing) and Springiness (ability of foos to recovery of its origin shape and size at the first biting). The increasing of the amount of enzyme also resulted in reduction of WHC, significantly (p<0.05). Moreover, when the enzyme and salt were used at low concentrations, the more whiteness and lightness of surimi gel wre produced. Simultaneous effect of salt increasing and setting temperature reduction, resulted in significant higher redness (a*) (p<0.05). Besides, the effect of enzyme alone on yellow factor (b*) was not significant, whereas the simultaneous effect of increasing in enzyme and temperature resulted higher b* factor (p<0.05). 

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According to the understanding of the present study, the comparative analysis and study of alteration and motion in the philosophy of Avicenna and the later Wittgenstein can be considered the point of connection and link between nature and metaphysics. Avicenna and Wittgenstein considered the finality of alteration and motion, and both of them reached their conclusions through logical and rational reasoning that alteration and motion are the first perfection or the means and ability of nature to transfer and reach consciousness or the second perfection and pure actuality in the form of life. This research, while examining the views of Avicenna and the later Wittgenstein on the issue of alteration and motion, Symmetry and logical analogies And also the difference in the views of these two philosophies regarding the perception and image that both philosophers had from this perspective, Analyzed and examined in a comparative manner to clarify their co-narrative on the issue of alteration and motion. Just as Avicenna considered alteration and motion as a process on the path to actualization of something -Which has had potential until now- to achieve evolution, Wittgenstein seeks to alteration and motion to lead "non-identicals" towards "Identicals" up to in this process (It means transferring meaning) Most logical understanding, And as a result, awareness is gained.

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Abstract

This research aims at presenting the IT  maturity model in Iran's governmental organizations. This research is an applied one in terms of the objective and is correlational and descriptive in terms of the nature. The research has bad been conducted in a survey method. The statistical population of this research included senior managers and IT experts of organization, which 27 persons were selected non-randomly and by judgment sampling method. A questionnaire based on the combinational model (including 24 main components and 64 questions) has been used to collect information. The opinions of the professors and experts have been used in order to confirm the validity of the questionnaire and the Cronbach's alpha has been used to measure the reliability of the questionnaires. Descriptive statistics including mean and standard deviation have been used in order to analyze the questionnaire. Also, one-sample t-test has been used in order to compare the mean of components (questions) with the mean of data. This test has been performed with 95% confidence level and a 5% error rate. Based on the results of this test, the components have been classified into three categories less than the mean (significant), in the mean (insignificant) and more than the mean (significant). Research findings show that the registration documents organization is in the level 2(awareness) in terms of the maturity. This level also indicates that this organization is aware of the situation of IT and its needs in this area and is planning to improve it.

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The study of Aref Qazvini’s relationship with some of the most prominent intellectuals of his time and the ups and downs of these relationships will shed light on his worldview. Pessimism, suspicion, hysterical reactions, and aggressive behavior coupled with sensitivity and honesty are characteristics of Aref’s capricious interaction with fellow writers and figures of his time. His friendships and hostilities were not permanent and this led to his alienation from his friends. To this we should add his revolutionary attitude along with his jingoism that further alienated him from his contemporary intellectuals. This article discusses the roots of Aref’s conflicts by studying his letters, diaries, and other documents. I will focus specifically on his interaction with Hassan Taghizadeh, Ashrafoldin Gilani, Ahmad Kasravi, Mohammad-Taqi Bahar, Waheed Dastgerdi and Reza Shah.            

