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Rahbari.M.                                                                       
 
Honore de Balzac, the French realistic author, offers us a work that might be the one of the greatest real-fantastic works in 19^th century. In the story of Leather Shagreen, the reader is introduced two Balzac’s mental aspects of Balzac namely critical point understanding and imaginative Balzac which explain Balzac’s interests in supernatural forces, talisman and superstition. The story Leather Shagreen points to a pieces of miraculous leather which surely is similar to Solomon’s seal. In this comparative study, we showed the two stories’ similarities, which indicates that stories might have a common source. Then the characters and elements of the story are studied.
 
 

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Stem rot with the causal agent Sclerotium rolfsii is a major disease of peanut in Guilan province, Iran. The aim of this investigation was to determine the inhibitory effect of native isolates of peanut root nodulating symbiotic bacteria on this fungus based on in vitro and in vivo studies. Several bacterial strains were isolated and purified from peanut roots collected from different fields. Eight of them were detected as the main symbiotic nodulating strains. These eight isolates were identified as Bradyrhizobium based on 16S rDNA gene analysis and different biochemical tests. The inhibitory effect of these strains on the radial growth of S. rolfsii was studied in vitro using sealed plate and dual culture methods. Strains significantly inhibited radial growth of the fungus on the PDA medium. Br9, Br18 and Br16 were recognized as strong inhibitors and Br14 as weak strain in dual culture method and used in greenhouse experiments. Ability of the selected strains in controlling the stem rot disease, reducing the disease parameters and enhancing the peanut growth parameters was investigated in greenhouse conditions. The strains significantly decreased the white rot index and increased peanut dry matter (P ≤ 0.01) in greenhouse.
 

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A Study on the Pictures of the Gods, Deities and Greek Goddesses on Seleucid and Parthian Seals and Seal Impressions Abstract With the fall of the Achaemenid Empire and the arrival of the Greeks in Asia, vast changes occurred in all aspects of life in the countries conquered by Alexander and his successors. These changes can be seen in different shapes in all social, political, cultural, art architecture aspects and even in religious beliefs. Seleucid and Parthian seals and seal expressions clearly show such changes. The mythological and religious pictures include Hellenistic themes such as images of Deities, Gods and Greek Goddesses. The most famous of these designs are Athena, Aphrodite, Zeus, Apollo, Tikkeh (Tikheh), Hermes, Eros, Nike (god of victory) and the god of justice. The samples were taken from centers such as Seleucia on the Tigris , Tel Kedesh, Uruk, Nisa and Saleh Davoude Khuzestan. The presence of these elements on the seals is not identical due to different demographics and the influence of Greek culture. In this paper, the effect of the Greek ideology on belief evolution in conquered territories were comparatively studied by evaluation of seals and seal Impressions. The seals and seal Impressions are historical materials whose pictures can clearly reflect the levels and trends of the changes. Keywords: Seleucid and Parthian periods, Seal and seal Impressions, Greek gods and Goddesses, Hellenism.

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Seal and seal impression in the Kura-Araxes phenomena considered as a rare findings why only ten seals have been brought to light in the whole distribution areas of this culture from Iran in the east to Palestine in the west. First and second seasons of excavation in Kul Tepe Hadishahr brought to light one stamp and cylinder seals that are considered as the first evidence of seal and seal making in the Kura –Araxes culture. Between these seals, cylinder one contains special and unique design that known as the Double-Spiral or spiral horns in the shape of a ram’s horn or owl or human eye as a symbol of Kura-Araxes culture. As this design and symbol revealed in Kura-Araxes culture on different objects such as pottery, metal objects and other jewelry and ornaments, its appearance on the seal design proof of many changes in the Kura-Araxes culture economic and social organization .    

