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The grape erineum mite (GEM), Colomerus vitis (Pagenstecher) (Acari: Eriophyidae) is considered to be one of the most important pests, that sometimes causes irreversible damages to grapevine cultivars in western parts of Iran. Studies were carried out in order to find natural enemies associated with GEM, during 2011-2013. Results indicated that natural enemies included two species of predatory mites belonging to the families Phytoseiidae [Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) khosrovensis, T. (Anthoseius) bagdasarjani], Tydeidae (Neopronematus sp.), one species of Anystidae (Anystis baccarum), one species of Stigmaeidae (Zetzellia mali), one species of dipteran: Cecidomyiidae (Arthrocnodax vitis Rubsaamen), four species, belonging to the family Coccinellidae (Stethorus gilvifrons, Coccinella septempunctata, Hipodamya varigiata, Harmonia sp.), two species of predatory bugs belonging to the family Anthocoridae (Orius albidipennis, O. niger) and one species of Chrysopidae (Chrysopa carnea). Amongst them the cecidomyiid, the tydeid mite and the phytoseiid mites, had higher population densities in this area.      

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Powdery mildew, caused by Erysiphe necator is a common and severe fungal disease of grapevine all over the world including Iran. Although the application of chemical fungicides is the most common control method, the use of resistant varieties may be the most effective and environmentally sound strategy for managing the disease. Twenty two grape varieties were evaluated against powdery mildew under natural infection and artificial inoculation during 2011–2013 in Ardabil and Qazvin provinces of Iran. In this study, Perlett, Robee seedless, Flame seedless and Tompson seedless varieties were immune; Mish-Pestan, Khoshnav and Torkamanestan 8 were highly resistant; Torkamanestan 4 and Superior seedless were resistant; Shahani-e-Qazvin and Shast-e-Arous were tolerant; Ghermez-e-Bidaneh, Sefid-e-Bidaneh, Fakhri, Sahebi-e-Ghermez, Peikami, Rishbaba-e-Sefid, Siyah-e-Samarghandi and Rotabi were susceptible and Rishbaba-e-Ghermez, Asgari, and Shahroodi were highly susceptible varieties to grape powdery mildew. In general, findings of this research may be used as resistance genetic sources for management of the disease in national and international programs.

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Eight genotypes of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), including six cultivars and two breed-ing lines, were used to determine the genetic parameters for number of pods per main axis (NPM), number of pods per plant (NPP), length of pod (LOP), number of seeds per pods (NSP), 1000-seed weight , seed yield, and total glucosinolate. Analysis of variance based on Hayman’s method revealed significant general (a) and specific (b) combining ability mean squares for all traits except for 1000-seed weight, which indicated the impor-tance of additive and non-additive genetic effects. For 1000-seed weight, only the general combining ability mean square was statistically significant. Significant ratios of a to b mean squares and high narrow-sense heritability estimates were observed for 1000-seed weight and total glucosinolate, which indicated the importance of additive genetic effects for these traits. Therefore, the efficiency of selection for improving these traits will be high. The significant b1 (mean deviation of F1’s from their mid-parental values) mean squares for all of the studied traits except LOP and 1000-seed weight, exhibited direc-tional dominance and subsequently significant average heterosis. Significant maternal (c) mean squares were observed for all of traits, except LOP. Among yield components, NPM and NPP had a significant correlation with seed yield and can therefore be used as good criteria for improving seed yield. The correlation between seed yield and total glucosi-nolate was not significant, and so reducing this antiquality trait without any considerable changes in seed yield is possible. In general, the parents PF7045/91 and BL1 were good combiners and the crosses BL1×PF7045/91, BL1×BL2 and PF7045/91×Shiralee were good combinations for improving seed yield and total glucosinolate, simultaneously.

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Folkloric fictions are considered as part of cultural heritage of every nation that reflects customs, ideas, traditions, and world view of each nation. Sometimes mythical, cultural and sociological themes are placed in their deep structure. In the recent centuries with growth of technology, many of these oral fictions are going to be endangered, it is important that these fictions be recorded and analyzed before death of their narrators, as far as possible. So, in this study, some fictions of Doshman Zeyari region have collected with field study research methodology and then have analyzed based on mythical, cultural and sociological deep structure. Some mythical, cultural and sociological themes in these fictions are the woman valuable place, emergence of heroin, the battle of drought dragon with rainy year, the relation of horse and moon with fertility, existence of the universe from the cosmic egg, the growth of plant of God’s blood and revealing the secret of slain by the reed that has grown from the blood of slain. On the other hand, we can see the theme of discussed tales in other folkloric tales such as: "Girl and yellow cows "," Mah‌Pishani "," Ajah k m hoo "," Smiling flower "," The secret of the beautiful reed ","The Girls of pomegranate "and" Orange and bergamot "
 