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Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most destructive diseases of citrus worldwide. The disease keeps spreading in several citrus-growing areas of southern Iran. The potential of (GTG)₅-rep marker in revealing the genetic diversity of geographic isolates of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus was evaluated in the present study. Twenty-one HLB-infected samples collected from the Hormozgan and Sistan and Baluchestan provinces were used in the trial. PCR with the (GTG)₅ primer produced 16 scorable bands, of which nearly 100% were polymorphic among or within the populations. The most observed variation resided within (80.56, P < 0.10) and a substantially less (19.44, P < 0.10) between the populations. The isolates were distributed in two main (A and B) clusters, each consisting of several subgroups. Group A included Sistan and Baluchestan and Hormozgan isolates and the group B embraced Hormozgan isolates. Based on pairwise genetic differences, the Haji Abad and Hashtbandi populations exhibited the highest between-population variation, and the Siahoo, Hashtbandi, Nikshahr, Haji Abad, and Sarbaz showed the greatest within-population variation. The first three coordinates of the principal coordinate analysis explained more than 72.39% of the variation among or within the populations. The first two coordinates explained 58.20% of band variation in plotting, and the first and third coordinates explained 55.54% of band variation. These results may be inferred that the Hormozgan populations might have diverged from the Sistan populations, or both might have originated separately from an initial or parental population possessing a high genetic diversity.

 

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The later Wittgenstein believes that there are unlimited forms of language that can lead to language-games. In one of these forms of language-game, from the viewpoint of the later Wittgenstein, the verbal language in the recognition of communication not only represents thought, but in broader and social definitions, can serve as a sign for expressing power relations. This thought is reflected in the discourse between dominant forces in society. In this discourse, the power that takes advantage of verbal language is recognized as the center, who tries to impose its way of thinking on the margins. In the course of this language-game, however, the center is not fixed, and the margins periodically become the center and recreate itThe reflections of this theory can be explored in the performing arts form of Takht Houzi (also Siah-Bazi) as an Iranian traditional-ritual play. In this form, the master represents and acts as the center (power) that molds its superiority in a discourse with Black (Siah) Meanwhile, Black, as a marginal type from the traditional community, resists the center/master through verbal measures (known as the Kaka'i language). The paper aims to study the play that name Soltan and Siyah by Ali Nasirian, with the analytical-descriptive approach, first delineate the language-game theory of the later Wittgenstein, and then examine the verbal actions embedded in Takht Houzi to shows how social criticism is shaped by this notion and is represented by the margin-center game within the verbal language.
 
 

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This experiment was performed to determine the appropriate dose of Cyhalofop-butyl (CB) for controlling grass weeds in transplanted rice. CB at four doses, including 50, 100, 150, and 200 g ai/ha was investigated and compared with current herbicides in rice at recommended doses. The results showed that CB 100, 150, and 200 g ai/ha significantly reduced the density and dry matter of Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv. and Paspalum distichum L. over the weedy check; the minimum control efficacy of CB at these doses was 73.3 and 88.3% for E. crusgalli density and dry matter reduction, respectively, and for P. distichum, it was 80% for density and dry matter reduction. Applying CB at all doses (50- 200 g/ha) showed no crop injury symptoms on rice plants. The highest grain yield was obtained by hand weeding, CB 150 g ai/ha, and Tiobencarb treatments, with 5180, 5106, and 5051 Kg/ha, respectively. CB 200 g ai/ha was on par with CB 150 g ai/ha, and there was no significant variation between CB 100 and 200 g ai/ha in rice grain production. Finally, it was found that the application of CB 100 g ai/ha is an efficient grass weed control practice for improving the rice yield.

 