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Nowadays, modern windows with standard caulking used in most buildings. Study of air infiltration and caulking this windows in several ways such as energy, indoor air quality, thermal comfort and pollution entering in the building is important. In this study consists of two parts, first experimentally investigated the airtight performance of various window gaskets. For this purpose, using 8 different types of gaskets and simulate modern window gap, air infiltration rates measured at different pressure differences. The results show that the airtight performance of various gaskets are different. Also fitted the experimental results by power low equation, and relations and coefficients for calculate air infiltration rate of modern windows (sealed windows), respectively. In the second section due to the very low air infiltration rate of the experimental results, indoor air quality assessed by numerical modeling methods. In the sample model, air infiltration of modern windows as ventilation and human breathing as a source of CO2 simulated. Indoor air quality is weighed by the CO2 concentration in the interior space. The results show that the air infiltration of window gaps to ensure air quality during the 8 hours is not enough. Then, assuming uniform distribution of CO2 in the sample space, and solve the transfer species equation for the problem situation, analytical equation for evaluating indoor air quality were achieved. Analytical results matches on numerical simulation results exactly. The results of this study can be very useful for HVAC engineers.

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This paper focuses on studying, introducing and comparing seals from the settlement areas and cemeteries in the North of Central Plateau of Iran. These seals were discovered in the previous and present excavations and surveys over the region. Based on the obtained results, the ratio of similarity and difference between the two groups of seals (from the settlement areas and the cemeteries) is quite proportionate to that of the potteries found in the mentioned region (again in the settlement areas and the cemeteries). The differences are not so significant to that ignore the traits they have in common. To put it simply, the specific signs and traits could be generally introduced as the seal making style of the Iron Age.

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In this study, an edible film based on gelatin-Persian gum was prepared and optimization of the edible film was done using Design Expert and Mixture Design. The resulting films were subjected to various physicochemical tests, including pH, total solid, heat seal ability, tensile strength, contact angle, calorimetric and moisture absorption. At first, modeling of responses was done using data regression analysis, and then 3D charts were drawn to show the effects of gelatin (0.5 -1), Persian gum (0.5 -1), and Glycerol (0-0.5) on the film characteristics. Finally, Numerical optimization based on optimization goals was performed and the optimal point with the highest desirability (0.78) was obtained. The ratio of each of the independent variables in the optimal formula was 0.5. Various properties of the optimal film including pH, total solid, heat seal ability, tensile strength, contact angle, moisture absorption, L*, a* and b* were obtained at 6.66, 95.61%, 84.45 N/M, 64.5 N, 77.34°, 4.5%, 70.98, 0.97 and 0.66 respectively. Generally, the findings proposed that the gelatin-persian gum-based edible film can be used as a food packaging material.

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Proper and timely maintenance of concrete pavement plays a decisive role in increasing the life of these pavements. Joint plain concrete pavement is a type of concrete pavement used for roads. One of the important parts of this type of pavement is the joints created in it. The use of joints to provide conditions for expansion and contraction in concrete pavements and thus reduce stresses due to changes in weather conditions (temperature and humidity), friction, and facilitate the manufacturing process. Due to the fact that the joint in the joint plain concrete pavements is a weakened area for the conduction of cracks from unforeseen areas of the concrete slab to it, the entry of water and other materials into it causes penetration into the underlying layers of the slab to prevent penetration. Joint Sealants are used in these areas. Hot applied bitumen sealant is one of the most common sealants used in joints, which is based on bitumen. One of the key factors in the longevity of concrete pavement is the proper functioning of the joint and joint sealant. The adhesion and cohesion failures are two main damage types in the hot-applied bituminous joint sealants in concrete pavement joints. The mentioned failures are caused by the contraction of concrete pavement under the temperature drop and fluctuation as well as vertical displacement due to passing traffic load. The failure in joint sealant causes elimination of water proofing feature in joints leading to penetration of water into the sublayers. Subsequently, the presence of water in sublayers results in pumping of water under the concrete slab, which leads to other failures types, such as faulting, blow up, corner break. The resealing of joint sealant is the commonly used approach to repair the joints, which takes considerable costs, times and environmental consequences. In recent years, induction heating has attracted substantial attentions among the pavement engineers for innovative applications, specifically for induced healing. The researchers used this method in asphalt mixtures to heal cracks and microcracks. To make the electromagnetic radiations more effective, they used bipolar additives such as activated carbon and carbon black to raise the temperature of the asphalt mixture and cover the cracks and microcracks. In this study, the induction heating and induced healing of asphalt binder was carried out in reaping the joint sealant and to recover the cohesion-adhesion failures. To this end, a new testing setup and frame were designed to conduct the tensile test on hot-applied bituminous joint sealant. First, the sealant bitumen was placed between two concrete blocks, and then the specimens were conditioned at low temperatures (i.e. -10 °C, -20 °C, and -30 °C). After conditioning, the tensile under a displacement controlled loading test was carried out until failure point of joint sealant. Subsequently, the broken joint sealants were exposed to the electromagnetic radiation in a microwave machine to heat and heal the joint sealant. Then, the tensile test was again conducted on the specimen until failure point. The results showed that induced healing can recover and heal the joint sealant experienced cohesion-adhesion under contraction loading. This observation indicates that the induced heating is a potential technique to repair the joint sealants in jointed concrete pavements.

