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In light of the rapid global urbanization, providing a better quality of life in cities is becoming an increasingly
critical issue for urban planning. However, the links between the built environment and subjective well-being are
not sufficiently understood. This paper reviews the evidence on the range of pathways linking the built environment to subjective well-being. Seven potential pathways are identified and reviewed: ( travel,  leisure,
 work,  social relationships, residential well-being,  emotional responses, and  health. Based on
this knowledge, the paper presents an overview of strategies for improving subjective well-being through urban
planning. Among others, proposed strategies are to: enhance conditions for active travel; improve public
transport while restricting cars; provide easy access to facilities and services; develop or steer technology and
emerging mobility options to improve inclusiveness and quality of life for different groups; integrate various
forms of urban nature as much as possible; provide accessible, inclusive public spaces and communal spaces;
maintain upkeep and order in urban space, vegetation, and transport systems; implement noise reduction strategies; develop aesthetically pleasing buildings and public spaces based on residents’ needs and preferences; and
reduce socio-spatial inequalities while providing support for housing and transport for vulnerable groups.
 

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The purpose of the study was to identify and prioritize the educational needs and support needed by agricultural extension agents in Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran. The target population for the study consisted of S3 agricultural extension agents in Isfahan province. Census population were used therefore, sampling procedures were not utilized and genera I izability of the results was limited to study population. Results indicate the five most highly ranked items on educational needs of extension agents were: extension philosophy, instructional technology, innovation and adoption process, adult education, and extension methods. Respondents indicated that the major support needed were availability of subject matter specialists to help them with their technical and communication methods.

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Although more than thousand years has passed from written literature of Persian language, paying attention to the unity of writing and editing is a new topic.
This new event is because of growing public education and increasing number of printed books. Anisotropy of spelling is the result of not paying attention to establishing the grammar of Persian language. One of the important reasons for such anisotropy is the fact the user of any language acquire the rules of the language when learning their mother language. Therefore just like the social rules and regulations control the social evolutions and coordination and adopting the affairs and prevention of social chaos, the grammar sets up the linguistic relations and observing the norms and also prevents any disorders in the language with due regard to the evolutions and their developments based on the new requirements in the form of approved rules and regulations.
Entry or the subjective attached pronoun is on of the important points in Persian grammar to which less attention has been paid grammatically specially in the area of writing styles. So, in this short opportunity we try, study briefly the history of Persian grammar and spelling and its role in the Persian language aimed at reaching a unified approach and the various views in this regard have been analyzed thought a look at its background.

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Why is state, and in a broader view, political system or government, responsible for directing and governing individuals' conduct "both in individual and species level"? And how it accomplishes this "will of governing"? The answers to these questions appear to be different based on our way of perceiving categories such as government, power, or their due relation to the subject. The perspective design of "governmentality" by Foucault could be taken as inception of a new domain in which the triplet categories of government, power and subject are interrelated. It is shown in this perspective that how government's reluctance in using mere violence and, at the meantime, willing to govern people through it will inevitably make subjectification as the sole possible answer to the particular epistemological horizon of the governmentality problematic; an answer, which in form, on the one hand, multiplicities all government arts and, appears as multiplying all government institutions on the other. The form of conceptualizing how power operates, not only explains blurring of boundaries between persuasion and consent during the governmentalization of individuals to create desired subjects, but also it denies “the participation of desire in repressing itself”.

