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 The turning increasingly of educational centers to Virtual and online classes shows necessity of paying attention to the quality of training and deep and meaningful learning using modern educational methods in this type of training.This study aims to investigate the effect of k.w.l strategy, which is one of the educational metacognitive strategies and was introduced based on the constructivism theory for deep and meaningful learning by Ogel, in the onlin class of teaching Arabic grammar,to asses the effectiveness of this strategy in meaningful and deep learning of Arabic grammar.The study used Quasi-experimental method with pre and post test on the control and experimental groups who were trained virtually. statistical population included 34 students in the first semester of the bachelor at Khwarizmi public University in(1400). The sample was selected by the available method and then randomly divided into two groups .Data analysis was done by(spss). In order to determine the presence or absence of influence between variables and to estimate and generalize the results obtained from the sample size to the statistical population,the combined analysis of covariance or repeated measures test(GLMRM)was used to assess and evaluate the research data. According to results, average of pre-test scores of the Arabic grammar variables in the control and experimental groups are 2.40 and 2.04,respectively, and these averages in the post-test of these groups are reported 2.55 and 3.01 respectively,so there is a significant difference betyeen pre-test and post-test.so we see a significant increase in the grammar average in the experimental groupʼs post-test.

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For decades, both researchers and EFL learners have been interested in native-like pronunciation. While extensive research has delved into a variety of pedagogical approaches and the complexity of English phonology, an unanswered question is how high-proficiency EFL learners achieve the elusive goal of native-like pronunciation in spoken English. To this end, this multiple-case study aimed to explore the multifaceted strategies employed by 15 high-proficiency EFL learners who had mastery in pronunciation and were selected using the maximum variation sampling method. Data was gathered through the use of diaries and in-depth semi-structured interviews. The data was analyzed with NVivo software version 10, and two main themes were extracted: teacher-directed (TD) and self-directed (SD) pronunciation learning strategies. Regarding the TD strategies, some participants (46%) acknowledged actively engaging with structured tasks and assignments facilitated by teachers. They highlighted the role of in-class (36%) and out-of-class (64%) activities in their journey to master pronunciation. The SD strategies were reported by about half of the participants (54%) in their quest for pronunciation mastery, which included self-talk (48%), podcast listening (29%), shadowing (12%), and reading aloud (11%). This study contributes valuable insights into relevant literature and offers evidence of the interconnectedness of TD and SD strategies in pronunciation improvement. The findings have several implications for further research or practice about pronunciation mastery.

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 Small and mid-sized enterprises (SMEs) have played a significant role in the growth and advancement of the Chinese agriculture sector. However, these enterprises often face challenges in navigating local distribution networks, complying with regulations, and procuring local consumer products, which can hinder the marketing environment and impede economic growth. To address these issues and promote continuous business development, Chinese agriculture enterprises require effective modeling techniques that facilitate transformation to meet evolving requirements. This study proposes a game-theoretic approach, specifically the Mixed Strategy Game-Theoretic Approach (MSGTA), as a decision-making tool for enterprises facing pre-emptive changes. By analyzing oligopoly firm behavior, the MSGTA approach identifies enterprise outcomes, cooperation patterns, and price-fixing strategies, providing decision-making options and incentives within the enterprise structure. The MSGTA approach assists SMEs in the Chinese agriculture market by systematically analyzing product development stages and ensuring the effective adoption of pre-emptive changes. The efficiency of SMEs implementing the MSGTA approach is evaluated by examining statistical relationships between enterprise growth and requirements. By integrating effective modeling techniques, Chinese agriculture SMEs can adapt to changes proactively, enhance their ability to navigate local distribution networks, comply with regulations, and procure local consumer products more effectively, thereby improving the marketing environment and fostering economic growth.
 

