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The need to address reading skills in language teaching is important because it is related to the other three skills (listening, speaking and writing) and ultimately affects the main goal of language teaching, which is the ability to create effective communication. Now, given the presence of all mobile phones and laptops, questions arise, to what extent are electronic opportunities included in the educational content of the Russian language in Iran? Аanswering this question, as well as analyzing questionnaires with eleven main questions regarding the inclusion of new technologies, cultural topics, playing with proverbs and other issues raised in the teaching content of the reading lesson, as well as questions about whether such materials are included in the reading textbook or not, we came to the conclusion that there is an acute lack of new technologies and other things in the educational content of reading. Therefore, the authors of this study propose new ideas in the educational content of reading to solve existing problems and improve the educational process of teaching reading in Russian at the undergraduate level.
 

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Choosing the active or passive constructions for the native speakers of a language, as the name suggests, is simply a "choice" and "selection" and the speaker uses one of these two voices to express the meaning according to his situation and recognition. This conscious choice between the two structures mentioned is not a problem as long as the speaker speaks his native language. The problem begins when a person wants to speak or write in another language and for his “choice”, among the data and training that he has received in a foreign language up to this point, he looks for a reason to choose the best option among two voices and not allow errors. This article tries to answer the question: how can students for whom Russian is not their native language consciously choose a passive construction? In other words, this article is not intended to compare the Voice in Persian and Russian or to observe students’ “mistakes” in encountering this category. The article is aimed at developing a questionnaire containing the “correct” options from among the types of quasi-passive, passive and active and implementing it for 86 students of the Russian language in Iran and Russia (for whom Russian is considered a non-native language) and, based on the analysis of their answers, to reflect them "trend" in the use of passive structure. From this point of view, we try to help Russian teachers in teaching the use of the passive voice.

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 Akbari.M.,PH.D.  
 Fazaeli.H.               
Abstract:
           
For a short period, Afghanistan was a republic (1973-1978) and was then taken over by a communist regime. This new regime apart from being influential on a political level also left a deep imprint on culture and literature. During the regime’s early political life, the influence was more destructive than constructive. Everything was interpreted in order to serve the communist goals. Red, which was the color and symbol of socialist countries (including the former Soviet :union: and Communist China), made its way into Afghani literature in a very radical manner. Everyone, regardless of their social strata as well as the intelligentsia reacted to this excessiveness, a phenomenon reflected in the poems of Leila Sarahat.
In addition, Russian literature, such as the works of Pushkin and Dostoyevsky left a palpable impression on the literary culture.  In the beginning the Russian novels were introduced through translation done by Iranian writers, subsequently the work of translation was taken over by Afghanis themselves
In its later political years, the communist regime of Afghanistan tried to make a compromise and opened its political and cultural scene, which contributed to the growth and development of various cultural activities. It can also be said that the communist regime helped create cultural change and new literary trends outside Afghanistan itself, a literature of resistance, a literature of the Afghan Diaspora.
 
 

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The reason or cause of doing something, in most cases, differs in Persian and Russian Language. These differences will be revealed when the reason is explained using prepositions. In Russian, the prepositions, in addition to position and purpose, have causal features that are very important when talking in Russian and translating from Persian into Russian. Further Iranian language learners become superficially familiar with them when learning the language but they (language learners) are not taught enough as they ought to be. In Russian language, a definitive preposition is used for expressing a special reason in a way that the other preposition can not be replaced with it. The meaning of nouns and verbs, which are used with causal prepositions and also the reason of creating that, are really important in finding the causal preposition and that's why Iranian language learners have trouble in expressing the reason. This article examines Iranian language learners' problems and tries to prove it based on evidence.