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The aim of this study was to obtain an insight into the influence of an interval progressive (pyramidal) aerobic training on serum lipid and lipoprotein profiles in San-Shou athletes. 13 national levels male San Shou player were (23.23 ± 2 years and 66.27±2.75kg,171.8 ± 2.8 cm in high and 22.42± 0.51 BMI) were voluntarily participated in this study. Blood samples (10ml) were taken from an arm vein before and after training program. All blood samples were prepared for glucose TC, TG, HDL-C LDL-c VLDL-C and some other blood factors and atherogenic indexes measurement. The results of this study show that there were a sig-nificant decrease in serum TG , VLDL-C concentrations and TC/HDL-C and LDL/HDL-C ratios and a significant increase in serum HDL-C levels after an interval progressive (py-ramidal)aerobic training for 14 weeks. The present date indicate that this training program was able to changes lipid and lipoprotein metabolism toward an cardiovascular indexes im-provement independent to any significant changes in TC and LDL-C levels.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate language needs and identify the priority of using language skills (reading, listening, writing and speaking) in different situations (private, academic, and professional). The research method is descriptive-analytic and the data collection tool is a questionnaire consisting of 49 items. The statistical population consisted of 199 students (73 males and 126 females) at BA (n = 69), MA (n =67) and Ph.D (n =63) at the University of Mazandaran. The responses of the participants were analyzed using SPSS software. In general, the results of the comparison of mean scores of language skills reavealed that with increasing educational level, students' needs to use language skills especially in academic domains increased steadily. Also, receptive skills (reading and hearing) have more usage than productive skills (speaking and writing) in all three groups. The results of data analysis through non-parametric tests showed that there were significant differences in reading skill among all groups, in writing skill between the Ph.D group and the two groups, and in speaking skill between the Ph.D and BA groups. In terms of language usage, while the needs of participants in the undergraduate level were related to their private life situations, doctoral students often expressed their needs in academic situations. There was no significant difference between different sections in the professional situation and listening skill. This study has implications for researchers, instructors, and learners of English language.

1. Introduction
Many scholars have stressed that the content of English courses do not correspond to the learners’ needs in a particular learning context. Therefore, before designing and implementing any curriculum for English for Academic Purposes (EAP), it is necessary to conduct a needs analysis to assess the language needs of language learners. This study attempts to identify the most important needs of university students as well as their preferences for using language skills in different academic, private and professional situations.
Research Questions:
The present study sought to provide a general analysis of the target language needs of the students in three educational levels. Therefore, the study sought to answer the following questions:
1. How do university students (undergraduate and postgraduate) compare in their needs for the use of language skills in different situations?
 2. Is there any significant difference in the needs to use language skills (reading, listening, writing and speaking) among BA, MA and PhD students?
3. Is there any significant difference in the needs to use language in different situations (private, academic and professional) among BA, MA and PhD students?

2. Literature Review
The principles underlying course design in most of the English language programs are not consistent with the language needs of the university students (Atai & Tahririan, 2003; Eslami, 2010). Jordan (1997) suggested that the academic curriculum of an EAP course, in which attempt is made to meet the needs of the students in advanced university level, must be academically-oriented and consider the learners’ literacy abilities. In this regard, the EAP curriculum is designed based on the students’ awareness towards a particular language of specialty and therefore particular methods of speaking, writing or reading academic texts are applied. Analysis of needs as a first step in the design of courses can confirm the validity of courses (Johns, 1991). Since teaching all aspects of language is not possible, all approaches should be focused as much as possible on that part of the language which is related to the future needs of students (Mackey,1995). According to Brown (1995), the needs are not absolute, and once identified, they must be continuously validated to ensure that they are real. Needs analysis not only reflects the needs of language learners, but also enables the process of prioritizing needs through highly effective and feasible advanced statistics (Čapková & Kroupová, 2017). Mohammadi Rakati et al. (2015) emphasize that the most important objective of the needs analysis is to collect information about learners' problems in language skills, familiarize themselves with the gap between current abilities and the needs of learners, and determine the success rate of programs and textbooks in meeting these needs.Conducting a need analysis not only facilitates the process of constructing course objectives, but also it will lead to learners’ assurance in achieving the expected learning outcome.

3. Methodology
Data were collected from 199 students (73 males and 126 females) studying in different fields of study, including basic sciences, humanities and social sciences. The age of the participants ranged from 19 to 42 years. The first language of all participants was Persian and none of the participants had the experience of living in a foreign country. In this descriptive inferential study, data were collected using a questionnaire adopted from Kormos et al. (2002), which used a combination of the existing questionnaires (Nunan, 1988; Richterch, 1980) and the framework presented by the Education Committee of the European Union (council of Europe, 2001). The questionnaire was piloted and validated by think-aloud interviews and its reliability was ensured (r > 0.7). It comprised 49 questions requiring the participants to answer on a five-point Likert scale ranging from “never” (value 1) to  “always” (value 5). For the purpose of analysis, the questions were divided into 3 major domains of language use situations: private (18 items), academic (14 items), and professional (17 items).  After administration of the questionnaire, the responses of the students were scored, tabulated and subjected to a series of statistical analyses.

