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Showing 69 results for Ritual
Volume 1, Issue 1 (5-2011)
Abstract
Empowerment has high impact managerial and organizational efficiency and effectiveness. On the other hand, the role of entrepreneur people to create competence advantages is undeniable. The advantages of the workplace spirituality (innovation, organizational commitment and so on) can make our organization an effective organization. So relationship between psychological empowerment, workplace spirituality and entrepreneurial behavior is the aim of this research. The conceptual model of research has been designed using these three variables. For this purpose, six hypotheses were tested. It was concluded that there is a significant relationship among three variables (psychological empowerment, workplace spirituality and entrepreneurial behavior).
Volume 1, Issue 3 (3-2004)
Abstract
The word hemmat in Farsi conveys the meaning of will, endeavor, effort and high-mindedness while in the view point of the wise it is one on the spiritual wayfaring level. In other words it is the wings for spiritual flying of the wayfarer to reach to the high end. Hemmat is the factor for working and reaching the God’s benevolences and it also will promote the patience and tolerance against the difficulties. The nature of the wayfarers’ high-mindedness is not only ignoring the worlds but it is the destination of the wayfarers. Although some of the wayfarers may reach the end without making any efforts and only by the God’s mercy but, it is necessity as it directs their willing and promote the accomplishments and confirmations by God and accelerate reaching to the end. High Hemmat is not limited to the affairs within the capability but, it covers the affairs more beyond the capability.
Volume 2, Issue 2 (8-2012)
Abstract
One of the new subjects in the domain of organizational behavior is the concept of spiritual intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior .In fact, this intelligence is the one which enables a person to make his activities and works meaningful and by dint of that, he becomes aware of his effectiveness. Spiritual intelligence, due to its connection with meaning and value, can cause a change in human beings. On the other hand, organizational citizenship behavior defines extra- role behavior which will be appeared in terms of altruism, working conscientiousness, courtesy, sportsmanship and civic virtue. Hence, in this research the concept of spiritual intelligence and its relationship with organizational citizenship behavior has been investigated. Pursuing this relationship is a brand new subject which has not been under investigation in Iran up to now. In this research 70 questionnaires were distributed to statistical community and were collected and then the results were analyzed by SPSS program. The result obtained from the Spearman Correlation Test reveals that, there is a meaningful positive relationship between spiritual intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior. In fact, there is a meaningful positive relationship between spiritual intelligence variable and aspects of altruism, working conscientiousness, sportsmanship and civic virtue. Also in order to ranking the components of organizational citizenship behavior was used the Friedman Test that the results indicate consciousness have the highest and courtesy have the lowest rank among the components of citizenship behavior.
Volume 2, Issue 4 (12-2014)
Abstract
Aim: The present study aimed at surveying the relationship between spiritual quotient and human relationships among the principals of elementary schools of Esfarayen City in Iran. Methods: The sample group consisted of 100 randomly selected managers. Data gathering was carried out through spiritual quotient and human relationships’ tests. Descriptive statistics and the Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient were used for data analysis. Findings: The results showed that there was a significant and positive relationship between spiritual quotient and its elements including communication, self-awareness, trust, and motivation, on the one hand, and human relationships of the participants on the other. In addition, there was a positive and significant relationship between Transcendental Awareness, Conscious State Expansion, Personal Meaning Production, and Critical Existential Thinking, and human relationships among the participants. Conclusion: Spirituality at work may result in increasing creativity, honesty, trust, sense of personal perfection, organizational commitment, job satisfaction, participation at work, morality and professional conscious, motivation, and performance. Therefore, a spiritual manager leads the organization toward success in a way that the customers, employees, and society members enjoy the benefits.
