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Discourse analysis has emanated from ideas os scholars od Linguistics, semiotics, hermeneutics and the theories of Michel Foucault (1926-1992), but in contrast to the aforementioned methods, it cover the two aspects of the text: form and meaning and so it is a comprehensive approach for text analysis. Scholars like Fairclough, Wodak, Van Dijk, Fowler and Kress played an important role in introducing and promoting critical discourse analysis as a new approach to text analysis. In this research we have used Norman Fairclough’s approach. In the present study, it was tried to analyze Sovashoon of Simin Daneshvar. In so doing, we discussed the views of the author, and using an innovative approach, we discovered various semantic and thematic layers of meanings closer to this novel. It was concluded that Daneshvar,with her special approach to the political and social changes of her time ,has connected the politico-social factors to mythological ones. This approach is specific to her, different with others' and so we can consider it as her own unique ideology. From a critical discourses analytic perspective, Simin Daneshvar, in her writings, made use of specific terms, epical and mythical dimensions and its connection with religion while generalizing these elements and connecting it to our era, has sought to create an independent Iranian identity. She managed to create an anti-imperialistic hero from the working class and naturally promoted women’s role in the contemporary novels from a housewife to a reformer and activist in the socio-political areas.

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The present paper intends to apply the Tense theory of Harald Weinrich to the study of tense in two Persian novels, Boofe Koor and Soveshoon. The findings show that categorization of texts into discussion and narration by Weinrich, could be applied in Persian fiction. Ayande (Future), Haal (Present) and Naqli (Perfect) construct those parts of a text that more tend to have qualities of discussion and discourse. On the other hand, past tenses like Gozashte Sadde (Simple Past), Gozashte Estemrari (Past Progressive) and Gozashte Dour / Ba'eed (Past Perfect) more tend to construct narrative parts of the texts. In addition, each group has its own past, present and future. In discussion system, Naqli plays the role of stating past, Haal is the zero point and states the present and Ayande states the future. On the other hand, in narration system, Gozashte Dour stating past and both Gozashte Sadde and Gozashte Estemrari are zero points and state the present. Moreover, we can say there is not a specific tense in Persian to state the future in this system. Finally, two tenses of Gozshte Sadde and Gozshte Estemarai play a role of foregrounding in narration system. The parts stated by Gozashte Estemrari usually are located on the background of the scene, while the main points of the narration which is stated by Gozashte Sadde are located on the foreground of the scene.

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Ahmad Sovaylemi is one of the poets of the second generation (60^th decade) in Egypt whose poems are greatly influenced by the heredity of the past. A study of his poems indicates that a considerable part of such  heredity is that of mystics. Given that the most famous mystical poets are Persian, such influence is quite predictive. A survey of Alshawgh fi Madaen Al-eshgh determines that Sovaylem knew Attar and Mantegh Al-tayr well enough, to the point that he clearly mentions his name and calls him: “The heart of Islamic mysticism”. Therefore, this paper is an attempt to reveal the aspects of the above –mentioned influence on him, considering the viewpoint of French literary school, which emphasizes the mutual effect of the poets on one another. 

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The issue of territorial claims of countries in cyberspace, which is done with the aim of extending territorial sovereignty from real geography to cyberspace, can have different dimensions from a legal point of view. Because a diverse range of national, non-national, private actors, public institutions and citizens are present in cyberspace, each of which pursues its own interests in this space, and the efforts of each to exercise sovereignty in this space can lead to the reaction of other actors and legally complicates the issue of governance and governance of cyberspace. For the author of this article, this issue became a research issue worthy of attention and provided the ground for him to study the various dimensions of this issue with the help of the literature in the knowledge of international law. To achieve this goal in this study, in the first step, an attempt will be made to use the concept of customary international trade law to assess the issue of legal interaction across national borders and territorial sovereignty of countries and then will try to investigate this issue that which factors do affect the exercise of sovereignty in cyberspace by different countries?. In the following, by examining these factors, the legal consequences of countries territorial claims in cyberspace will be examined, and this issue will also be discussed that what consequences will ultimately have the territorial claims which cause the conflict of interests in cyberspace from the perspective of international law?

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In this study, we present new faunistic data on spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) from the Western Balkans. Our findings include the first records of six genera and 23 species for Kosovo: Micaria (2 species), Nomisia (2 species), Allagelena (1 species), Alopecosa (1 species), Ballus (1 species), Cheiracanthium (1 species), Clubiona (1 species), Dipoena (1 species), Enoplognatha (1 species), Eresus (1 species), Hoplopholcus (1 species), Icius (1 species), Mendoza (1 species), Mimetus (1 species), Myrmarachne (1 species), Talavera (1 species), Tegenaria (1 species), Trochosa (1 species), Walckenaeria (1 species), Zodarion (2 species), and Zora (1 species). Additionally, two genera and two species are newly recorded for Albania. One species each is newly recorded for Serbia and North Macedonia. Photographs of the habitus and copulatory organs are provided for all treated species, supporting identification and taxonomic comparisons.

