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The notion of the characteristics of an ignoble human being in Gabriel Marcel's thought revolves around components such as establishing an "I - s/he" relationship with others, unpreparedness and unopenness in relations with others, and presence in the realm of "having." To that end, it will become clear that by establishing an "I-you" relationship, being present to other human beings in the realm of "being" becomes noble, but by examining Marcel's ideas it became clear that the dominance of science and technology over human beings paved the way for the formation of a mass society and further, it intensifies the functional view of human, and as a result all these factors, increases the intensity and speed of ignobility of contemporary mankind. In this study, which aimed to explain the factors of nobelity and ignobility from Gabriel Marcel's point of view, it became clear that he believes to emerge from unoriginality. a human being should be able to freely choose, to accept responsibility, to communicate with the secret and to have characteristics such as love, loyalty, faith and hope.

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The institution of family has faced important evolutions in recent decades. Transition from traditional society to modern one has caused changes in cultural and social imaginaries and structures. Recent evolutions have affected family law as well as therights of women, men and children. This article, focusing on the Bill on Family Protection, tries to study family's evolution from the sociological and legal points of views. The first section (sociological view) considers the changes as to the role and place of women, men and children in the contemporary Iranian family. In the second section (legal view), advantages and disadvantages of the Bill are reviewed with respect to the sociological evolutions. Finally, based on legal and sociological findings, we examine the conformity of the Bill on Family Protection with current family evolutions and the possibility of solving family issues and problems

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This research has been done to determine and explain graffiti of historical sites and its influencing factors. Direct observation is selected as the method and content analysis as the technique among 23 monuments of the city of Yazd and stratified sampling is used (systematic) concerning frequency of shapes and Images and carved terms. Research findings are based on 2204 entries such as words, shapes and images and categorizations: date (time), writing graffiti, age, city of residence, ethnicity, gender, genus or materials and tools used, poem and lines, carved first and family names, and the English letters. One of the most important factors that influences graffiti phenomenon is the lack of attention and neglecting toward these monuments. The preservation of monument is not considered as a value, so the distortion and preparations for destruction is not a counter value and nothing is done for maintenance and preservation of the monuments

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  In this article, formation of the first modern state in Iran has been studied within the framework of sociological analysis of agency and structure. Each structure is formed of joint actions,which will be the basis for future actions. Each action, on the other hand, also happens within a structure that can cause its contiouity or discontiniouity. In this article,the aforesaid dialectical effects have been reviewed in a way that social structures on the eve of the conflicts of modernity process in the Constitutional history of Iran will be the reason of social tensions and they eventually turn in to authoritarian political structure to overcome the crises by social forces. The theory construction of this study has been formed by the using of the theory state of "Bertrand Badie" and "Pierre Birnbaum", and the research hypothesis has been extracted based on the relationship between social crises and essence of state. Data collection has been done by documentary method, and data analysis by historical method. The results showed that social crises accumulation in Iran and attitude of social forces towards centralism to overcome the crises of society have paved the way for a weak society and a maximal state in Iran.    

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Aims: Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) and Organizational Justice (OJ) improve the effectiveness of work groups, in which they are exhibited. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between organizational citizenship behavior and organizational justice among Textile Industries’ Employees of Red Crescent Society of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Instrument and Methods: The population of the present descriptive-survey study, which was conducted in 2015, comprised 180 employees of Textile’ Industries in Red Crescent Society of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, using simple random sampling method. The employees who participated in this study were asked to complete 3 questionnaires, containing demographic questions, OCB (Mark´oczy and Xin,), and OJ (Fernandes and Awamleh,). The data were analyzed by SPSS 19 and LISREL 8.54 software, using Pearson Correlation Test (PCT) and Goodness-of-Fit indices.
Findings: There was a positive and significant correlation between OJ and its dimensions and employee’s OCB (r=0.560; p<0.01) and its dimensions, indicating that the employees, who perceived their organization, managers, and supervisor’s gestures fairly, represented high levels of organizational citizenship behaviors. Given the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) normal χ2 and indices of GFI, CFI (comparative fit index), NFI (normed fit index), and IFI (incremental fit indices) showed high fitness of model and that the associations between variables were logical according to theoretical of the study.
Conclusion: Organizational justice has a direct and positive effect on employees’ organizational citizenship behavior.