Volume 3, Issue 3 (12-2021)
Abstract
The Iranian-Islamic city is a city based on Islamic rules, ethics and spirituality. Islamic spirituality is one of the spiritual stages of human beings, which has a high position in human perfection from the perspective of Shiite thought. Spirituality in Islamic thought which prevail in religious, devotional and prayer spaces can be perceived and received. With this description, the purpose of this article is to recognize the place of spirituality in the identity of Iranian-Islamic cities. The present study is descriptive-analytic and data gathering procedure is based on library findings. The findings of this study show that addressing spirituality can be effective through adherence to Islamic ethics, celebrating religious rites and rituals, developing religious spaces to promote spirituality and spiritual spaces in Iranian Islamic cities. Spirituality in Iranian-Islamic cities can be manifested in events, activities and collective and individual behaviors and morals which govern them, or in the natural and artificial environment and physical space and buildings that have been built based on Islamic rules. In a way that every newcomer feels this in the city and in addition contributes to the spiritual growth of human beings. Respect for morality and adherence to Islamic principles such as the rights of God, the rights of the soul, the rights of other human beings, the rights of nature can lead to the formation of lasting spirituality.
Volume 4, Issue 1 (4-2023)
Abstract
Aims: One of the challenges of today's world is the crisis of spirituality, which occurred mainly due to the focus of modernism on materialism and consumerism. In the last twenty years, the ideas of thinkers about spiritual architecture and urbanism have started. The purpose of this research is to understand the dimensions of the quality of spirituality and measure it in some urban spaces of Isfahan.
Method: A simple review method was used to review the literature, a Delphi method and a semi-structured interview with elites and an in-depth interview with citizens were used to identify the characteristics of spiritual urban spaces. Interviews analysis with thematic analysis.
Findings: The opinions of two groups of elites and citizens in order to rank 22 selected spaces of Isfahan city based on a Likert scale were analyzed using a questionnaire and Friedman's test to rank the perception of spirituality and variance analysis has been used to compare the perception of spirituality of different groups.
Conclusion: The results show that the spiritual urban space is formed in a context based on religious or non-religious beliefs and each of these contexts lead to the formation of social and cultural identity in the city. Such spaces have different effects on people, which include a good relationship with God, himself, others, and nature. Also, based on the scores of two groups of professors and citizens, Jame Mosque has the highest score and Hassan Abad Bazaar has the lowest score for the level of spirituality in the urban spaces of Isfahan.
Volume 4, Issue 3 (8-2016)
Abstract
Aim: Spiritual well-being is one of the most important aspects of health that provides the integration and coordination of all aspects. However, due to the increasing number of the elderly, it is important to pay more attention to their health. This study was conducted to determine the spiritual well-being of the elderly residents of Zahedan in 2016.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 117 elderly people residing in Zahedan. They were selected through population-based cluster random sampling to participate in the study. In order to measure spiritual well-being and evaluate its relationship with demographic variables we made use of Paloutzian and Ellison’s spiritual well-being questionnaire. Moreover, we used descriptive statistics for determining frequency, mean, and standard deviation, as well as t- test, and ANOVA in order to analyze the data.
Findings: The results showed that spiritual health of the majority of the participants was from moderate to high level, and the mean score of their spiritual well-being was (88.98±7.35). The results indicated that the participants’ spiritual health is not related to any of the demographic variables.
Conclusion: The protection coming from religious or spiritual resources and having a relationship with a higher power can be useful for improving the quality of life and health promotion. Since the elderly people are considered as a vulnerable group in the society, the need for educational planning and counseling services in this field is crucial.
Volume 4, Issue 4 (3-2015)
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between job burnout and spiritual intelligence. In terms of purpose the study is practical and in terms of data collection methods is survey and it is a descriptive research. The statistical population is consist of all employees at Tehran's Imam Khomeini Relief Committee who are 260 persons and number of sample is 80. The tool of data collection is questionnaire of spiritual intelligence and questionnaire of job. For analyzing the collected data following test were used: one sample T-test, tests of two sample means, analysis of variance and Pearson correlation test. Research findings showed, which indicates that there are a significant negative relationship between job burnout and spiritual intelligence. In other words, if the spiritual intelligence of employees increase, job burnout will be reduced.