4. Results
The study indicated that the students from different educational levels reported different levels of  using language skills and expressed different needs in private, academic and professional domains. The difference was particularly meaningful between PhD students with both BA and MA students. Findings related to the first research question indicated a significant difference between the linguistic needs of undergraduate and postgraduate students in the academic and professional domains. In order to determine the exact location of the differences, multiple comparisons from the three levels of study were performed. The results of the analysis indicated that there was a significant difference in academic domain of English language use between undergraduate and postgraduate groups of students (MA and PhD). Concerning the second research question, PhD and undergraduate students reported the highest and lowest application of language skills, respectively. Furthermore, the receptive skills (reading and listening) in general were more used than the productive skills of speaking and writing in all three groups. Considering the last question, there was a significant difference in academic domain of English language use between undergraduate students and the two other groups of students (MA and PhD). In addition, all three groups differred significantly from each other in the use of English in professional domain. 

5. Discussion
Findings of the study indicate that the students are in need of increasing their general language proficiency particularly the written mode (reading and writing). This result seems to be in line with the findings of the studies by Eslami Rasekh (2010) and Atai and Nazari (2010). Therefore, most of the attention should be drawn to the written mode of language skills in academic course design of the university, since this mode was shown to be more frequent in the situations in which students use the target language.Secondly, it was found that the situations for using English language in academic and also teaching and other professional domains were considerably different considering the level of education. But no significant difference in private domain was observed. This finding could be justifiable since the participants reside in a country that English is considered as a foreign language; therefore, they are not expected to use language on a daily basis. Findings of the current study have obvious implications for the curriculum development for English programs as well as Iranian EFL instructors and course designers. They can revise and restructure the present courses based on the students’ most frequent perceived needs.
 

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Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), is a small homodimeric signaling protein. The TGF-β isoforms (TGFβ1, β2 and β3) are involved in many cellular processes including growth inhibition, extracellular matrix remodeling, tissue development, cell migration, invasion and immune regulation. For research aims, TGFβs are overexpressed using recombinant eukaryotic cell or bacterial expression systems. For achieving an efficient purification of TGF-β by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC), a histidine tag was placed either at the C-terminal (C-TGFβ) or N-terminal (N-TGFβ) region of the sequence and the effect of His-tag on TGF-β structure has been studied by computational tools. Proteins 3D structures were modeled using MODELLER software and molecular dynamics simulation of native TGF-β and modelled proteins, N-TGFβ and C-TGFβ were studied in water by GROMACS package. Protein dynamics modeling indicated that the His-tag attached at the C-terminus but not at the N-terminus of the TGF-β can affect the fluctuations of amino acids and protein structure. It is concluded that the C-terminal tagging may cause distortion and misfolding in the structure.

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Objective: Nowadays, cord blood Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are known as a valuable source for bone marrow transplantation but unfortunately their insufficient number is a limiting factor for using them in adult bone marrow transplantation. Cord blood HCSs expansion is an approach to overcome this problem, by inducing their self-renewal. TGF-b signaling pathway is a key inhibitory agent for HSCs self-renewal. In this study, we tried to enhance self-renewal of long term culture initiating cell by inhibiting TGFbR2 expression. Materials and Methods: CD34+ HSCs were isolated from cord blood units with MACS column. SiRNA against TGFbR2 was transfected by Lipofectamine™ RNAiMAX as transfection reagent. HSCs were cultured in IMDM medium containing 10% FBS and early acting cytokines (Flt3L, SCF, Tpo) for 8 days. Then we evaluated TGFbR2 expression by QRT-PCR. The CD34+ subpopulation of cultured cells were examined by flow cytometry on the 8th day. Finally the expanded cells were evaluated for the presence of early hematopoietic stem cells by LT-CIC and clonogenic assays. Results: According to our results, TGFbR2 down regulation increases CD34+ subpopulation of HSCs. In addition, LT-CIC assay showed an enhancement in primitive hematopoietic stem cell capable of self-renewal. Conclusion: All in all, it seems that positive regulators have attracted more attention in the field of HSCs expansion while negative regulators have same importance in self-renewal process of HSCs and their inhibition can be a beneficial tool for enhancement of HSCs self-renewa.