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In recent years, the Russian Wheat Aphid, has been included worldwidely in the list of the important pests of cereals, particularly wheat plants. In addition to direct serious damage, the aphid is the main vector of Barley Yellow Dwarf, Barley Mosaic, and Sugarcane Mosaic Viruses. The pest was reported from East Azarbaidjan province (Iran) a few years ago and it is now widespread in Tabriz, Ahar and Kaleybar wheat fields. In the present study, the possibility of any resistance was looked for at the tillering stage in Sardari, Sabalan, Alvand, Zarrin and Alamoot, the most extensively planted varieties in the province. The experiment was conducted under glasshouse conditions of 24.4±1.6 oC with 50- 60% R.H. and a photoperiod of 14:l0(L:D). Antibiosis was determined by studying the percentage survival of the nymphs, their developmental time, and fecundity (total number of progeny per /female produced within the first 10 and 15 days of the reproductive cycle) calculating the relevant intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm values). The analysis of variance indicated that, regarding the last two parameters, there were significant differences (P<0.05) between the varieties. The highest (43.21±5.45) and the lowest (34.43±8.91) average numbers of progeny within the first 10 days were observed in those reared on the Sardari and Zarrin varieties respectively but the figures obtained within the first 15 days were found to be 49,43±13.31 on Alamoot and 58.86±9.45 on Sardari. Also the highest mean “rm” value (0.3399±0.01) was estimated for rearings on Sardari with the smallest (0.2889±0.03) on the latter. At present, Sardari seems to be more likley susceptible to the aphid amongst the others. Field trials and experiments on later phenological stages of the wheats and potential role of other resistance mechanisms is going on.

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Farhang–e Bozorg-e Sokhan (Sokhan’s Grand Dictionary, 8 vol., under the supervision of Hasan Anvari, Sokhan, Tehran, 2002) is relatively a new research in the field of Persian Lexicography. This dictionary as using of the achievements of previous dictionaries has many outstanding innovations various aspects of Lexicography. For example, beside of using of body language, in the process of choosing of words, it has given attention to different aspects of transcription, combinations of words, examples and relevant evidences. Etymology of Persian words is one of the characteristics of this dictionary, especially for the first time, it mentions the Russian origins of 90 Persian words. However, despite of this innovation, we can see some defects and mistakes in the etymology and semantics of Russian loanwords in Persian language; the subject that we will study in this paper. In other words, here we try to answer this main question: “In the Farhang-e Bozorg-e Sokhan, to what extent the Russian loanwords in Persian language has been mentioned correctly and what is their difference with their origins in Russian from the viewpoints of etymology and semantics.    

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This study tries to examine the syntactic characteristics of imperative structures with figurative meaning in the Russian language and the manner of their translation and description in Persian. Grammatical forms in the Russian language, apart from their original meaning, can also be applied in auxiliary and figurative meanings. The imperative mood in this language is not exempted from this rule. The original meaning of imperative mood predicates to an action that has been requested i.e. when a person commands someone to do an action. The imperative mood in the Russian language, with giving away its original meaning,  is applied for expressing various grammatical meanings such as action conditions, necessity, possibility to perform an action, unexpected action and so on.  This research is aimed at finding an answer to this question, that whether such structures with figurative meanings have special syntactic characteristics, compared to the structures with direct meaning, and is there any relationship between direct and figurative meanings in these structures? In this article, we will analyze 11 most important figurative meanings of imperative constructions in the Russian language, embedded in more than 60 examples, and will study the most common methods of their translation into the Persian language. Analyzing the syntactic and grammatical characteristics of imperative constructions with figurative meaning in the Russian language and various methods of their translation into Persian, due to fundamental syntactic and structural differences of basic and target languages are the most important aims of this study.

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Although syllable is not a meaningful unit of language, it has major functional roles in language. One of the most important functional roles of syllable is the formation and organization of language’s phonetic system. Any language has its specific syllable construct (patterns), and specific restrictions for the combination and use of sounds in the syllable level. In addition, various languages usually tend to keep their syllable rules; so, syllable patterns usually are not loaned by languages. Therefore, it can be said that part of differences in phonetic systems in various languages are caused by differences in their syllable structure. On the other hand, due to its main function (formation and organization of language’ phonetic system), syllable is directly associated with the learning of language’s phonetic system. The present article deals with comparison of the common syllable patterns in Russian and Persian languages. The results show that the patterns of the Russian syllable are more diverse than that of Persian. Most important differences that are often problematic for Iranian learners are the heavy consonant cluster in the onset of Russian words and syllables, as well as the frequency of multi-syllabic words in Russian language.  

