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This study employs graph theory to analyze the semantic network of Persian verbs among bilingual speakers. Situated within the frameworks of cognitive linguistics, lexical semantics (cognitive semantics), and computational linguistics, the research involves administering a questionnaire comprising 50 basic Persian verbs to participants, asking them to map the conceptual and intra-linguistic relationships between these verbs.The primary objective is to identify the most robust and frequent conceptual and intra-linguistic links among these verbs and to provide a detailed description of the graph structure constructed by bilingual speakers. The study seeks to address the question: What typology of conceptual and intra-linguistic relations is reflected in the graph patterns of non-Persian-speaking Iranians? The working hypothesis posits that semantic relations such as synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, and collocation will manifest in this network.The methodology is field-based, and the instrument used is a localized questionnaire. Participants were instructed to diagrammatically represent any semantic relationships among the verbs provided.The findings demonstrate that the semantic graph constructed by Iranian bilinguals exhibits semantic relations such as synonymy (6.45%), reverse antonymy (34.94%), polysemy (7.79%), entailment (11.01%) (comprising "type-of" relations at 8.60% and "part-of" relations at 2.41%), as well as intra-linguistic collocation (28.22%). Among these, collocation, entailment, and antonymy were the most frequent relations, respectively. 

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The present study deals with the senses of preposition ̎Fii̎ in the Holy Quran. The theoretical framework of this study is Cognitive Semantics. In Cognitive Semantics, the spatial sense is usually supposed to be the central and prototypical sense of spatial prepositions and other temporal, abstract, metaphoric and metonymic senses are derived from it. All uses of ̎Fii̎ were extracted from the Holy Quran and their senses were analyzed using Quran translations and Tafseer books of Almizan and Majmaolbayan. Using the achievements and theoretical tools of Cognitive Semantics such as image scheme, semantic categories , prototypical sense, semantic radial network, trajector and landmark, the writers of the study have tried to present the prototypical (central or main) sense and also other senses via metaphor and metonymy and finally they have drawn its semantic network. Findings of Cognitive Semantics reveal that the number of the senses of preposition ̎Fii̎ is more than what have been recorded in the classical literature of Arabic language and this means that Cognitive Semantics Approach is more efficient and accurate in describing the senses of the prepositions. There have been about ten senses for fii in the classical literature of Arabic including: containment, accompaniment, tendency, above, attachment, synonym of ̎Ilaa̎, synonym of ̎Min̎, comparison, substitution and emphasis, but this study offers thirteen related senses for ̎Fii̎.

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Revealing the unequal relations of power, which lead to hegemony in media and make audiences aware of it, has been in the center of attention for Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) for a long period of time. Van Leeuwen’s (2008) socio-semantic network of social actors is considered as a competent framework for linguists and discourse analysts to do so. In this article, we study 50 hard news and articles published in leading international news agencies and newspapers about Iran’s nuclear program during November and December 2010 to analyze the way the social actors of both sides of the quarrel have been represented in the media. The results showed that although the international news agencies and newspapers claim to stay neutral in representing the events, some linguistic mechanisms to represent Iranian social actors differently from the western ones are obvious and Iranian social actors playing role in this case are shown as irrational hardliners while western counterparts are introduced as logical peace seeker ones.

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The present research explores the “wæl”, “tɑ” and “ærɑ” prepositions in Gurani Kurdish within the framework of cognitive semantics. One of the recent models in semantic analysis of prepositions is Principled polysemy model (Tyler & Evans, 2001, 2003; Evans & Tyler, 2004a, 2004b; Evans, 2004, 2005, 2006) that suggests explicit and applicable criteria for determining the distinct senses as well as the primary sense of prepositions. We aim to analyze the semantics of three mentioned prepositions, to determine their distinct senses and primary sense, and to represent their semantic networks. The results suggest that the primary sense of “wæl” is “companionship” and its semantic network contains 9 distinct senses and 2 clusters of senses. The primary sense of “tɑ” is “ending” and its semantic network contains 4 distinct senses and 1 cluster of senses. The primary sense of “ærɑ” is “for and sake” and its semantic network contains 4 distinct senses and 1 cluster of senses.

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1- Introduction
Prepositions are amongst the multi-meaning and very flexible words in the language of the Quran with extensive concepts. It is clear that God has bestowed on this attribute to convey his purpose. The application of the prototype theory to the analysis of the focal meaning and the radial meanings of these letters can certainly provide a coherent semantic network for each of them. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to explain the focal meaning of the word "on" as one of the most widely used letters in the Quran with a cognitive approach. This will be achieved after identifying the trajectory and the Landmark which proves the existence of a coherent network of concepts that are linked to the prototype.
2. Questions and hypotheses
The most important questions and hypotheses of this research are:
1. What is the focal meaning and radial meanings of On in Quranic discourse?
2. How the relationship between the focal meaning and the radial meanings of “On” in the form of a meaningful network can be explained?
3. How the contrast between traditional and cognitive look at the Prepositions of the story is explained?
The hypotheses are as follows:
- The focal meaning of “On”, as in traditional sources, is "superiority".
- The focal meaning of "superiority" is the core of the semantic network of the word "On". Other distinct meanings of "On" are connected to the central core with the help of two "compromise and contradictory" clusters.
- The semantic network model in the cognitive perspective has confirmed the multidimensional problem of letters in classical sources, but the example template points out that the radial meanings of a letter must be coherent with a focal meaning. According to this model, existence of a letter instead of another letter is rejected because of its lack of semantic communication.
3. Research Innovation
What distinguishes this study from the views of traditional trainers is that modern linguistics for each of the superscripts considers a central or focal meaning that is called the supreme example, and another meaning that is related to this sense, is in fact its expanded or metaphorical meaning. They create a coherent semantic network for each of these letters. However, in the traditional perspective, there is no coherence between the meanings for a term with its initial meaning.
4- Method
Based on the belief that the prepositions are a rich source in the methodological understanding and interpretation of the Quran, the present study seeks to rely on a descriptive-analytical method regarding the multidimensional theory of these letters by considering the basic elements of this approach such image schema, prototype pattern, trajectory and landmark .The semantic network provides a coherent semantic meaning for this letter in the Quranic verses.
5- Results and Discussion
The Quranic data review points out that the focal meaning of the Jar letter 'On', is 'superiority'. This meaning is the central core of a coherent semantic network, consisting of twelve radial meanings in two semantic clusters (compromise and contradictory) based on the first meaning. It should be noted that, using the cognitive model of the prototype, replacement of On into the Prepositions "men", "fi", "baa" and "laam" in the Quranic discourse was distorted.
 

 

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Aim of the Research: Looking at the attitude of semantics, the present study aims to investigate some of the most practical prepositions, such as /læ/­, /wæ/, /­wægærd / and /­wæpi­/ in Kalhori Kurdish within principled-polysemy approach (Evans & Tyler, 2004a, 2004b; Evans & Green, 2006).
The Methodology of the Research: The nature of the method of this study is analytic-descriptive and its type is corpus-based. The Selected corpus has been obtained from interviews with the speakers of this dialect from Kurdish language, and their originality have been approved completely that  this study has focused on some samples for each distinct meaning due to the limitaition of its pages.
Research Question: This research has done to explore and determine the distinct meanings of the prepositions /læ/­, /wæ/, /­wægærd / and /­wæpi­/ in Kalhori Kurdish within principled-polysemy approach. Thus, the author has represented them in a semantic network seperately.
Research Results:  In this regard, the research results show that the prototypical meaning of the preposition /læ/ coming to the speakers' mind immediately is "from" having eighteen distinct meanings and five semantic clusters, such as; "contrast cluster", "collocation cluster", "polysemy cluster", "time-space cluster", and "metaphoric cluster" in its own semantic network. with conducted careful studies, it was found that, in some cases, Kalhori speakers use the preposition /læ/ in the place of /wæ/ in those contexts with those meanings interchangeably, but in addition to these meanings the preposition /wæ/ is used in two other different meanings, i.e; the meanings "by" and "to", in which the preposition /læ/ can't be used.  So, /wæ/ has twenty one distinct meanings. The prototypical meaning of the preposition /wægærd/ is "with" having eleven distinct meanings and three semantic clusters, such as; "collocation cluster", "contrast cluster" and "metaphoric cluster" in its own semantic network. The prototypical meaning of the preposition /wæpi/ is "to" having five distinct meanings and two semantic clusters, such as; "contrastive cluster" and the meaning "about" in its own semantic network.
 

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 One of the concepts of "even", which is the reporter of human experiential work, has been found in the Qurchr('39')an, is to explain its impact on Quranic conceptualizations, hence, among the various roles of the letter, even of attention to the texture and different applications are obtained, the role of which leads to the transmission of a route from the state, position or rank to another state and order. This is described by descriptive-analytic method and by explaining the main and focal meaning of the letter and extraction of verses in which even the abstract concept of "transference" is explained in a metaphorical way, provides a more detailed analysis of the function of this verse in the verses and the basis for constructing this concept, which is shaped by the physical and human experiences, is to illustrate the methodological importance in the more actual interpretation of the Qurchr('39')anic words, including the letters.

1. Introduction
The letter "Hatta" (even) in the Qur'an is used with high frequency to indicate the end of the hypothetical end, and in fact indicates the process of formation of the end point. But in different applications, another meaning is formed around this prototype meaning. Due to the ambiguous nature of the letter "Hatta" (even), this word was chosen as an example to examine its various conceptual maps. The main secondary and peripheral meanings obtained;   were metaphorical; That is, due to the local meaning of the letter, "Hatta" (even) in a specific incomprehensible concept is objectively manifested in the destination domain by mapping to the origin domain or illustrated through schemas without occurring mapping of concepts. Accordingly, the first branch of the conceptual network of this letter is the all-meaning branch, which has found semantic commonalities with the two words "when" and "otherwise". The second radial periphery of this letter is the metaphorical secondary meanings, which include "accumulation", "transfer", "cover", etc. The third branch has even taken on the task of schematic design, which depicts volumetric, kinetic, power, and directional schemas that have been examined with Qur'anic evidence.
 
2. Research purposes
Therefore, the purpose of this article is to discover the semantic periphery of the letter "Hatta" (even) and how it is plotted in the verses of the Qur'an, in this way, a more accurate interpretation of this word is presented in the verses and the shortcomings in understanding the verses are eliminated.
 
3. Research Questions
The present article seeks to answer the following questions:
1.    According to the cognitive approach, how can the sample preview of meaning of the preposition of the letter "Hatta" (even) be explained?
2.    Where are the semantic periphery of the letter "Hatta" (even?
3.    3. How are the interpretive omissions of the verses analyzed by determining the semantic radii?
This letter seems to have been used to illustrate the hypothetical end of the process of gradual formation of verb. To pay attention to this letter plays an important role in explaining the more accurate interpretation of the verses in which this letter is used. Therefore, it can be said that the study of this letter gives several meanings that are connected in the meaning of the sample; therefore, it forms a periphery of meanings around the central meaning.
 
4. Methodology
Regarding the research approach, the researchers' view to obtain the semantic periphery of letters, even in the verses of the Qur'an, is a view that pays attention to the findings of cognitive linguistics. In fact, from the point of view of cognitive linguists such as Lakoff and Johnson, the authors have analyzed the content of verses in which the word has even been used. Regarding the research method, it should be said that the method used in this paper is conceptual analysis. Conceptual analysis is a method that is used to express the meaning and concept of words and phrases, in order to discover the hidden intentions of the speaker behind his statements.
 
5. Result
According to the studies conducted in the text of the article, the letter "Hatta" (even) in the Qur'an has a central meaning with the concept of a hypothetical end. But the function, even in the applied context of the verses, has not only conceptualized the same meaning, but has also encoded a periphery of other radial meanings by being placed in different structures. Accordingly, the letter even has a periphery of meanings, not a specific meaning. Therefore, sometimes with all the meanings of Ki and Ella, it is included in the inclusive expansion of its meaning, in some cases, it explains metaphorical meanings such as impossibility, result, condition and aggregation, and so on. In this way, by using this letter, a tangible and physical domain is the basis of the abstract domain, so that through this, complex revelatory concepts are brought closer to the audience's mind, in other words, they are in the domain of recognizing them. Finally, a conceptual analysis of letter "Hatta" (even) using the method of cognitive semantics showed that this word sometimes drew schemas such as volumetric, kinetic and power schemas to simplify non-empirical concepts. With the discovery of this semantic periphery, another consequence was the correction of misunderstandings and interpretive tolerances that arose from ignoring the diversity of the conceptual role of this word in Qur'anic expressions.

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This article explores the polysemy of four negative non-verbal prefixes in Persian language (zedd ‎‎'against, opposite of', bi 'without', nā 'not' and qejr 'not, non-') based on Principled Polysemy ‎framework (Tyler and Evans 2001, 2003). First, the primary sense of each prefix is determined ‎and then it is explained how non-primary senses are derived from the primary one, hence ‎demonstrating the semantic network of each prefix as a radial category. In this research, using ‎AntConc software (Anthony, 2014), first all the occurrences of the four prefixes were extracted ‎from the Hamshahri Corpus Version 2 (AleAhmad, Amiri, Darrudi, Rahgozar & Oroumchian, ‎‎2009) and then in order to analyze research data, some of them were randomly selected. The ‎findings of the study indicate that only in three of the four prefixes under study, polysemy is ‎observed, and that the frequency of use, ease of derivation and predominance in the semantic ‎network are the best criteria for determining the primary sense. The conceptual phenomenon ‎involved in the polysemy of these prefixes is metonymy. Data analysis shows that metonymical ‎shift occurs at two levels: at the level of morpheme/prefix sense and at the level of word-‎formation, and that the former leads to more straightforward relations within the semantic ‎network. This is due to the fact that the latter requires a more complex line of imagination which ‎automatically translates into a corresponding complexity of relations in the semantic network and ‎significant reduction in the type frequency of non-primary senses as a whole.‎