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The disappearance of bipolar system following the disintegration of the Soviet :union:, has also changed many strategic concepts. Central Asia, as a part of the Soviet empire, has become an arena for regional and global challenges after these transformations. The region, already faced with various political, economic, social and cultural problems, soon became a location for the activities of Islamic fundamentalists, which in turn intensified regional crisis. Different socio-political problems made the ground for these activities. The basic question of this paper is: What is the role of NATO enlargement and its effects on security provision in Central Asia? This paper tries to answer that, “what role can NATO play in Central Asia in order to provide security in this region specially after September 11th and the following events”. Based on current security issues in Central Asia, America has seriously emphasized on socio-economic reforms under the” Greater Middle East” framework. Central Asian leaders are obliged to control political, social and economic crisis to prevent terrorist acts and reduce public dissatisfaction. Political transformations following the Soviet :union: collapse have clearly revealed that the roots of threat and instability in Central Asia are essentially internal. Sooner or later, leaders of these states have to resolve these threats, based on a clear understanding of regional sociopolitical realities.

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After the change in the basis of government's legitimacy from divine right of monarchs to people's or nation's right to sovereignty in European's Political Philosophy, “Separation of Powers” has been raised as the basic principle of government by scholars and philosophers of politics. Later it leads to the birth of the term “Executive Power” in the legal-political literature. This term has encountered several changes in practical arena and has undergone many implications in different circumstances and eras. In this article, besides reviewing the nature of “Executive Power” from the attitude of the originators of the “Separation of Powers” theory, its bases and main tasks are analyzed, and by employing these study's results, the current approaches, i.e. classical/traditional and modern approaches are evaluated toward interpretation of the concept of “Executive Power”. Finally, highlighting the modern approach, which believes in extensive interpretation of this concept according to its possible purposes and main tasks, we emphasized that it is essential for parliament to appropriately supervise on the executive power to prevent it from derogation, not limiting it, which may decrease its efficiency.

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     There has long been no compromise between the experts about an important subject such as public regularity. In spite of the high importance of public regularity concept in ordering the legal system and also confining legitimate rights of citizens and exposure of legal return, according to contravention, passing or deviation from it. Hence, two different proponents and opponents have tried to prove their own beliefs against each other according to applying reasons and each of them has offered some logics about their own rightfulness. The authors regarding the parties’ reasons, necessary pillars and criteria about this idea believe that, since in all topics related to public regularity, the target is to avoid doing any task, there identifying and defining the concept of public order is an important issue which cannot be overlooked easily. Authors defend a doctrine with different reasons that needs and necessitates presenting a definite description. It is also emphasized to explain this concept and remove the existing challenges need endeavor of legislators and lawyers in illustrating profits and social benefits as an undeniable subject.  

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abstract: The independence is relative, in spite of separation of powers, in Islamic Republic of Iran. Importantly, mutual support among government agencies is to allow the service to be more provided to the country and also prevent conflicts or illegal rebellions of the institutions against each other. Lack of proper interaction between governmental institutions led to acting and trading, and this is a disaster. The main objective of this paper is to draw the desired pattern of relationships between sovereign institutions within the framework of the constitution. The main criterion which is essential to be considered in the development of relations between institutions of governance is "check and balance". So, the first step is to try to prove the implications of the relationship between sovereign entities in accordance with the constitution using content analysis, and also provide a consensus by using Delphi technique. After condition stipulating in line with the constitution, issues or problems between the sovereign institutions were reviewed to achieve the desired study pattern using approach of focus group and finally a model with greater transparency in the check and balance mechanism of the sovereign institutions on each other was provided.

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Guarantee of the fundamental rights in a society requires democratical principles and structures. On the one hand, accepting the popular vote in multiple domains is considered to be as of fundamental rights that could protect the sovereignty of the people and promote representation system to a real and efficient structure. On the other hand, this right should not and can not be limited in the framework of formal structure or legal system. Sovereignty in the modern sense requires that, first, the capacity of reflection of the will of the people through multiple channels, and second, if a conflict happens between people and formal structures or legal system, it is necessary to resolve the conflict in favor of the people. In a democracy, the constitution should not be contrary to the will of the people in order in determining their common good and individual self-determination.
In a modern approach to governance, any form of political power should be adopted with the will of the people to be legitimate.