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The verbal style of repentance is classified under the speech act of apology. To apologize to the highest authority in the religious hierarchy is called repentance. The purpose of this study is to identify the linguistic tools used to express repentance in both Persian and Russian. In this respect, we have attempted to understand the linguistic similarities and differences in repentance that lead to the diversity of this verbal style in the two languages. The research methodology is based on contrastive linguistics. The result shows that in both verbal environments, speakers use the single pronoun ‘you’ to address God. Moreover, the implication of imperative structure in the formulas of repentance is ‘request’ rather than ‘order’ and it includes begging and pleading with the addressee. In both languages, the singular imperative form is used to express repentance. Examples are Прости! (Forgive me) in Russian language, and dargozar (Forgive me) in Persian language. The characteristic of this verbal style in Persian is that some of these forms have been borrowed from Arabic: astaghfirullah and al’afv. In addition to the singular imperative form in Persian language, such borrowed forms – that are the morphological forms of the verb – as well as the phrasal form xodaya tobe tobe [=God, repentance, repentance] are used to express repentance. None of these grammatical structures are used in Russian language.  

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Translation of the Holy Qur'an is a way to establish a connection to Holy Qur'an for non-Arabic people, therefore analyzing and criticizing the translations of the Holy Qur'an is necessary to understand the merits and shortcomings of previous translations and to obtain a favorable translation. One of the common languages for the translation of the Holy Qur'an is the Russian language. Using a descriptive-analytical approach, this paper examines five prominent translations of the Holy Qur'an into Russian including the first verse of Surah Alaq by “Mohammed Nuri Usmanov”, “Valeria Prokhorova”, “Ignati Krachkowski”, “Elmir Kuliyev” and “Betsy Shidfar”. In this study, in addition to presenting a history of the translation of the Holy Qur'an into Russian, these translations were examined on the first verse of Surah Alaq, and their strengths and weaknesses were explained with reference to interpretive, literary, and historical evidence and finally, a relatively appropriate translation of the verse mentioned is presented in Russian language using the appropriateness of the verses in Surah Alaq.

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This study explained the impact of indirect speech acts with interrogative constructions on the course of dialogue from the perspective of the Russian language. Successful dialogue requires matching the intentions of communicants, that each of them has made its communicative purpose. Meanwhile addressee's statements are related speech acts, located entirely under the influence of the speaker's remarks. But sometimes, in the structure of the dialogue text are used constructions having a special purpose - to carry out the impact on the course of the dialogue. Interrogative sentences are actively used as a response cues in the dialogue, in this case they are indirect speech acts, since they were not used in their intended purpose - to ask a question. But are these proposals affect the course of the dialogue, or serve as a signal of communication failure? In this study indirect speech acts that have interrogative constructions assembled from National Corpus of Russian language and literature are analyzed in the course of the dialogue. In this research, which has functional descriptive approach, as a tool for discourse analysis was used the theory of Speech acts. The results of this study can be used to translate of indirect speech acts from Russian into Persian and vice versa.

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. This paper deals with the activities of some of the Muslim scholars, who has lived in newly formed Turkistan in the early years of the Twentieth Century. In this new geopolitics, under Russian troop’s domain, there were some active scholar, social and cultural groups that tried to preserve Islamic norms and values. They are known as Jadidi, Ziaee and Knowledge Phil. In order to answer the question about the type of their confrontation with Russian policies to change the Muslim’s mode of life, the authors show the overall change in their attitudes and behaviors. They used similar means like the imperialists; Meanwhile they criticized the Muslim societies too. In this paper the authors reveal transformation of some Jadidi leaders from confrontation to convergence. They note the causes of this change in the strong influence of the Russian culture and accepting Muslim weakness beside the impacts of the internal developments in Russia.  