Volume 4, Issue 8 (6-2016)
Abstract
Oral literature is a part of the non-material culture. It is a rich kind of literature and includes a variety of legends, songs, proverbs, riddles, idioms and so on. Each of these types has rich dimensions for cultural analysing. "Ara" /ærɒ/ is a common expression or term in oral literature of Sheshtamad, Sabzevar region. It denotes to a series of processes and actions and activities that using native aesthetic elements, make a ritual and ceremonial aspects to objects and affairs. This article investigates the application of this local and popular idiomatic expresion for four ritual and ceremonial ceremonies like "Nakhl","Alam" , "Asbe Chobi" and the "Asbe Hizomi" . The research question is why does a particular action become a ritual and ceremonial act and the symbolic experesion of it become a ritual or ceremonial idiomatic experesion. The results indicates that each of these ceremonies show certain cultural and social meanings. "Ara" as an idiomatic expression is for highlighting the importance of the ritual and ceremonial meanings ,concepts and in general the importance of that social ceremony, art and aesthetic also is for showing this importance. This highlighting is with the transition from the realm of everyday life to social, ritual and symbolic life, so this idiomatic expression can be considered as a mixture of art, ritual and ceremonial concept. Moments of human life represents in social dimensions of the communal spirit of society. Due to the enormous significance of social reproduction and representation, the society benifies from main and the most important elements of itself ,that is art and aesthetic and ornamental elements to represent itself.
Volume 4, Issue 11 (1-2016)
Abstract
This article aims to study the aesthetics of Nakhlgardani ritual of “Abyane” village. Because of the migration of the young people from Abyane, a collection of natives is observable only in special situations as Nakhlgardani ritual. It is in such situations that we can study the life components of this culture with regard to its historical origins. This study aims to understand cultural aesthetics of Nakhlgardani ritual. To do this, we tend to answer these questions that, what are the aesthetics standards of “Abyane” culture? How these standards in Nakhlgardani ritual are used? This research has been done in field and for data collection we have applied interview, participant observation, photography, filming, oral history and historical image documents strategies.In the theoretical framework of anthropology, after analysis cultural analysis of the ritual components, we analyzed them in the whole ritual process. As the results of this research show, the main aesthetics standards of the people of Abyane are brilliance, harmony, balance and movement. Brilliant decoration in Abyane’s culture is equal to life and the separation from this decoration is equal to death. Thus, the function of the decorative art in Abyane society is creation and protection of the social life
Volume 5, Issue 1 (4-2017)
Abstract
The story of “Oscar and the Lady in Pink” by the famous French novelist and fiction writer “Eric-Emmanuel Schmitt” concerns the spiritual journey of a little boy named “Oscar”, who suffers from leukemia and has been living in a French hospital for a long time. Oscar, being guided by an incredible nurse called “Mamie-Rose”, decides to write letters to God. In this story, Oscar and Mamie-Rose play the role of a naive spiritual traveler and a mentor, respectively. In Persian literature, also, there are some stories on spiritual journeys. The book Mantegh-al-tair (the language of birds), the classic work of the Persian poet Attar, represents a superb example in this case. The seven stages of spiritual journeys, mentioned in the book, include “quest, love, wisdom, independence, monotheism, amazement, indigence and death”. The present article aims at comparing the stages of spiritual journeys in the aforementioned great works. The major reason why the two works share several points of similarity, as far as the stages of spiritual journeys are concerned, is their religious background.
Volume 5, Issue 14 (6-2017)
Abstract
SARAY" is part of the intangible heritage of the Azerbaijani people rooted in the culture, mentality and attitude of the people. So, it has been represented in oral literature, music, stories and poetry. In this study, the intangible cultural heritage is considered a cultural property, which pave the way to represent will, resistance and individual arguments of actual community activists to pass the crisis social and cultural contexts. The conceptual representation belongs to notion of Plato emerging in the idea and practice of recent intellectuals in the field of spiritual heritage which is now the main academic subject. This study was conducted qualitatively and has a descriptive and phenomenological research methodology. The purpose of this study is to investigate the permanent character of spiritual values or their representation in the urban life of the inhabitants of Ardebil by studying the spiritual heritage of Saray in the modern life of women in Ardabil. Intangible cultural heritage contains the historical, cultural, spiritual, scientific, and aesthetic values of current era, and can contribute to the growth and mobility of shared values and representations of values in everyday life. On the other hand, it refers to the existence of the culture of resistance and ethics of the region, and today it can be represented in the renewal of moral values, the commitment to the family for the present generations and future.