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Introduction: Spatial planning is a set of measures to organize the distribution of human and activities carried out in the geographical space. Each area should enjoy a range of economic and social activities based on its capabilities, needs, and situation. Spatial planning is the basis of organizing regional development and it is the main instrument for regional and national planning and policy making; it provides the basis for the preparation of socio-economic development plans for each area or country. Since for the fulfillment of development objectives all social resources, including human, economic, spatial, and environmental resources should be used and making use of all these elements needs planning, spatial planning is the basis of comprehensive development plans and projects and connects spatial, social, and economic planning, or as a whole in the form of comprehensive planning, in regional and national scale. Border areas have special characteristics due to their contacts with the external environments. The cross-border exchanges and spatial connections between the adjacent countries as well as the various vulnerabilities and threats posed by this issue necessitate special care to the process of development planning in these areas. The aim of the present research was to investigate the employed strategies for spatial plannig in brder areas in Five-Year economic, social, and cultural development plans of Islamic Republic of Iran (1st to 5th Plan).
Conclusion: In general, and especially in the 3rd and 4th plans, the economic strategy is more important. Also, spatial differences have not been considered in 5-year development plans; strategies ignored the differences in the various border areas of the country and looked at all areas in the same way. In addition, a special type of strategy is focused in each plan.
 

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This article examines the growing relationships between China and North African countries, focusing on the economic, diplomatic, and security aspects of these interactions. The primary research question is how China has managed to expand its presence in North Africa and what impact this expansion will have on these countries' relationships with their traditional Western partners. The research hypothesis is that while the development of China's relations with North Africa creates new economic opportunities for these countries, it may also lead to challenges in their relations with Western countries. The findings indicate that although China's relationships with North Africa provide numerous economic and infrastructural opportunities, they could lead to tensions with these countries' traditional Western partners. Additionally, regional security issues such as the Western Sahara conflict and the Libyan war may require more active Chinese participation. Therefore, the research aims to describe, analyze, and interpret the collected essential information considering the sensitivity and fluidity of the topic, assessing the impact of the variables on each other. The study is applied in nature and adopts a descriptive and analytical approach with a documentary-library collection model and a case study method for the mentioned countries. It aims to provide a thorough examination of the grand strategies to better understand the dynamics of China-North Africa relations and their implications for the global order.

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The United States of America has always tried to play a role in different regions of the world due to the international position it gained after the Second World War and especially after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Although the importance of those regions in American grand strategies has never been the same. The question that the upcoming article intends to examine and answer is what is the form, nature and type of America's interaction with the African continent and what principles and foundations does it follow. The hypothesis that is examined in response to this question using the analytical-historical method is that the United States is moving away from value-based foreign policy and a broad definition of the war against terrorism, towards foreign policy Based on security and strategic requirements, it has moved to countries located or close to the western and eastern coastal border of the African continent.
 

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  The present research is carried out in the field of human resources management. Through a process of past literature review and a review of previously conducted research on human resource empowerment, we designed a theoretical framework. Next interviews with experts were conducted and a research questionnaire including measures and indicators of all available variables of the designed model was completed. The questionnaire was then validated by human resource experts and the academia. After completing the subsequent stages of validation, the questionnaires were distributed among a sample of 500 respondents drawn from among the experts, managers, and consultants of knowledge-based organizations. In the data analysis stage, statistical techniques such as ANOVA, single- and multivariate regression, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation model were used. A review of the results clearly indicates that among factors affecting strategy empowerment, the “strategic dimension” factor with a mean ranking score of 2.11 has the greatest impact on employee empowerment; the next factor with a score of 2.08 is “the structural dimension,” and finally the “individual dimension” with a mean ranking of 1.81 has the least affect on employee empowerment.  