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«نظریه عام کلیشه‌ها» یکی از نگاه‌های صورت‌گرایانه قرن بیستم به ادبیات عامیانه است که به تأثیر از مطالعات عامیانه، عبارت‌شناسی و واژگان‌شناسی صورت گرفت. جی. ال. پرمیاکوف زبان‌شناس و نویسنده روسی، با نوشتن کتاب از مثل تا قصه‌های عامیانه (1968) چارچوب نظری این نظریه را بنیان نهاد و با بررسی عناصر بازتولیدی زبان از قبیل ضرب المثل‌ها، چیستان، کنایات، قصه‌ها، و هرگونه عبارت قالبی و فرمولوار زبان در تقابل با متون تولیدی و خلاق زبان، نظریه عام کلیشه‌ها را معرفی نمود. پرمیاکوف و برخی هم‌نظران وی برخلاف گروهی که عقیده داشتند در آفرینش‌های ادبی باید از عناصر کلیشه‌ای زبان پرهیز شود و چندان نظر مساعدی به‌این‌گونه عبارات نداشتند، تلاش کردند که علت وجودی کلیشه‌ها و فواید ساختار آن را توجیه کنند. و نشان دهند که کلیشه‌ها صرفاً مشتی عبارات دست‌دوم، کهنه و پیش‌پا افتاده نیست. پرمیاکوف از منظر زبان‌شناسی، نظریه عام کلیشه‌ها را ارائه می‌کند و حدود طرح کلی نظریه‌اش از ضرب‌المثل‌ها (کوچکترین واحد ادبیات عامیانه) تا افسانه‌ها (بزرگترین واحد ادبیات عامیانه) را شامل می‌شود و بیشتر به دنبال تحلیل ساختاری واحد‌های ادبیات عامیانه است. با استناد به عنوان فرعی این کتاب: «یادداشت‌هایی درباره نظریه عام کلیشه‌ها» می‌توان ادعا نمود که این نظریه هنوز کامل نیست و پرمیاکوف بیشتر به دنبال طرح مقدماتی این نظریه بوده‌‌است. هدف ما از ارائه این نوشته، معرفی این نظریه و جایگاه آن در نقد ادبی است و برای این منظور، تلقی زبان‌شناسان و منتقدان ادبی را از منظر محققان شعر شفاهی و نیز صورتگرایان درباره ادبیات عامیانه جستجو نموده‌ا‌یم.

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This article reviews the nouns ending in suffixes «-як(а) / -ак(а)» in Russian language,having the concept of common generic noun in this language and agentive adjective in Persian, and also analyzes their derivability in terms of derivation and grammar of Persian and Russian. Semantically, these words usually have a wide variety. The aim of this research is to identify all common generic nouns between females and males, or so-called «общий род» ending in suffixes «-ак» and «-як» in Russian language, and their equivalents in Persian, and also to check out the derivative relation of the words in this language. For a closer look at the issue, examples of literary works in Russian were translated and Persian equivalents of the common generic nouns ending in suffixes «-ак» and «-як» were analyzed. Also, for choosing the appropriate Persian equivalents, the contemporary word formation tools were used and roots of words and their derivability and non-derivability were analyzed. Then the author classified semantic components of words ending in these two suffixes. Finally, the relationship between agentive adjectives in Persian language and these words were discussed. The comparative method and insight of this research in analysis of common generic noun equivalents ending in suffixes «-ак» and «-як», and the analytic and translational approach of this analysis in Persian language distinguishes this research from other researches on common generic noun in Russian language.
 
 

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The Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), is a significant insect pest of wheat worldwide. The objective of this study was to assess the genetic variation within and between F2-derived families for reaction to RWA using F3 and F4 families originating from individual F2 plants of a cross between the susceptible line (synthetic hexaploid-11) and the resistance cultivar (‘Halt’). The RWA damage of individual plants within each family was measured using different procedures. Their reaction types were combined into a single data for each individual family (derived from an individual F2 plants) and subjected to statistical analysis. Results indicated that the genetic variation between F2-derived families is greater than within F2-derived families for RWA resis-tance. Broad-sense heritability of RWA resistance, calculated by partitioning phenotypic variation into genetic and environmental components, was 73.2%. A narrow-sense herita-bility estimate of 30% was obtained for the RWA resistance in the ‘Halt’ synthetic hexaploid-11 cross using parent-offspring (F3: F4) regression procedure.

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Though the sixty-year duration of the domination of the Afsharid and the Zand dynasties is of great importance for the Iranian Armenian politicization it has mainly been ignored. Focusing on daily developments to understanding the switch in political trends of this people from Iran toward Russia which was subjected to enormous ups and downs wouldn’t be helpful so much. Any survey here should obligate itself to take simultaneously into account features of the institution of policy of the society and the characteristics of its concomitant world time. Accordingly, the present study would elucidate impacts of a rising early capitalism and a flourishing system of absolutist states on the transmutation of the Iranian Armenian politicization.