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In the production of fuel briquettes, different additives are used in order to improve the technical parameters. In the present study, two types of lignocellulosic binders including nanocellulose and lignin have been used. Due to the different chemical structure and difference in calorific value of each of these two materials (lignin and nanocellulose) and the difference in their mechanism of action on improving the thermal properties of fuel briquettes, in order to evaluate the final product of thermal analysis using calorific value and TGA and DTA diagrams were used. The results show the positive effects of the use of cellulosic binders in improving the thermal behavior of biofuel briquettes. Thermal analysis showed that 9% nanocellulose and 9% lignin treatments with 19.85 MJ / Kg and 25.75 MJ / Kg had the highest calorific value compared to the control sample, respectively. The diagram obtained from thermal analysis (TGA) of the control sample and the samples treated with lignin and nanocellulose show that the treated samples have lower weight loss rate, higher burning rate and higher burning temperature.

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In most of the legal systems, to guaranty the loans, there are two types of collaterals: Fixed charge ands Floating charge. The first type often occurs in tangible properties and assets while the second one has an ability to occur in the debtor's whole assets. Floating charge, which has been recognized in Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code, has been considered to create security interest in the debtor's future assets and also to create trust about the maintenance of mortgage on alienable properties. Precision, coherence and comprehensiveness of this Article have been inspired by most of the legal systems in codification of the rules of mortgage contracts. Although there are some regulations about mortgage contract in the Civil Code of Iran, taking securities from asset's value and future's benefit has been permitted to facilitate loan receiving in manufacturing plans since 2007. In this research, such a new regulation is studied comparatively in both contexts of Iranian and American legal systems.

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The historical background of the dastgāh concept, and the process through which it replaced the maqām system, still remains a major question in the history of Persian music. It is usually vaguely assumed that both concepts of the dastgāh and the radīf were introduced to Persian music during the Qajar era. The present paper is a first attempt to shed light on the issue through a historical musicological study as well as a number of hitherto neglected Persian musical manuscripts. This paper discusses the gradual historical evolution of the dastgāh concept from its eraliest manisfestations as an entity within the maqām system up to the formation of the idea of the radīf, as the main core and the model repertory of contemporary Persian classical music, in terms of several stages that began in the Safavid period and got its final accomplishment formulation in the Qajar epoch.

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Through ceating crosslink in proteins, and strengthening the protein-based food structures, MTGase can positively affect the serum holding capacity and gel firmness properties of foods. Inulin is fructose polymers with 2 to 60 degree of polymerization that linked by β (2-1) fructosyl bonds. Prebiotic and bifidogenic features of this matter have caused to use it as a functional ingredient in food products. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of the addition of MTGase and long-chain inulin on the physicochemical and sensory properties of doogh. In this study, the effect of using MTGase (0-0.3%) and long-chain inulin (0-1.5%) in 5 samples of doogh was examined on physicochemical (pH, titratable acidity, density, SNF, viscosity and phase separation) and organoleptic properties (consistency, flavor, odor, color and overall acceptability). Evaluations were performed at 24 hours and 30 days of storage. The results revealed that with increase of Transglutaminase and inulin no significant difference in pH, acidity, flavor, odor between the control sample and other treatments containing inulin and MTGase after 24 hours and 30 days was observed (P>0.05). The viscosity, SNF, density, serum phase separation, consistency and overall acceptability of samples R3 (1.5% inulin and 0.3% MTGase) and R4 (1.5% inulin and 0.1% MTGase) shown superior physicochemical and sensory properties.