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There are two main approaches in the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran; In the first approach, equal value to the principles of the constitution has not been considered and some of the principles are in a higher position so that the hierarchy of constitutional principles is considered. In the second approach, the constitution is regarded as integrated collection and no one has superiority over another and in case of any ambiguity, all the principles should be interpreted according to the principle of popular sovereignty. As a result, two different conception of popular sovereignty is conceivable that sometimes argued as different sovereignties; dual and single. There is a meaningful relationship between the notion of sovereignty in the constitution and the people's right to self-determination. The main research question is that, which concept of the sovereignty to be recognized by the constitution; dual or single? What is the impact of the recognition of each approache on the people's right to self - determination?
 

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In domestic law, the influence of the will of the parties in the conclusion of the contract is subject to the non-opposition of this will to the customary rules of the rights of that country. But in the international arena, which may have parties to different nationalities or, a foreign element may be involved in a contract, one of the issues that arises is the degree of influence of the will of the parties in the choice of law and Obstacles to the enforcement of this law are selective, in the Rome Rule one, "In addition to recognizing the principle of degradability or the depecage the principle of Sovereignty of will, in absolute terms, but in American law, the principle of Sovereignty of will, with due observance of a fundamental or rational condition, is conditionally admissible. In recent years, with the change in the  American legal system's approach, the principle of sovereignty of will has been abandoned and is fully recognized in international treaties. Of course, in spite of the absolute acceptance of the principle of the will of will, the law may not be enforced because of the opposition to the general order and the rules of the country's home court.
 

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International law consist of  the set of Principles, Rules and Regulations that accepted for Relations between States and International Organizations in International Community. Sovereignty of State would have a central role in creation of these Regulations. However, Sovereignty of State has been weakened in favor of Human and Humanity duration last few Decades. Focus on Human Right and its benefit and discourse -making for that on International Relation cause to Fading out Westphalian Sovereignty while Responsibility of State for Protection of Human Right has been Highlighted. No doubt Humanist Thoughts has important effects on this process.  This article tries  study that process by using Descriptive – Analytical Research Method.

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It is a typological observation in more than 90% of languages where the basic word order is either subject–verb–object (SVO) or subject–object–verb (SOV). Functional typologists believe that the prevalence of these two orders; in which the subject precedes the two other elements, and the verb and the object are contiguous is due to the functions of language in the real world. Hence, the two principles of subject salience and verb-object contiguity have been proposed. The typological explanations put forward for these two principles hold that transitive sentences of a language have come into existence as a result of the encoding of the prototypical transitive action scenario. In such a scenario, subject salience is a result of the fact that the transitive action scenario is started by the doer of the activity. Also, because of the tight causal relationship between the activity and its receiver, the linguistic counterparts of these two elements, too, tend to be contiguous. Since functional pressures can only be manifested in language through human cognition, the present paper looks at the cognitive processes involved in the cross-linguistic prevalence of the afore-mentioned word orders.

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Considering the role of will in private law, especially in contracts and transactions, some legal systems have also proposed the interference of the parties’ will in determining the competent court to deal with the civil liability claims of the road transport operator. The main question is that, does the will have such a role in the studied systems or not? The primary premise is that in the scope of private law, will has a fundamental role and is even effective in choosing a court. By using the comparative research method, we come to the conclusion that in the studied legal systems, with respect to the public order and imperativeness party of the rules of civil procedure, examples of the manifestations of will can be seen in it. This can be seen implicitly in the legal system of Iran, Afghanistan and the CMR Convention. It is suggested that, as necessary, the scope of will in the proceedings should be expanded like other parts of private law, and the law of civil and commercial procedure in Iran and Afghanistan should be amended in line with the CMR convention and the change in the approach of the countries.

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 Developments and accomplishments of the newly founded Republic of Turkey in the first half of the 20^th century had long been the focus of Reza Khan, the Pahlavi ruler of Iran. He considered Atatürk and his actions to be a good model for modern life. After ascending the throne, in parallel with the implementation of Western models, he applied the dominant thinking of Turkey about people’s way of life. Emphasis on the role of women, believing that the backwardness of social organization is the reason for the humiliation of women in the society, was closely pursued by Reza Shah as an important policy and as an ideology of his governance. Among special features and components of women's issues are their presence in the social fields, clothing, health, work and financial independence, and their education, which are addressed comparatively. The main question of this article is that despite the policies of Reza Shah's government regarding women, following the example of Atatürk, what similar achievement was made? If not, what were the reasons for this? The present article tries to identify different aspects of Iran and Turkey by using archival documents, newspapers, written sources, historical researches, and descriptive-analytical methods in examining instances of modernization by imitating Turkey. The result confirms the main point that it is not correct to equate the social modernization activities of Reza Shah and Atatürk. The personality structure, the level of knowledge and awareness, and how the two came to power had a different process, and finally, the society's approach to their position in power was also different. Reza Shah's perspective with Atatürk on women's issues and the actions taken by each of them to change the position of women followed different conditions, reactions, and consequences, which in this article is highlighted using a grounded theory and a background study on issues and finally an appropriate analysis is made based on the author's perception.