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This research is dedicated to the study of basic radar terms in the Russian language and their equivalents in Persian. Despite the high level of military interactions between Iran and Russia in various areas, such as radar and radar equipment, there is no specialized bilingual dictionary to meet the requirements of translators and specialists. In this paper, the authors analyze current equivalents radar terms and abbreviations in 9 sources such as: bilingual Russian – English, Russian- Persian and English-Persian dictionaries, and equivalents offered by Persian language and literature academy and specialists in the area. After analyzing the equivalents in various sources, in case of untranslated terms, the authors offer equivalent for the terms. The results of this research showed that existing sources were useful at least in 50% of all cases which could meet the needs of their users. In other cases, researches seem necessary to translate terms from Russian to Persian language. In this paper the authors with the help of specialists were trying to translate these terms and offer an approach to do such research works in other areas.
 

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This article is dedicated to study of Persian equivalents of emotive predicates in Russian syntactic structures. The number of Russian syntactic models serving to describe the mental state, depending on the lexical and grammatical nature, ranges from one to seven. In Persian language, as well as in Russian, there are different linguistic ways to express the emotional state, but they are poorly studied, moreover, they are not clearly classified, unlike their analogues in Russian language. The variety of synonymous models for expressing mental states in Russian language makes it difficulties for Iranian students to select the appropriate model. This problem requires comparative study of ways of expressing mental states in Russian and Persian languages.
The purpose of this study is to attempt to answer two main questions: how equivalence are the Russian syntactic structures of emotive predicates in Persian language, and is it possible to provide a stable model for their translation from Russian into Persian?
The novelty of our study is that for the first time we consider the linguistic ways of expressing a mental state in a comparative Russo-Persian aspect. In order to classify the Persian equivalents of emotive predicates in Russian language have been reviewed about 5,400 examples of literary works translated directly from Russian language into Persian and also examples from Russian-Persian dictionaries. Analysis of collected examples shows that in the Persian language the Russian emotive predicates are expressed with the help of at least 11 different language means. These means can be classified into three groups: 1) nominal model 2) verbal model 3) metaphorical model.
As our study shows, the meanings of the Russian verbs of the emotional state in most cases are expressed in the Persian language by the verbal model, and among the subgroups of this model, compound verbs are the most frequent model, specially verbs by model: noun with meaning of mental state + verb. Other Russian models are expressed in the Persian language generally with the help of nominal models and among the subgroups of this model, constructions with non-verbal predicates (noun, adjective) + linking verb or constructions with non-verbal predicates + connected pronoun are the most common. In addition, our study shows that the translation of emotive predicates in different Russian syntactic constructions into Persian language does not follow a stable model.
 
 
 

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Through a survey conducted in West Azarbaijan province, northwestern Iran in 2022, infested fruits of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (Elaeagnaceae) were collected. Anarsia eleagnella Kuznetsov, 1957 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) was obtained from laboratory rearing. A parasitic wasp was collected in the rearing container that was identified under Hyssopus geniculatus (Hartig, 1838) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). This parasitoid is a primary ectoparasitoid and a new record of H. geniculatus on A. eleagnella. Also, the association of H. geniculatus with E. angustifolia and the family Elaeagnaceae is new. Notes on the diagnostic characters of H. geniculatus are provided and illustrations of A. eleagnella and H. geniculatus are presented. The feeding behaviour of A. eleagnella larvae is preliminarily studied. Finally, the colour variations of the collected H. geniculatus specimens compared to the published literature are discussed.

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Iranian learners of the Russian language face numerous problems when learning the Russian grammar. One of these problems is the complexity of Russian prepositions, especially spatial and temporal prepositions in comparison with the Persian language. Since the task of the teacher is to facilitate the learning environment, to improve the learning process and to classify the content of learning from a logical point of view, it is necessary, first of all, to identify students' errors and study the causes of their occurrence. At the next stage, the teacher needs to think about ways to overcome these mistakes. The main objective of this study is to classify the frequent errors of Iranian students who use the spatial and temporal prepositions of Russian by identifying the reasons for their occurrence and the ways to overcome them. The corpus of the present study consists of 150 students of the middle stage of Allame Tabatabaei University. Research methodology is experimental –descriptive. The results of the study show that the most frequent errors in the application of spatial and temporal prepositions are associated with the interference between the native and the studied language, and the possibility of using simple Russian prepositions with several cases. Strategies are also being shown to reduce errors, among which the most important is the introduction of the subject “teaching prepositions” into the program of teaching Russian in Iran and teaching students to think in Russian, rather than translating Persian thoughts.