 

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  In this experiment, acetone was used to extract the phenolic compounds of grape pomace by colorimetric method (Folin-Ciocalteu). The phenolics extract levels of 50, 150, 250 and 350 ppm were used to assess their antioxidant activity in raw soybean oil. On day 0, 4, 8 and 12 the proxide value for soybean oil was estimated. Also, the TBA value for soybean oil on day 0, 5, 9 and 13 was estimated. The results showed that the phenolic compounds whose content in grape pomace is 64 g/kg DM has an antioxidant activity. The level of 150 ppm of tannin extract from grape pomace showed a desirable activity to prevent the oxidation of raw soybean oil. The antioxidant activity of this level was higher than those obtained by the level 200 ppm from synthetic antioxidants. Therefore, the use of phenolic compound in grape pomace as natural antioxidants can be recommended.  

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  Rapeseeds of seven major local Iranian varieties, Option, Orient, Talaye, Global, Hyola 308, Hyola 401 and Colvert, with moisture contents of 5.49, 4.55, 5.41, 4.74, 5.53 and 5.32 (%w.b.) , respectively were selected to study seed physical properties. Linear dimensions, mean diameters, sphericity, surface area, volume, true and bulk densities, porosity and static coefficient of friction of the seven varieties were measured using standard methods. Results showed that length, width, thickness, arithmetic mean diameter and geometric mean diameter of rapeseed varied from 1.838 to 2.295 mm, 1.758 to 2.147 mm, 1.591 to 1.904 mm, 1.761 to 2.104 mm and 1.76 2.095 mm, respectively. Values of sphericity, surface area, volume, true density, bulk density and porosity of rapeseed were between 0.91 to 0.957, 9.744 to 13.86mm², 2.667 to 6.44 mm³, 928.01 to 1370 kgm^-3, 675.61 to 741.6 kgm^-3, 25.3 to 45.9 %, respectively. Measurement of the coefficient of friction of rapeseeds against plywood, galvanized iron, steel, aluminum and rubber showed that static coefficient of friction varied from 0.273 on steel sheet to 0.51 against plywood. It is concluded that physical properties of rapeseeds are quite dependent on variety.

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Eight species of Paratylenchus were collected and identified from vineyards in Kermanshah province, western Iran. Description, measurements, line drawings and microscopic photographs are provided for two new records namely P. humilis and P. prunii. Paratylenchus humilis have a lip region truncate-conoid with distinct small submedian lobes in lateral view of female head, stylet shorter than 40 µm, three lateral lines and distinct vulval flaps. Paratylenchus prunii have a lip region rounded (slightly truncate in some specimens), without distinct submedian lobes in lateral view of female head, stylet shorter than 40 µm, four lateral lines and distinct vulval flaps. Male of P. straeleni is reported for the first time.  

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Appropriate harvesting time of fruits and vegetables is one of the most important quality factors for many purposes such as storage, processing and fresh markets. For determination of maturity index and the best harvesting time of main fruits in Qoochan region the samples of Golden and Red Delicious apples, domestic varieties of cherry and sour cherry and Thompson seedless grape were harvested daily from one week before and after conventional harvesting time. Texture for apple varieties and other factors such as the total soluble solids, acidity, maturity index (TSS/acidity) and energy units were determined each day for all sample fruits. The data were statistically analyzed and the results showed that the best harvesting time for Thomson seedless grape, Golden and Red delicious apples are 2, 14, 15 October respectively, 24 May for cherry and 21 June for sour cherry are recommended . However the climate is very effective factor on date of harvesting and maturity of fruits

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    Drying is one of the most important steps in raisin processing. During this step, initial moisture content is decreased up to 15 – 17 percent (d.b) for suitable storage. Achieving optimum drying conditions can affect the processing time and improvement of raisin quality. Temperature, air velocity and pretreatment are important factors in grape drying process and its quality. In this research, effect of the following conditions on time and drying rate of Black currant grape was studied: temperature at four levels of 50,60,70, and 80 ºC, air velocity at three levels of 1, 2 and 3 m/s, and four pretreatments including hot water, %5 potassium carbonate, %0.4 olive oil, %0.5 sodium hydracids and no pretreatment. