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The purpose of the semiotics of discourse approach is to communicate between semantic layers and differentiating units of the linguistic, social and intertdiscursive conext at the macro level in order to achieve meaning with the help of cognitive tools of text and discourse. This research interprets and explains how to produce, understand and receive meaning in the context of discourse systems in "Wuthering Heights" within the framework of the semiotics of discourse approach. Discourse systems include two categories, either they are based on Speech-Action and Movement-Action (Behavior) which create cognitive discourse systems or they are based on Sense-Action­ which are the generators of emotional discourse systems. In this research, the representation of Speech-Action, Movement-Action (Behavior) and Sense-Action­ and their feedback in the participants within the text and discourse of the novel has been discussed. Discourse analysis in the text and situational context of the novel based on the semiotics of discourse approach of Greimas is rooted in cognitive perspectives, because Speech-Action and Movement-Action build the infrastructure and a platform for the motivation of Sense-Action­ in the audience of the discursive context. Heathcliff and Catherine are two main characters of the novel who depict the Sense-Action­ of love along with the behavior and Speech-Action of revenge in the textual and intertextual semantic layers. Heathcliff gains the necessary mental, physical and financial competences and performs the action by going through the first stage of Sense-Action­

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In this study, 30 mental states were suggested to 50 theatre actors. They designed a specific physical form for each mental state. In this process, 2000 images from actors’ gestures were collected. Images was surveyed by 321 accidental audiences; and among all images, images achieving the highest rate were selected. Reliability and validity of selected images were evaluated by a software designing for mind-reading's test though body. This study achieved its results mentioned below through preparation, design, implementation, analysis, record of results of a mind-reading’s test.
According to statistical results, the body has an ability to convey the mental state. We can figure out individuals’ mental states through body forms. Based on Baron-Cohen’s study, 30 body forms were determined. The relation between mind-reading through body and eyes was analyzed. Selected images for designing a mind-reading’s test through body were identified, and its reliability and validity were confirmed.
In this study, the first archive of images representing mental states through actors’ bodies has been designed and prepared. In comparison to men, women have a better function in understanding of mental states. Furthermore, bodies can represent mental states better than eyes.

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• Is Iran's fiscal policy countercyclical or procyclical?
• Is Iran's fiscal policy sustainable?
• What is the effect of cyclical fiscal policy and fiscal sustainability on the Iranian economic growth?
• How is the mutual relationship between fiscal sustainability and cyclical fiscal policy in Iran?

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Citing the "Annual Report of Fragile States Index" provided by the "Peace Fund" from 2006 to 2023, this article argues that Libya was not an example of a failed state at the time of state collapse. Although all governments in the world have a degree of weakness and incapability in providing and realization of their main tasks, Libya's rank during Gaddafi period, compared to other countries, was not a rank that could be considered as an example of a fragile state. The necessity of reforming the produced literature provoked the writer to seek an answer to the question of why the post-Gaddafi government of Libya has moved towards a collapsed government. Prioritizing domestic reasons for this issue over regional and international ones, this article argues that; the government's inability in exclusive use of power; the political role of Islamists in Libyan government; the role of Libyan former officials in the new government; terrorist groups with an Islamist approach such as ISIS and Al-Qaeda; the role of Islam in the laws and political and social life of the country; disagreement over the types of political governmental   structure; disputes related to the electoral system; ways of allocating  the seats of the National Congress to the representatives and the methods of choosing a new body to draft the constitution, are the most important reasons why the Libyan government is moving towards a "collapsed state".

 

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Aims: The purpose of this study is explanation of the relationship between maritime location of countries and their economic and social development Index. This research is basic in terms of goal and is descriptive - analytic and correlational in terms of the nature and method. 
Methodology: The data obtained is based on the secondary data from specialized agencies. The research is firstly intended to index and rank the access to seas and economic and social development of maritime states using the TOPSIS technique. According to the TOPSIS technique findings, the relationship between sea access index and the index of level of economic and social development. Using SPSS software. The regression analysis is adopted to explain the relationship between the index of sea location and economic and social development attributes.
Conclusion: The research findings indicate that offshore states with different levels of size, shape, population, etc., are predominantly included in rankings of this study. The level of economic and social development of the states is affected by sea location of the states. The results regarding to the explanation of the relationships between sea access and the index of the level of economic and social development show that there is a meaningful relation between the two indexes in which the sea access is one of the factors adversely affecting the level of economic and social development of states.
  

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Fundamentalism is one of the most important security issues in today’s world, in a way, territoriality has drawn a large part of the world’s security literature. Over the past decade, the North African region became locality of internal crisis, regional ideological and rivalries, and intra-regional powers intervention and expansion of extremist ideas that has cost and effects on both internal, regional and international levels. In the meantime, the north of the African continent, and specially Tunisia country, has created opportunities for the growth and development of ISIL’s fundamentalist organization. The present study is a descriptive-analytical research and its data and information gathering by the library method. Hypothesis of this study based on unified Field Theory of Stephen B. Jones and belive that Territoriality of Fundamentalist Organizations in Tunisaia affected by internal factors (social crisis) and external factors (intervention powers). The result of the study showed that the fragility of the government, the geographical structure, and geopolitical integration in Tunisia, along with the political and international limitations caused territoriality of fundamentalist organization and acted as an obstacle for emerging and developing of a new political entity in this country.

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The present study investigates relation between coastal zons with urban human structures in sea states. Urban human structures are urban populations, coastal cities, world cities and coastal capitals. This research is basic in terms of its objective and is descriptive-analytic in terms of nature and method. This paper uses qualitative and quantitative analysis to explain the relationship between the two variables of coastal zons and urban human structures. The ratio of low elevation coastal zone (less than 10 meters from the coast) to the total surface area of the country is an explanatory indicator of coastal topography, and the ratio of the population living in the coastal zone to the total population of the country is an explanatory indicator of the coastal population. The findings of the research indicate that the coastal area is one of the factors in the development of urban human resources. Regression analysis shows that the correlation coefficient of coastal zone topography with the distribution of population equals with 0.812 (P Value 0.000<0.05). The results show that there is a significant relationship between topography of the coastal zone and the distribution of population, to the extent that for every one-unit increase in topography of the coastal region, the distribution of human populations index size increases by 0.833 (constant 0.070). Besides, the opportunities and threats of population settlement in coastal zone are analyzed in the following section of the article.

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Background: Salmonella enterica serovar typhi (S. typhi) the cause of the acute febrile disease typhoid fever is the major public health problem in developing countries. Asymptomatic carriers are the main sources of typhoid. The aim of this study was to investigate methods for isolation and identification of S. typhi in asymptomatic carriers.
Materials and Methods: Two hundred stool samples were collected from foodstuff workers and distributors. Then culture characterization, biochemical tests, and nested-PCR were done.
Results: One hundred and seventy-one (85%) of the total cases were male and the mean age of cases was 35 years. Stool culture yielded bacterial colonies consistent with fecal flora but did not yield S. typhi. In nested PCR technique just one of the 200 samples (0.5%) was positive for the S. typhi capsular gene (vi gene).
Conclusion: Due to the improvement in the health status of the country and the low typhoid carriers, it is recommended that efforts be focused on other hygienic issues.

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Context-dependent modeling is a well-known approach to increase modeling accuracy in continuous speech recognition. The most common way to implement this approach is via triphone modeling. Nevertheless, the large number of such models results in several problems in model training, whilst the robust training of such models is often hardly obtained. One approach to solve this problem is via parameter tying. In this paper, clustering has been carried out on HMM state parameters and the states allocated to any cluster are tied to decrease the overall number of system parameters and achieve robust training. Two types of groupings, one based on the final trained model set parameters and their inter-model distances and the other based on the training data and a decision tree, have been carried out. In the implementation of the later, a decision tree based on the acoustic properties of the Persian (Farsi) language and the phonetic similarities and differences has been designed. The results obtained have shown the usefulness of both the approaches. However, the second approach has the advantage of making the estimation of unseen model parameters possible.

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Why is state, and in a broader view, political system or government, responsible for directing and governing individuals' conduct "both in individual and species level"? And how it accomplishes this "will of governing"? The answers to these questions appear to be different based on our way of perceiving categories such as government, power, or their due relation to the subject. The perspective design of "governmentality" by Foucault could be taken as inception of a new domain in which the triplet categories of government, power and subject are interrelated. It is shown in this perspective that how government's reluctance in using mere violence and, at the meantime, willing to govern people through it will inevitably make subjectification as the sole possible answer to the particular epistemological horizon of the governmentality problematic; an answer, which in form, on the one hand, multiplicities all government arts and, appears as multiplying all government institutions on the other. The form of conceptualizing how power operates, not only explains blurring of boundaries between persuasion and consent during the governmentalization of individuals to create desired subjects, but also it denies “the participation of desire in repressing itself”.

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Coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s, and continued to be studied until the mid-1980s. The virus is naturally prevalent in mammals and birds, yet seven human-transmitted coronaviruses have been discovered so far; the most important of these, SARS Acute Respiratory Syndrome or acute respiratory syndrome, was a dangerous viral respiratory disease of genetic origin caused by coronavirus and from November 2002 to July 2003, the outbreak in Southern China caused 8098 cases. Possible disease and death of 774 people in 17 countries, and now since December 2019, another and more dangerous type called COVID-19 has spread with the human epidemic in Wuhan, China and in a short time has spread all over the world. China was the source of the virus, as well as the first country to stop it's spread to a large extent, but other countries failed to contain the virus despite their ability to contain it. Why? The answer is simple: "It is a matter of policy and approach, not power"! Another issue is "change"; as cities begin to recede and move toward recovery, the consequences of the epidemic will lead to new norms. In this article, we have tried to study the process of crisis management in several countries of the world is facing this virus and the extent of damages to the citizens of these countries until April 30, 2021.

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The relationship between the clergy as amajor social force and the Safavid state canlead our simple understandingto the exact understanding that may answer many of our questions in the social history of Iran. This paper considers the relations between the government and the clergy bystudying the fall and the rise of theclerics and the government relations, forms of their participation in policy, its development in the Safavid era and factors affecting on this evolution. This relationship can be investigated using the Tily’s theory and it can be saidthat this relationship takes many forms. Three overall types include membership in theoverall system of monarchy, influencing policy and resignation. Thismethodology is based on descriptive historical narrative approach.  

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The subject of this paper is the development of national economy, with the main question of “How can we explain the political barriers of the development of national economy in Iran (1989-2004)? In order to solving the problem, we refered to the theories of development by categorizing and critically evaluating. Then we formulated the theoretic apparatus, which is synthesis of Left-witch theory of developmental state, Rentier state theory and short-term society of Katouzian. By operational definition of the concepts of theoretic apparatus, for the purpose of data collection, we used documentary analysis. As for the method as judgment, narrative analysis was applied to analyze the so-called phenomenon as a historical case and to consider it as a research exemplar with the purpose of causal explanation of underdevelopment in Iran. The resareh findings showed that in the case of Rentier state and short-term policy making, development of national economy is weak.  

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The following text, which has been emerged from the research on the period of power transition from Qajar to Pahlavi, unlike the approaches that are based on traditional history, according to the Foucauldian discourse analysis and the post-colonial literature, offers differentiatedscrutiny on how the first modern statehas been formed in Iran. The results show that the formation of the first modern state in Iran is the objective and strategic embodiment of the imperative modernity. Reconsidering the formation of imperative modernity, the influential discourse acts, the paper also which have formed the supporting elements of the foresaid formation were identified. Embarks upon the critical discourse analysis of the journals published in the period of power transition from Qajar to Pahlavi, including: Kaveh,Iranshahr, Name-e Farangestan, Ayandeh and Mard-e-Azad. Resulting categories of this discourse analysis include the following main concepts: "self and other image"; "Asking about collapse and underdevelopment", "adopting western civilization", "separation of religion from politics and public sphere", "elitism", "necessity of the imperative and authoritative state", and finally "nationalism". The intellectuals of the power transition period, as the reference group of the imperative modernity discourse, as well as the most influential strategic group, have played a major role in institutional and discourse formation of the first modern state in Iran. Here, wewell focus to analyze their discourse effects.

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This paper studies the conditions of production and understanding of the meaning of “Leqa-on Fi LazateRahil” by Nasrin Edris, Lebanese author. The story of “Leqa..” can be studied sustainability from a new semantic point of view, which includes the photographer and the fighters’ active discourses. Hamzah follows the program; his skill in the photography creates the main character in the action. The Commander has an important role in the acquisition of Hamzah’s emotional ability. In the second discourse, the fighters enter into action after the contract and obtaining the ability. Therefore, the main actions are performed simultaneously; the fighters fight and Hamzah takes photos. All procedures are performed respectively. The dominant discourse is intelligent, but emotional processes, especially photographer part, play an important role in the story forming. The aim of this research was to study the semantic process and narrative traits of the “Leqa..” story in order to achieve the main meaning functions and details. Also the effect of emotion on the meaning process has been investigated

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A solid state fermentation method was developed for the production of citric acid from date pulp (obtained of date syrup production from the process) by Aspergillus niger PTCC 5010. Poor yield was obtained when potassium ferrocyanide treated date pulp were used as substrate, but methanol at a 3-4% concentration markedly increased the forma-tion of citric acid from the waste. The optimum range of pH and moisture for citric acid production were 3.5-4.5, and 70-80% respectively. This method produced about 168g cit-ric acid per kg of date pulp under optimum conditions. On the basis of reducing sugar consumed, the yield was 87% within eight days.

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Regarding the characteristics of myth in various mythological approaches, it is evident that myth functions in the culture, society, mind, or psyche of human beings, has a collective aspect, is connected to an unconscious or preconscious state, and finally has a normative dimension. These characteristics make social ontology an appropriate place for the analysis of myths. Following the ideas of some social ontologists such as Searl or Tuomela, myth can be considered an institutional fact. However, according to the dominant approach in social ontology in the contemporary analytic tradition, all institutional facts are implicated by individual or collective intentionality. We argue that the peculiarity of myth’s connection with the unconscious state challenges all subcategories of the dominant approach in contemporary social ontology; hence, a shortcoming of the dominant approaches in analyzing myth as an intuitional fact.
 

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As a light verb, the verb “∫odan” contributes in the structure of a wide range of verbs and forms different applied concepts, including the expression of the change of state. In the French language, there are many different verbs and structures, which could be known as equivalents of the verb “∫odan”  for expressing the change of state. Therefore, incorrect use of any of these equivalents is a great concern for Iranian learners, and usually leads to misunderstandings. This paper will firstly study the two verbs, “∫odan” and “devenir” in Persian and French languages, respectively. Then we will introduce the equivalents of the verb “∫odan” in French language. Next the verb “devenir” will be studied in contrast with other French verbs, which express the change of state. Finally, the aspectual values of the verb “∫odan” and its equivalents in French language will be dealt with.