Volume 5, Issue 14 (6-2017)
Abstract
various purposes. Many religious traditions recommend killing animals to avoid from disaster. In order to get rid of the evil and throw it into the blood and non-blood forms, apotropaic belief is common among the people of Bakhtiari. Based on the thaughts of the Islamic religion and the Eid al- Adha, the Bakhtiari people, sacrifice animals on mountains like sheep, goats and cattle. Another reason people kill animals is to remove evil in wedding ceremony.Among other ritual, it should mention writing pray, Damband Kardan. The aim of this study is to show how and why the tradition is held and also ways of apotropaic belief with blood via killing animals in Bakhtiari tribe.By adopting descriptive –analytical research methodology, this research shows that Bakhtiari tribe follow sacrificing traditions to obey God’s sayings, but some part of it has mythological appearance and traces; such as killing animals on the top of the mountains and ornamenting animals to be killed under tree, pouring blood on the ground and putting blood on the face and head.
Volume 5, Issue 17 (10-2017)
Abstract
Public medicine and its principle and philosophy is one of the important subjects in culture and literature of Iranian whose investigation reflects the invisible parts of public culture. In this study, while focusing on the customs and traditions of Larestan region, the author tried to investigate and study the childbearing’s customs in different aspects in this area to reveal and identify the ideas and beliefs of public medicine within explaining the perception and worldview of public. Any customs related to childbearing, birth and naming somehow convey the subject of transition or entering a new degree, too. In fact, by passing any stage and going to a new stage of life, we witness finding a new identity which forms the process of sociality of human. Anthropology of beliefs related to childbearing, birth and the stabilizer customs and traditions of that, make us familiar with the important parts of cultural life of an individual in the process of sociality. This study tried proceed to this important case by using the field data and research methodology in Larestan region. Since, by developing the modernizing process, most of their traditional beliefs, customs and traditions are declining, and in order to recognize the cultural past of people in different parts of Iran, the examination of these customs sounds necessary.
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Volume 5, Issue 18 (12-2017)
Abstract
Old encyclopedias are among the most important sources of preserving the folklore in Persian literature. Among these texts is Alaei’s Nezhatnameh authored by Shahmardan Ebn Abelkheyr in the late fifth century. In addition to the classification of the common science of its era, it includes the important and fundamental elements of folklore. Refering to the rituals and folk beliefs about plants is one of the most important themes of popular culture in this work. In addition to providing scientific and pseudo-scientific facts derived from earlier sources and his own observations and experiences, the author has alluded to a large number of beleifs and rituals with respect to productivity, properties of plants and trees, fighting off the pests, repelling the evil eye, improving and increasing the yield, some of the implications of climate events such as the frog cries signifying the coming of rain, the relationship between trees and humans, false threatening of the tree to guarantee its productivity, the role of plants in dream interpretation, and other odd characteristics. The purpose of this study is to extract, sort, and check the plant-related folk rituals and beliefs in Nezhatnameh as well as quantitatively and qualitatively explore its origins and backgrounds besides an unmatched evaluation of this text with some similar texts in this particular field
Volume 6, Issue 21 (9-2018)
Abstract
The nightlife is one of the indicators of community's lifestyle that shows the people's view of night and the manner they benefit from this period of time. Although the concept of theoretical biology at night, was formed after the industrial revolution and the transition to economic growth for efficient use of time, but it is obvious that most nations appropriate to their culture and values have experienced the nightlife. In Iran's traditional society, the old soirée is the main focus that by its analysis we can find the quality of Iranians' nightlife; time, place, food, the manner of invitation, a variety of cultural and art Entertainments, are amongst the most important components of common Soirée. Except that, many aspects of social vitality in Iran due to nocturnal rituals are performed in the context of night, natural rituals like Yalda, Chaharshanbesuri, Tirmasizdahsho or Religious rituals like the nights of holy Ramadan, Muharram and specially the night of Ashura, the Bara'at Night (mid Sha'ban), The Night of Wishes (The first Friday night of Rajab) and family rituals like babies six nights, baby's first teeth, circumcision night, wedding night and non-monsoon rituals like asking for rain and eclipse. This article tries to study the origin and background of 24 hour cities, the tradition of soirée in Iran as the most important leisure activities and social effects of Iranian nightlife.
Volume 7, Issue 1 (3-2019)
Abstract
Aims: First year for the undergraduate students is not only a time for increased stress, but a time of increased risk for the development of physical, social, academic, and psychological health problems due to the toll this stress can take Spiritual health is considered as an important aspect of human health. The aim of the present study was to examine moderating effects of spiritual health on negative life events and psychological distress in freshmen.
Instruments & Methods: This descriptive correlational study was conducted between 2016 and 2017. We sampled 277 freshmen in Lorestan University, Iran, based on the simple random sampling method. The students completed the Adolescent Life Events Questionnaire (ALEQ), Spiritual Health Scale, and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS). Hierarchical linear regression analyses were used to examine the moderating role of spiritual health, using SPSS 24.0 software.
Findings: Negative life events was positively correlated with stress (r=0.45; p<0.01), anxiety (r=0.52; p<0.01), and depression (r=0.48; p<0.01). Also, spiritual health was negatively correlated with negative life events (r=-0.47; p<0.01), stress (r=-0.39; p<0.01), anxiety (r=-0.43; p<0.01), and depression (r=-0.37; p<0.01). Spiritual health was also a moderator in the relationship between negative life events and psychological distress.
Conclusion: Spiritual health is an important moderator of student’s negative life events on psychological distress. Higher levels of spiritual health is associated with lower levels of psychological distress.
Instruments & Methods: This descriptive correlational study was conducted between 2016 and 2017. We sampled 277 freshmen in Lorestan University, Iran, based on the simple random sampling method. The students completed the Adolescent Life Events Questionnaire (ALEQ), Spiritual Health Scale, and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS). Hierarchical linear regression analyses were used to examine the moderating role of spiritual health, using SPSS 24.0 software.
Findings: Negative life events was positively correlated with stress (r=0.45; p<0.01), anxiety (r=0.52; p<0.01), and depression (r=0.48; p<0.01). Also, spiritual health was negatively correlated with negative life events (r=-0.47; p<0.01), stress (r=-0.39; p<0.01), anxiety (r=-0.43; p<0.01), and depression (r=-0.37; p<0.01). Spiritual health was also a moderator in the relationship between negative life events and psychological distress.
Conclusion: Spiritual health is an important moderator of student’s negative life events on psychological distress. Higher levels of spiritual health is associated with lower levels of psychological distress.
Volume 7, Issue 4 (3-2018)
Abstract
Nowadays the issue is that most Islamic traditions have been neglected in the society. The influence of theological and religious values on the construction and development of urban spaces are much more important. In the present study an attempt was made in order to define the Islamic city and its requirements and investigate the role of spaces related to rituals and religious ceremonies held in commemoration of Muharram through a case study of Timcheh Mozaffarieh in Tabriz Baazar. In investigating the theoretical way of study is a descriptive-analytical method and for the sample survey-analysis was applied. Data collection was done through interviewing the experts and scholars in religion, library study of the theories and definitions on the subject and field study (questionnaire). In the studied case (Timcheh Mozaffarieh in Tabriz Baazar) it was also observed that many people from most of the groups (people participating in ceremonies, businessmen in downstairs of Timcheh, businessmen in upstairs of Timcheh, heads of mourning groups, Islamic Development Staff and police) agree upon holding the five-day mourning ceremony in Timcheh Mozaffarieh in Tabriz Baazar despite of some problems, since it has been held there for about a century and transferring it to another place will damage its glory. The reason we have observed in the obtained results and findings is the sense of belonging and attachment to this place after years of holding many ceremonies in this place and the memories people have of it in their minds which are part of their lives. Another reason is the identity that holding Muharram ceremonies have given to this place through all these years. Therefore, identity along with memorable and repeatable events reinforces the potential of this place. According to the obtained results, most of people in 5 groups (people participating in ceremonies, businessmen in downstairs of Timcheh, businessmen in upstairs of Timcheh, heads of mourning groups, Islamic Development Staff and police) have agreed upon holding Ashura and Tasua mourning ceremonies in Timcheh Mozaffarieh in Tabriz Bazar which gives a special identity and fame to this place, and provides a sense of belonging to it. However, there are some problems in holding these ceremonies and an attempt was made to solve them by studying the problems and suggesting some solutions and also try to maintain the originality and durability of this precious place, which is due to holding special rituals and mourning ceremonies in Muharram, by inviting participants in these ceremonies, heads of mourning groups and businessmen in Timcheh to help.
Nowadays the issue is that most Islamic traditions have been neglected in the society. The influence of theological and religious values on the construction and development of urban spaces are much more important. In the present study an attempt was made in order to define the Islamic city and its requirements and investigate the role of spaces related to rituals and religious ceremonies held in commemoration of Muharram through a case study of Timcheh Mozaffarieh in Tabriz Baazar. In investigating the theoretical way of study is a descriptive-analytical method and for the sample survey-analysis was applied. Data collection was done through interviewing the experts and scholars in religion, library study of the theories and definitions on the subject and field study (questionnaire). In the studied case (Timcheh Mozaffarieh in Tabriz Baazar) it was also observed that many people from most of the groups (people participating in ceremonies, businessmen in downstairs of Timcheh, businessmen in upstairs of Timcheh, heads of mourning groups, Islamic Development Staff and police) agree upon holding the five-day mourning ceremony in Timcheh Mozaffarieh in Tabriz Baazar despite of some problems, since it has been held there for about a century and transferring it to another place will damage its glory. The reason we have observed in the obtained results and findings is the sense of belonging and attachment to this place after years of holding many ceremonies in this place and the memories people have of it in their minds which are part of their lives. Another reason is the identity that holding Muharram ceremonies have given to this place through all these years. Therefore, identity along with memorable and repeatable events reinforces the potential of this place. According to the obtained results, most of people in 5 groups (people participating in ceremonies, businessmen in downstairs of Timcheh, businessmen in upstairs of Timcheh, heads of mourning groups, Islamic Development Staff and police) have agreed upon holding Ashura and Tasua mourning ceremonies in Timcheh Mozaffarieh in Tabriz Bazar which gives a special identity and fame to this place, and provides a sense of belonging to it. However, there are some problems in holding these ceremonies and an attempt was made to solve them by studying the problems and suggesting some solutions and also try to maintain the originality and durability of this precious place, which is due to holding special rituals and mourning ceremonies in Muharram, by inviting participants in these ceremonies, heads of mourning groups and businessmen in Timcheh to help.
Nowadays the issue is that most Islamic traditions have been neglected in the society. The influence of theological and religious values on the construction and development of urban spaces are much more important. In the present study an attempt was made in order to define the Islamic city and its requirements and investigate the role of spaces related to rituals and religious ceremonies held in commemoration of Muharram through a case study of Timcheh Mozaffarieh in Tabriz Baazar. In investigating the theoretical way of study is a descriptive-analytical method and for the sample survey-analysis was applied. Data collection was done through interviewing the experts and scholars in religion, library study of the theories and definitions on the subject and field study (questionnaire). In the studied case (Timcheh Mozaffarieh in Tabriz Baazar) it was also observed that many people from most of the groups (people participating in ceremonies, businessmen in downstairs of Timcheh, businessmen in upstairs of Timcheh, heads of mourning groups, Islamic Development Staff and police) agree upon holding the five-day mourning ceremony in Timcheh Mozaffarieh in Tabriz Baazar despite of some problems, since it has been held there for about a century and transferring it to another place will damage its glory. The reason we have observed in the obtained results and findings is the sense of belonging and attachment to this place after years of holding many ceremonies in this place and the memories people have of it in their minds which are part of their lives. Another reason is the identity that holding Muharram ceremonies have given to this place through all these years. Therefore, identity along with memorable and repeatable events reinforces the potential of this place. According to the obtained results, most of people in 5 groups (people participating in ceremonies, businessmen in downstairs of Timcheh, businessmen in upstairs of Timcheh, heads of mourning groups, Islamic Development Staff and police) have agreed upon holding Ashura and Tasua mourning ceremonies in Timcheh Mozaffarieh in Tabriz Bazar which gives a special identity and fame to this place, and provides a sense of belonging to it. However, there are some problems in holding these ceremonies and an attempt was made to solve them by studying the problems and suggesting some solutions and also try to maintain the originality and durability of this precious place, which is due to holding special rituals and mourning ceremonies in Muharram, by inviting participants in these ceremonies, heads of mourning groups and businessmen in Timcheh to help.
Volume 7, Issue 4 (4-2019)
Abstract
Aims: Test anxiety is a significant and scary distressing feeling that appears before, during, or even after the exam. The current study aimed to predict test anxiety in high school female students based on their spiritual well-being and mindfulness.
Materials & Methods: In this descriptive-analytic and cross-sectional study, the statistical population included all 4th grade of girl high school students in Tehran (140,000 students). The sample concluded 312 female students of 4th grade high schools in Tehran selected by multistage cluster sampling. The test anxiety scale developed (2004), Langer's Mindfulness scale (2004), and Well-Being scale (Paloutzian and Ellison; 1982) were completed by participants. Data was analyzed using Pearson correlation test, Enter multiple and stepwise regression.
Findings: Pearson correlation showed a significant and negative relationship between test anxiety and spiritual well-being variables (r=-0.28; p=0.05) and also the negative relationship with mindfulness (r=-0.44; p=0.05). Regarding the results, students' test anxiety was predictable based on their spiritual well-being and mindfulness and both variables can predict 9% of the variances of changes in the test anxiety (R2=0.09).
Conclusion: According to the results, the higher level of spiritual well-being and mindfulness, the lower level of test anxiety will be observed in students. So, it is expected that by focusing on specific techniques of mindfulness and performing activities that have a positive impact on students' spiritual well-being can reduce the level of student anxiety and, consequently, improve their academic performance.
Materials & Methods: In this descriptive-analytic and cross-sectional study, the statistical population included all 4th grade of girl high school students in Tehran (140,000 students). The sample concluded 312 female students of 4th grade high schools in Tehran selected by multistage cluster sampling. The test anxiety scale developed (2004), Langer's Mindfulness scale (2004), and Well-Being scale (Paloutzian and Ellison; 1982) were completed by participants. Data was analyzed using Pearson correlation test, Enter multiple and stepwise regression.
Findings: Pearson correlation showed a significant and negative relationship between test anxiety and spiritual well-being variables (r=-0.28; p=0.05) and also the negative relationship with mindfulness (r=-0.44; p=0.05). Regarding the results, students' test anxiety was predictable based on their spiritual well-being and mindfulness and both variables can predict 9% of the variances of changes in the test anxiety (R2=0.09).
Conclusion: According to the results, the higher level of spiritual well-being and mindfulness, the lower level of test anxiety will be observed in students. So, it is expected that by focusing on specific techniques of mindfulness and performing activities that have a positive impact on students' spiritual well-being can reduce the level of student anxiety and, consequently, improve their academic performance.
Volume 7, Issue 25 (5-2014)
Abstract
The idea of the ritualism of mythpoints out that the existence of myth depends on rituals. The recent developments of this theory underline a common paradigm between myth and ritual. This paperexplores the emergence of the “Siāvashān” ritual in relation to the Siāvash myth in Ferdowsi’sShahnameh.Siāvash is one of the pre-Zoroastrian Persian gods who is associated with fertility myth and the agricultural culture. The ritual of his invocation is an inseparable part of the Siāvashān ritual. At the core of this ritual is “holy death,” which can be analyzedalongside the rite of the sacred king’s sacrifice and the dramatization of mourning for him during the New Year’s festivals. According to the anthropologists’ analyses of Dionysian ritual, the poetry associated with the holy death of Dionysus played an important role in the birth of tragedy. A similar relation existsbetween the Siāvash myth and the Siāvashān ritual.