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An efficient approach to road safety coupled with preventive maintenance of asphalt pavements is the application of colored slurry seal, as it improves the road visibility while enhancing the aesthetic aspects of the urban space. Around the globe, application of colored surface treatments on roads has witnessed a growth in recent years, especially in urban areas. This study aims at investigating the feasibility and effectiveness of using electric-arc furnace steel slag as an alternative to natural aggregates in the colored slurry seal mixture design followed by a performance assessment of the resultant mixture. For this purpose, first, characteristics of the aggregate and steel slag were investigated. Next, performance of the designed slurry seal mixture was assessed by testing five different mixtures containing the slag at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 wt.%. Evaluation and comparison of the asphalt specimens were performed by conducting 30- and 60-min wet cohesion tests, 60-min wet track abrasion test, loaded wheel-sand adhesion test, and loaded wheel-displacement test according to ASTM D3910. Based on the XRF results, the considered steel slag powder contained a significant amount of calcium oxide (~ 57% of natural aggregate). The high CaO/SiO₂ ratio for the steel slag indicates its alkalinity, which suggests its improved adhesion to bitumen thanks to its rather acidic nature. According to FESEM results, the steel slag material was found to be composed of particles of angular geometry with a rougher surface and higher porosity than natural aggregates, further indicating better slag-bitumen adhesion. Performance assessments indicated superior performance of the steel slag-containing specimens of colored slurry seal. Among the studied mixtures, the one with 40 wt.% steel slag exhibited the best performance, as shown by 27.8 and 37.3% increase in the mixture cohesion upon 30- and 60-min wet cohesion tests, respectively, as compared to the control specimen. Furthermore, 47.7% lower moisture sensitivity and 50.8% and 40% smaller vertical and lateral displacements, respectively, were observed for the slag-containing mixture. The bleeding potential of the mixtures decreased with increasing the steel slag dosage from 0 to 40 wt.%, so that the mixture containing steel slag at 40 wt.% exhibited 23.7% lower bleeding potential. Trying to optimize the asphalt emulsion dosage, it was figured out that the optimal content of asphalt emulsion increases with the added content of steel slag to the mixture. Accordingly, the mixture containing steel slag at 40 wt.% required 1.9% more asphalt emulsion to achieve a given cohesion level within a certain time. Based on the results of this research, in order to improve performance characteristics of colored slurry seal mixtures while observing environmental obligations, it is recommended to use steel slag as an alternative to natural aggregates in this type of surface treatment. Therefore, according to the environmental issues and the limitations of natural resources, it is recommended that steel slag be replaced by natural aggregates up to 40% in the colored slurry mixture. By replacing steel slag, proper adhesion and cohesion between asphalt mixture materials is achieved and its resistance to moisture sensitivity, traffic loading and bleeding is improved.
 

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New surgical technologies are continuously being developed to enhance control during operations and mitigate injuries resulting from surgical procedures. One such advancement is the ultrasonic laparoscopic surgical tool known as the ultrasonic scalpel, which is designed to minimize surgery-related injuries when used alongside conventional tools. Establishing optimal input parameters for this ultrasonic instrument not only enhances operational reliability but also decreases the risk of resultant injuries. Ongoing research investigates the impact of varying power and duration of ultrasonic vibrations, along with the equivalent energy input into the blood vessel during surgery, on tissue mechanical characteristics and thermal effects. This study assesses the ability of sheep carotid artery tissues to withstand blood pressure within the vessel and examines thermal damage through pressure testing and optical imaging. Findings indicate that maintaining constant time at specific power yields maximum pressure tolerance at optimal power levels. However, varying the time at specific power settings produces different effects. For instance, the highest blood pressure resistance, at 1100 mmHg, was observed at 44 Watt of power over a 10 second duration at 10 newton. Furthermore, results demonstrate that increased energy input correlates with heightened thermal damage to surrounding tissues during the operation.