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Background: Part of the current issues related to mobility in urban spaces goes back to the definition and measurement of mobility. Mobility is the capacity to be mobile. Regarding that capacity relates to the individual's mind or the built environment, mobility is defined differently.
Objectives: This study aims to review the theories related to mobility and thus provide a theoretical and operational framework for measuring mobility in urban spaces.
Method: In this regard, the Content analysis method has been used to analyze the data in phases of Preparation, Organization, and classification.
Results: The results of content analysis show that these theories can be divided into three categories of subjectivist, environmentalist, and pluralist theories; Subjective theories focus on the mental nature of mobility and regard mobility as a function of individuals' habits, attitudes, motivations, and norms; In contrast, environmentalist theories pay special attention to the impact of environmental factors such as density, land use mix, and accessibility on the mobility of individuals. Pluralist theories consider citizens' differences according to their personal characteristics and situation, and therefore consider diversity and difference effective in mobility and involve them in the evaluation and measurement process.
Conclusion: The study of the factors affecting mobility shows that mobility is a complex and multilevel concept that is influenced by many factors; therefore, if urban planners want to improve the urban mobility system, they must pay special attention to the role of all these factors and the relationships between them.

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Written about a variety of topics related to comparative literature emerged, but so far has not done independent research in the field of comparative literature studies course. With an overview of the work that has emerged in connection with the subject of adaptive, can be a turning point in his third decade as a comparative study. The third decade comparative studies emerged in the decades after witnessing a boom for many reasons and sometimes comparative literature studies have been declining.The author of an extensive research project for nearly two years to identify introduce and review all work is paid until the end of 1330 in relation to comparative literature in 1390 has emerged. What is discussed in this article studied the records of comparative literature is presented in tables and graphs when the subject is represented and ascending or descending research and analysis are their strengths and weaknesses.    

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The experience of time, like anything else in the world, can manifest itself in the text. Time is regarded as a structural element of the text. One characteristic of narrative is that time is considered as the main element of representation tool and the represented object. Therefore, time is described in the light of the chronological relationship between story and the representing text. By analyzing the time of the story and the time of the representing text, it can be concluded that in all the four plays of Naghmeh Samininarrative has two kinds of temporalities: the cyclic and the linear. The linear temporality gives a dramatic characteristic to the text, while the cyclic temporality gives an epic characteristic to the text. The cyclic temporality is always connected to a particular place and somehow reveals the feminine subjectivity governing the text. This study aims to show that when the linear temporality is dominant, the text is dramatic, and when the cyclic temporality is dominant, the text becomes narrative, while both temporalities exist in these four plays simultaneously.

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In the present investigation, experimental framework has been used to clarify the nature of lexical information arrayed against the lexical entries of Persian transitive verbs. In the test, we categorized the transitive verbs into 5 groups. What differs them is the number of argumental structural and sub-categorization frame options of each verb. We are going to find out which one is more fundamental in sentence processing, and that whether the verbs with less structural argument and sub-categorization frame options are processed faster or not. Twenty normal native speakers of Farsi participated in these tests. The subjects were divided into two groups. They had to perform a secondary visual lexical decision task in the immediate vicinity of the verb while listening to the sentence for meaning. Reaction times to this secondary task showed the representational complexity of  the verbs. This is called "cross modal lexical decision method". Using DMDX software program, the tests were performed, and using ANOVA and t-tests, the data were analyzed. The results showed that both the argumental structure and sub-categorization frame possibilities of verb can affect sentence processing due to time.  

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  Abstract The subject of this paper is analysis of the process of democratization in Afghanistan within the time period of 1907-2008 AD. The article claims that over the past one hundred years (1907-2008 AD), the Afghans in four historical periods of  "Constitutionalist Movement" (1907-1928 AD) , "The Democracy Period" (1946-1953AD) , "The Decade of Constitution" (1963-1973 AD) and " The Interim Government , The Transitional Government, and The  Islamic Republic" ( 2001-2008 AD), have made efforts towards the democratization of their society’s political and social relations. However, "democracy" has not been established in Afghanistan yet. To prove this claim, the question of “Why democratization process in Afghanistan has not led to democracy?” has been presented. Later, after a critical argument about democratic theory, the causal provisions of “socio-economic development", "civil society", "a model of democratic political elite" and "the role of international or external factors" have been proposed to explain the problem of the historical period. Historical comparative and historical narrative agreement methods have been used in this research. The experimental findings imply that in case of socio-economic development, establishment of civil society and democratic relations between political elites and positive role of external and international agents in Afghanistan, democratization will be established in this country.      

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This research surveys similarities and differences of semantic, syntactic and pragmatic characteristics of subject-subject, subject -object causative construction in Azeri Turkish on the basis of Van Valin's (2008) Role and Reference Grammar, in order to characterize their semantic, syntactic and pragmatic features of complex causatives and to   identify and explain their similarities and differences on basis of Van Valin's classification of complex causatives. This descriptive –analytic research, after collecting data from spoken language, transcribed and analyzed them semantically, syntactically and pragmatically in order to realize whether Van Valin's classification and his expected features exist in Azeri Turkish or not. The most important results of this study showed   the second group of Van Valin’s classification of causatives and jussive exist in Azeri Turkish and also, there are specific relationships between semantic, syntactic and pragmatic characteristics of subject-subject and subject–object causatives and Inter clausal hierarchy of semantic relation and these two groups of causatives have some similarities and differences. All of the groups show causation meaning, narrow focus and PSA in all of them which is actor. Subject –Subject and subject –indirect causative show weak causation while subject- direct object causative shows strong causation.

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There are three kinds of changing valency processes in languages: lexical, morphological and syntactic. Transitive and intransitive alternation of verb "poxtan (cook)" is an example of lexical alternation; morphological causative "xordan/ xorandan" (to eat vs. make to eat) is an example of morphological alternation in Persian; and active/passive alternation is an example of syntactic alternation in Persian. This paper deals with all lexical transitivity alternations in Persian based on the model proposed by Beth Levin (1993). These alternations are introduced with the same order and numbers used by Levin in her work (1993). The alternations are as follows: complement of transitive verb = subject of intransitive verb, Unexpressed Object Alternation, Conative Alternation. There are some Persian alternations too which are not used in English. These alternations are introduced at the end of this paper. Beth Levin didn't discuss the alternations dealing with clausal complements. In this paper we didn't mention these alternations too.

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Some orientalists has considered neither subject nor predicate accusatives in Arabic as complementary and some Arabic syntax researchers called them special builder and some named them supplementary. But Azarnoosh has named them adverb.
This naming, adverb, because of the correspondence of most of these accusatives with adverb in Persian and English, is correct, exact and also more shortened, illustrative and exclusive than other names. Also finding equivalent and teaching it to others is simpler too.
This syntactic category has two forms: 1. Singular 2. Compound. Most of the singular adverbs can be changed into compound ones while reserving the meaning, usage and grammatical role. Regarding the characteristics of adverb, the definition is as follows: adverb is a meaningful and neither subject nor predicate part of sentence in Arabic syntax which determines the aspect and direction of the sentence in case of being singular or compound and it plays one the eight grammatical roles such as: adverb of time and place, adverb of reason, companionship adverb, intensifier adverb, state adverb, explicating adverb, exception adverb and specialized adverb.
 

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In this research, we examine the Impersonal Constructions in Guilaki within the framework of Minimalist theory. The purpose of this research is to determine the nature of preverbal element. We will show how the case of DP at the clause-initial position of these constructions, is checked. Also we will discuss the merge position of this DP and where it moves in overt syntax. Examining Guilaki data reveals that the impersonal construction involves a compound verb and the verb is unaccusative. The preverbal element as the head of the predicate assigns experiencer theta role to the DP at the initial position of the constructions under study. This DP is in fact the complement of rā which is a postposition, so they form a prepositional phrase (PP). This PP is merged in the specifier position of the predicate phrase (or Spec of VP). We apply subjecthood tests to the DP and it does not pass any of these tests. So it does not move into the specifier position of tense phrase. Hence, we conclude that the PP has been topicalized and Guilaki lacks quirky subject. 
 