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The present research entitled the design and development of a strategic model of human resource empowerment is carried out in the human resource management field. The authors develop into the research background and literature of human resource empowerment and offer a theoretical framework. They then proceed to develop a questionnaire based on the research background and interview with experts. The questionnaire was then face validated by industry experts and academics. After completing the subsequent stages of validation the questionnaire was distributed among a sample of 500 respondents drawn from among the experts, managers, and consultants of knowledge-based organizations. In the data analysis stage, statistical techniques such as ANOVA, single- and multivariate regression, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation model were used. The “strategic dimension” factor with a mean ranking score of 2.11 has the greatest impact on employee empowerment; the next factor with a score of 2.08 is “the structural dimension,” and finally the individual dimension with a mean ranking of 1.81 has the least effect on employee empowerment.

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Aims: Nowadays, one of the most frequent problems that international students face is homesickness. The purpose of this study was investigation of homesickness and coping strategies among the University Technology Malaysia) UTM (international students and finding new research topics for future educational planning research. Methods: This descriptive study was done in August 2010 among the students studying in University Technology Malaysia (UTM). The respondents were international students from different courses in UTM. Fifty questionnaires were randomly distributed among the students at various faculties and residential colleges of the university. The questionnaire included 11 questions, which was developed by the researcher through literature review. Findings: Totally, 50 international students including 24 (48%) female and 26 (52%) male students took part in the study. There were different reported causes of homesickness by the respondents that were classified into four aspects: "social", "psychological", "physical" and "academic”. The findings showed the most important reason for homesickness has been cultural differences between the countries. Accordingly, 75% of the respondents (n=38) reported social customs as the first reason for international students' homesickness. Conclusion: The research results indicated that missing family was the most important factor that influenced international students to feel homesick. According to this study, the best and effective way to manage homesickness was to call family and friend(s).

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The importance of the sea and its role in world economics and politics are indisputable and it is necessary to pay attention to it. The political history of the world testifies that countries that have a maritime strategy have been powerful and developed. Due to its long beaches in the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea, the country has a privileged geographic location in the country, with its other neighbors. Unfortunately, the regions of eastern and southeast Iran due to geographic isolation have always been neglected in national politics. To this end, one of the best strategies for promoting development and security in the region is the connection of the eastern parts to the Chabahar port and the coast of Makran. This research tries to explore the role of the Makran coastlines and the strategic sea politics of Iran on the development of the eastern axis using a descriptive-analytical method based on library resources. Initial studies show that if the Islamic Republic of Iran adopts a maritime strategy, Iran will witness the processing of its geopolitical, geo-economical and geostrategic advantages for the country. With the realization of the maritime policy, the Makran region is considered as a transit axis for the development of the south-east. In the face of the ostracism of a sea-based strategy based on the southeastern oceanic capacity of Iran, other Indian Oceanarians will use this potential. Therefore, it is suggested that, with a realistic and operational view, more attention be paid to maritime policy

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Today, sports are an essential part of the diplomatic tools of countries. As a desirable tool, the sport can shape the preferences of others through soft power. Therefore, the researcher decided to identify the political functions of public diplomacy and soft power in sports and tourism in Iran. This research was conducted in the framework of a qualitative approach, and data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The statistical population of the study was experts in the field of politics, sports and tourism, including five sports faculty members, five tourism faculty members, seven political science faculty members, and five people with executive work experience in the tourism and cultural heritage organization, and athletes with a history of participating in international competitions. The data collection method was a previous research study and an in-depth and open interview. In order to measure the reliability of the research, an intra-subject agreement was used. The average level of intra-subject agreement was reported as 89%. Based on the findings of the semi-structured interview, the most important political functions of public diplomacy and soft power in Iran's sports and tourism were six components: political character, foreign policy, domestic policy, political awareness, combating isolation, information and communication. According to the results of the research, it is suggested to use the advantage of sports, which is a common language between nations, to increase international communication and political awareness of sports ambassadors because of the benefits of the negotiations of athletes and coaches in sports events compared to official politicians; Diplomacy and communication are spontaneous and will face fewer restrictions.
 

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Studying language, text and discourse in micro, native and local domains is one of the emphasized streams of research in the newest paradigm of strategy research, namely, “strategy as practice”. This critical study seeks to derive the “what” and “why” of the pattern of Iranian sport mangers decisions from the text of Iranian sport management using qualitative research and drawing on social constructivism philosophy. Accordingly, this study uses grounded analysis and induction-based coding approach through Atlas.ti – specific explorative analysis software. The conclusions are emerged from 12 semi-structured field interviews and 19 secondary documents. The samples result from a combination of purposeful, snowball, convenience, and theoretical sampling methods. Finally, it is discovered that the causal conditions of “economic uncertainty, managerial uncertainty, uncertainty of orientations ambiguity and uncertainty of politicized management” along with the intervening conditions of “past success, background, anxiety-relieving, power structure, and media role” shape the phenomenon of “certainty-demanding discourse” in the context of “stakeholders myopia and lack of independence”. These factors altogether construct the “legitimating strategy” and decisional consequences of tendency to “science, coalition, ethic, promotion, and adaptation”.  

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Given the importance of loyalty, this study seeks to test and investigate the effectiveness and mechanism of relationship between factors that influence the e-loyalty in Saman Bank. In this regard, Relationship Marketing Strategy is the independent variable, e-satisfaction and e-trust are the moderating variables and e-loyalty is the dependent variable in the research model. The research population is a group of customers in Tehran who used the internet services of Saman Bank. Two underlying foundations of Relationship Marketing, mutual obligation and communication, significantly affect e-trust and conflict management foundations and competency are highly effective one-satisfaction. However; no meaningful relationship was found between conflict management and e-trust.      

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Aim: Depression symptoms play a major role in eating disorders; however, research shows that non-adaptive emotion regulation strategy is also associated with depression symptoms. The current study examined the mediating role of the emotion regulation strategy on the relationship between depression symptom and disordered eating among students. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2014 on a sample of 264 female students at Allameh Tabatabaie University, according to Morgan and Cluster samplings. The participants completed the questionnaires of depression, emotion regulation and eating attitudes test. The data were analyzed by SPSS software using coefficient correlation and stepwise regression. Statistical differences were considered significant at P<0.01.
Findings: The results showed that there was a significant correlation among emotion regulation difficulties, depression symptom and disordered eating (p<0.01). Also regression analysis indicated that emotion regulation difficulties significantly mediated the relationship between depression symptoms and disordered eating (p<0.01).
Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, examining the role of emotion regulation strategies on the relationship between depression symptoms and eating disorders indicated that eating disorder is the regulating mechanism in reducing depression.

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Physicalists have given several responses to anti-physicalist arguments based on epistemic/explanatory gaps. One of the most critical answers has become known as the phenomenal concepts strategy. Proponents of this strategy embrace the explanatory gap between physical and phenomenal facts. Still, appealing to the special nature of phenomenal concepts, they try to explain why we confront this gap. Chalmers has presented an argument in the form of a dilemma against this strategy. He argues that each horn of the dilemma results in the failure of the strategy. In this paper, I will explain Chalmers’ argument. Focusing on the second horn, I will attempt to show that one of the premises of his arguments faces the problem; then, I will argue that following the second horn, the strategy could be successful, even if one of the conditions he takes necessary for the success of the strategy is not met.
 

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Ideological structure (construction) is an abstract and ambiguous basic term in critical discourse analysis researches. This paper is an attempt to reply the research questions such as (1) What is ideological structure? and (2) How is it defined, represented in a text and, finally, analyzed and interpreted by critical discourse analysts? In conclusion, potentially any sentence or utterance can be an ideological structure but in real presentation of a text, only those linguistic forms or structures, which transfer meaning more than its linguistic form in a specific discourse context, are called ideological structure. A critical discourse analysis is able to attend a scientific analysis and interpretation of a text by applying the linguistic and social concepts and strategies as indicated in this paper on a newspaper title.

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Studying the perception of time in everyday life of Iranian actors is the purpose of this article. Sociological studying makes the basis of our analysis of time. Thus, we believe that the perception of time and the way the actors face it in their everyday life are formed socially and take different patterns in social interactions. The main purpose of this paper is to present a sociological analysis about one of the everyday life realities, “the perception of time” or more precisely “the awareness” that exists around the time in everyday life and conducts their actions.The grounded theory was used for this research and the research samples were chosen from among urban and rural men and women.  The research findingd indicated the “fluidity of time perception” and that the perception of time like other knowledge categories has horizon or background by which individuals confirm it.The findings confirm that benefiting of such fields as urban or rural, or living in society with special stage of development makes special kind of awareness about time acceptable for individuals who expose to it.The gender creates different cognition over time and leads men and women to have more coexistence with specific dimentions of time. Also the actors see such variations different with respect to the specific way of living, life cycle social roles and social disorders. Under these conditions, they choose special strategies for controlling and managing the time; delaying and scrutinizing strategies are the most important of them.  

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Transition from the industrial age to the knowledge era has led to a paradigm shift in employer and employee relationship. Paying more attention to talent supply and demand diagram led to more focus on talented personnel in organizations. Winning the war for talent, organizations need to recruit more business for themselves through the creation of an attractive and distinctive brand. Since organizations have problems in creating a distinctive brand, it would be based in the employer's interest. The present study is an attempt to answer the question that how an attractive employer based on the employer's distinctive branding will be created. Based on the existing literature the conceptual model designed and tested in order to answer the above question. Statistical analysis of the results shows that when an employer creates the brand based upon the needs of the target group, differentiated EVP, people strategies, brand consistency, employer brand communication and metrics of employer branding led to the employer attractiveness in all aspects.

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Linguistic mechanisms of representation (Personalization/ Impersonalization ) of social actors in Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), especially van Leeuwen’s approach to CDA has been longly in the center of attention. This prominence will be much higher when the subject of the study is naming strategy and representation of “Iran” as one of the most important actors of the Middle East and the socio-political and ideological rival of the United States of America. In this article, we studied the naming and representation (exclusion/inclusion) strategy of Time magazine toward Iran/the Islamic Republic of Iran within van Leeuwen socio-semantic framework. The data has been gathered from the archive of time magazine from 1920s to 2010 . The findings showed that both the frequency and the addressing method of Iran in Time magazine has been considerably divergent within decades and through the time. While the name of “Iran” has been mentioned for more than 5600 times in this corpus, the official title of “the Islamic Republic of Iran” has gone under an extremely exclusion process  and repeated for only 8 times, all of these cases are oriented with clearly biased adjectives and modifiers. The findings of this research may be interesting for both scholars and public audience of the mass media.

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Strategy maps show value creation path in any organizations which includes strategic objectives of organization. Strategic objectives can provide a focus on organization’s resources based on balanced scorecard. While organizations developing their strategy map, facing with different objectives and relationships between them, it is necessary to use a practical approach to explain the relationship between strategic objectives. This paper aims to provide a hybrid approach for identifying causal relationships between strategic objectives for drawing a strategic map, So that with minimum number of relationships, the maximum impact among the strategic objectives is clarified in the map. In this regard, the importance of all possible relationships is determined by fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) and then strategic map was drawn by goal programming with considering to objectives of minimizing the number of relationships and maximizing total importance of the selected relationships. The FAHP results show “supporting demand-oriented researches”, “Strengthen inter-agency cooperation” and “Supporting strategic science and technology” objectives respectively have been the most important in the customer, processes and learning and growth levels of strategic map. Following by goal programming with focus on maximum reach of strategic objectives according to their weights, the minimum connections (14 relationships from 26 relationships) were selected to draw the strategic map. The systematic approach presented in this paper could be the basis of developing the strategic map for all organizations.