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Since the beginning of emergence of Pakistan as an independent country, the conflict about Islamic state had begun between the secular and religious groups. “What is the role of Islam in the government?” was the question that Pakistan was facing in the last decades of 20^th century. In response to the question, Muslim scholars proposed two answers: the first group suppose that Islam is equal to government and second group believe that the government in Islam has only one dimension and other dimensions of Islam are much more important than political dimension. .Ghamidi with passing from the first approach, that was evident in the opinions of Maududi and he was the chief spokesperson, placed his interpretation of Islam, Qur'an and Sunnah based on the second approach. From view of Ghamidi, politically Islamic society establishment is precedence over the Islamic government. This society is possible through an Islamic Revolution and Revolution will pave the way for an Islamic state. The Islamic state is combination of three groups: Muslims, Mu`ahids and Zimmis. Such a state based on pluralism in religion and politics.  

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The purpose of this paper is to explain the sociological analysis of the divide of Iran in Qajar age. So by bringing up the question “the divide in Qajar age is the product of central government weakness or change the balance of power in central governments in the capitalist world (global) system” use sociological approach to study this socio-historical reality. Accordingly, this paper argues that the dissociation of some parts of Iran and geographical change in the country in Qajar age is a social change that according to Valrshtayn the change is took into account in the texture of a global system historically. For this purpose, In explaining the factors affecting the separation, The role of internal factors and external factors both are examined. The research method is historical case study and the data collection method is the library collection. For this purpose, In explaining the factors affecting the separation, The role of internal factors and external factors both are examined. The research method is historical case study and the data collection method is the library collection.

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Serel ʹs Speech Act Theory and its Connection to Gender and classes of society in Garshasbnameh: Speech act is considered as one of the bases creating speech act in literal texts. Due to this theory, speech is information interaction in form of structure and speech act. The individualsʹ social position and situation can be analyzed according to the speech act in one certain text. Garshasbnameh, written by Asadi Tusi, dates back to 5 A.D and it is identified as one of the historical verses presenting remarkable speech acts. Theses speech acts varies from people’s gender. The current essay aims at bringing out, defining and analyzing the speech acts of both men and women in Garshasbnameh based on Serelʹs speech act theory. The speech acts of these characters have been evaluated by their social situations. The results of this study represent that there are gender inequalities between the males and females introduced in Garshasbnameh.

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Zab basin is in the south part of Urmia Lake. The little Zab River in northwestern Iran rises at the Piranshehr mountains and flows from the northwest to the southeast to join Iraq through Alan passage. The river basin contains many ancient settlements. Based on pot sherds it can be inferred that this basin has been a residential zone since the prehistoric period. A noteworthy feature of this basin is the presence of Uruk pottery, including the beveled-rim bowl, at 5 sites in Zab basin. This pottery has not been seen either in the northwest of Iran or in the higher regions of Hamadan. For the first time this material is identified in the Little Zab basin. This pottery belongs to the late Uruk period, i.e. late fourth millennium BC. Geographical position and settlement patterns could be signs of commercial and cultural relations between societies of Northwestern Iran and northern Mesopotamia in late Chalcolithic.
 

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Aims: Aim of the present study is to describe the history and outcomes of the Iranian Conference on Watershed Management Sciences and Engineering (WMSE) from 1973 to 2019.
Instruments & Methods: The archives of 14 WMSE conferences were first collected. Then, important information was derived and analyzed. 25 questionnaires were also analyzed.
Findings: The WMSE conference activities interrupted from late-1970s to early 1990s because of the Iran-Iraq war, Iranian Cultural Revolution and closure of the universities. Then, after 18 years from the 3^rd WMSE conference, the Watershed Management Society of Iran (WMSI) decided to continue holding the series of watershed management conferences. According to the analysis of the last 11 conferences, 2794 papers with 5029 authors have been presented. In total, 2635, 2177, and 47 students respectively with PhD, MSc, and BSc students were contributed. In addition, 862 and 238 contributions were respectively made from university and research institute parts. The temporal pattern of number of papers published in the WMSE conference showed a cyclic pattern during 11 conferences which increased one and a half times (i.e., 54%) in seven years from 2008 to 2014, followed by a sharp decline in 2016 (71%; Yasouj City) and 2017 (77%; Malayer City).
Conclusion: Despite a large number of papers presented in the WMSE conferences, knowledge about the watershed governance needs to be improved. It was proved that 48, 32, 16, and 4% of the WMSE contributors respectively anticipated the medium, good, bad, and very bad future for WM state in the country.