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A syntactic structure that plays an important role in understanding the Holy Quran is infinitive as being mudãf (annexed to another noun). Among the grammatical roles that the infinitive can annex to, are subject and object. Sometimes there is a discrepancy in whether the infinitive is added to the subject or the object. In this article, one example of this syntactic structure is examined; the annexation of "Zikr" to the majestic word "Allah", in verse 28 of surah al-Ra'd. In order to reach a conclusion, after the literal review of the word "Zikr", the opinions of the commentators have been categorized and analyzed. Then 20 important translations of the verse 28^th of surah al-Ra'd have been studied. The vast majority of commentators and translators believe that in that phrase, "Allah" is object. In the continuation of the article, arguments are presented to prove that "Allah" can be subject. Then the meaning of remembrance of servants by Allah is explained. The author argues that in the phrase "Zikr Allah" we can also deal with the possessive as subject and from this point of view, significant concepts were obtained. Of course, in the phrase, assuming the possessive as subject does not mean that it cannot be object; but it simultaneously can assume subject and object.
 

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By adopting the insights of phenomenological approach since late 80^th century we easily observe the passage from classic narrative scheme to the semiotics with sensible and existential landscape. This approach is called semiotics with ontological foundations in which the reading and interpretation is no more related to the simple coding of a text, but it involves in movement towards the live experience of signification process in the world. In the discourse of Blind Owl by Sadegh Hedayat , we encounter with this manner of presence and interaction of subject with the world; that is to say , the perception of character from the world , himself and other (alterity) depends on sensible and dynamic presence of subject with his constant interaction with phenomena.  Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze by referring to Landowski and Greimas’s theories and ideas, the presence of the subject and his relationship with himself and others. Then, we study how the interaction with the "other" creates new systems such as the transcendental or ecstasy discourses and how the being of subject is determined in interaction with others.
 

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Comparative literature is a kind of interdisciplinary research study and it is a branch of history of literature which considers historical and literal relations between two or among several national literatures. This study comparatively considers the objectification of female characters in Suvashun written by Simin Daneshvar and a change of heart ( la modification) by Michel Butor.
The main character of Suvashun is Zari, which is a woman of family And this dependence makes her timid and obedient and takes the subjectivity away from her. From the beginning of the story she is in fluctuation between fear and bravery until the moment when her husband is assassinated and then she decided to be brave and remove her objectification.
In Change of heart, Cecile and Henriette are the two women who suffer from the imposed objectification in the mind of the main character mr Leon Delmon and until the end of the story this objectification lasts. Leon Delmon wants his wife as a lady who manages his house affairs and his beloved as a lady to promenade with her in Rome.
The results of the present study showed that female characters of these two novels  suffer from objectification. In change of heart there is no way for them to be free from objectification while in Suvashun there exist a possibility for the female character to be free from objectification and her subjectivity is developed at the end.
 
Key words: Suvashon, Daneshvar,change of heart,Butor,obectification, subjectivity

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A bunch of studies have been published in various formats of books and papers about Hafiz status and art in the field of Persian literature. Due to the large amount and the continuous process of such studies and in order to recognize their strengths and weaknesses, it is necessary for them to be reviewed especially considering the authors’ pen. The results of such reviews can be applied to address the lacks of this field. This study examines the historical process of Hafiz studies and their subjects as well. Since the beginning of the process (1919) up to 2010 about 2068 studies have been conducted. This study reviews the historical trend of Hafiz studies first in the format of papers, then checks the reasons of their ups and downs due to their quantity and quality. The stories are categorized under five historical periods and eight headings of: description of verses, critical review of books and studies about Hafiz, introduction of various Divan corrections, and the introduction of new versions, character analysis, Hafiz’s life and thoughts, Hafiz and the others, aesthetics (of Hafiz’s poetry). This study shows the rising process of the production of the studies since the beginning up to the third historical period due to the holding of two Hafiz’s memorial conferences. In the fourth period, this process quantitatively falls down but qualitatively rises till the fifth period when both quantity and quality of the papers escalate due to the introduction of new literary topics and the advance of criticisms.