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Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are recognized as one of the promising technologies for clean energy production due to their high efficiency, low operating temperature, and environmental compatibility. In these cells, the Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA), as the core component, plays a crucial role in the system's performance. One of the main challenges in designing and operating this assembly is preventing the leakage of fuel and oxidant gases, which directly impacts the fuel cell's overall efficiency. This paper reviews various sealing methods for the MEA, categorizing them into four main types: direct membrane sealing (PEM), membrane sealing with a plastic frame, MEA sealing with a frame, and rigid protective frame sealing. Each method has its unique features and can effectively improve performance and extend the operational lifespan of fuel cells, depending on the design and operational requirements. The results indicate that integrated sealing structures produced through injection molding processes are suitable for mass production due to their cost-effectiveness and ease of assembly. Additionally, rigid protective frame structures, owing to their high resistance to pressure and ability to prevent membrane damage, are better suited for applications requiring higher stability. Finally, the paper provides recommendations to enhance sealing methods and improve the efficiency of membrane fuel cells

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Bertolt Brecht wanted the theater to become a forum for dialogue rather than a platform for delusions, and to develop a new concept of theater creativity known as "Westernization" or "APEC Theater" which aims to stimulate the cash circle in the spectator's mind. This concept is based on the idea of "making what is strange" and this turns it into a poetic act. Brecht intended, from this concept, to extract emotion from theatrical production and to distance the viewer from the characters of the play and the actors' departure from their roles, and then the truth becomes easier to understand. Asghar Farhadi is considered one of the most important Iranian film directors, and he is one of the few who owns a style of their own, and The Salesman  is one of his most important films as we in this article seek to show the way this film took in order to find positive and interactive viewers through two main axes: characters and their conversations as well as direction. Here we can see the way the audience is formed. By extrapolating this film with the opinions of Brecht, and the reasons for the influence of the film "Froshendeh" or Salesman, on the audience, it will be analyzed through the concept of divergence and identification. It seems that Farhadi like Brecht uses the same indirect methods, to reach effective and active viewer and forcing the audience to think. But, of course, Farhadi's style does not contradict the audience's identification with the characters of the film, in addition to creating a special and modern type of divergence in his own way through camera movements, decoration, decoupage, film framing, and narrative. Because in the present era with ordinary subjects and a normal treatment of the story, this does not force the viewer to think.  
 

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Seals have been important as one of the archaeological findings with various motifs and functions from the past which recount different aspects of human life. The use of seals with various designs can be seen during the Achaemenid period (5th century B.C), including a number of cylindrical seals that have been obtained from Persepolis and have the themes of heroism combined with animals. Therefore, the analysis can provide important information about the cultural and artistic structure which ruled on Persepolis. In this article, an attempt is made to analyze Achaemenid seals and the reasons for their use as well as an investigation about patterns and their influence on the native Iranian art and other nations, particularly Mesopotamia. This is a descriptive-analytical research in terms of method and the data are derived from librarian sources. Therefore, the researcher will examine and categorize the designs and themes of Persepolis seals and then compare them with the art of other nations, especially the Middle East, and the conclusion is based on the analytical comparisons. The conclusion provides the information that seals with heroic themes and mythical animals of Persepolis have an extreme similarity and adaptation from Mesopotamian seals, especially Assyrian, and they have received the most influence in terms of content and structure from the Assyrian seals. However, in terms of credibility and dynamic, Persepolis seals have similarities and differences with Assyrian and other nations. While as some distinctions, the researcher must mention the special staging of the spaces on seals, which has made them unparalleled. While among indigenous peoples who lived on the plateau of Iran, these seals are more influenced by Mannaeans art than anywhere else; and even the animal themes on the seals were closer in terms of form to the motifs found in Hasanlu, Ziviyeh and Qalaiji than Assyrian.