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The performance of criminal justice, which is the aim of each criminal proceedings, will not have any chance to be appeared without holding a fair trial, in which the rights and freedoms of the accused, victim and other individuals engaged in the criminal process are respectably recognized. The public trail occurs in a situation, in which the hearings charging to the accused are held and managed without any obstacles for the attendance of the ordinary persons and the public media. This situation is considered nowadays as one of the main elements of fair trials and a right of human rights in the criminal actions. Any departure from the principle of the public trial shall be deemed and considered as the breach of the conditions of fair trials and ignorance of the primary rights of individuals, except in the cases specified and contained in the law, which are applied just in the democratic conditions and as a result of the balance of interest and contradictory values. In spite of some early conceptions that generally recognize the elements of a fair trial as the defender of the rights of the accused, the public trail guarantee some advantages and interests for the society. Thus, the individual right of the accused together with the public interest of society should be defined and explained in the frame of the principles of the public trial. This paper describes the subjective principles of the public trial after introducing and presenting the initial problems.

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Urban planning of Tehran until the period of Naser al-Din Shah continued in the style of urban planning of the Safavid period. This method only met the needs of a traditional city in various limited political, economic and social dimensions. From the time of Nasser al-Din Shah, Tehran as the capital of Iran in the Qajar period and in the face of the Western world became a platform for developments in the field of urban planning and a model for other cities in Iran in this field; However, these developments did not enter the city in its pure Western form and appeared in a mixed and influenced by the traditional Iranian society. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the impact of Western civilization and urban society of Tehran on the continuity and physical-spatial evolution of the city in the Naseri period. This research based on descriptive-analytical method has investigated this issue. The findings of this study show that the physical part of Tehran entered a new phase during the reign of Nasser al-Din Shah, influenced by Western civilization. These physical-spatial changes were not simply influenced by the modern Western world; Rather, indigenous cultural and artistic forces combined new influences with Iranian architecture. These developments were achieved on the one hand in the method of urban renewal in various dimensions and on the other hand in the quantitative dimension and the growth, reproduction and multiplicity of elements of the city.

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Researchers that have analyzed the digital divide complain about the lack of a standard set of indicators, which appropriately measure the digital divide between countries, Their statistics can be collected by the majority of countries and serve as a basis and a standard for internationally comparable information society statistics. In this article, a framework of these indicators, which are called “core indicators of digital divide”, is presented that can narrow the ICT data and statistics divide through formulating standards and synchronizing ICT statistics throughout the world. To extract the core indicators, we are encountering the limitations of the nonexistence of data for some indicators in the majority of countries. Such a limitation does not allow us to apply the statistical methods to extracting the core indicators of digital divide. To overcome this problem, the information and the knowledge of 45 digital divide models were employed as experts' opinions to extract the core indicators. To do so, the entropy method was used and the importance of these models was considered. Finally, comparing the previous global core indicators of digital divide and the proposed ones, it was revealed that the global core indicators ignored three important dimensions: e-learning e-government, and networked world enablers.

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According to the Holy Islam, there are mutual relationships between citizens and the state in an Islamic society; which imply complement duties for both sides. The Sharia has defined different responsibilities for the citizens, which in accordance with the Islamic state will result in a better society. Among these responsibilities is the reaction of a Muslim when witnessing a crime in the society. By using the game theory approach we have studied the consequences of two Islamic orders, i.e. enjoining right and forbidding wrong. We have modeled the reactions of the people when seeing a crime in the society in the framework of a strategic game with VNM preferences. The results show that not paying enough attention to these two valuable orders would reduce the individual and social utility. In other words, if people follow the enjoining right and forbidding wrong, the economic and social costs of crime for the society will decrease and the social welfare will increase.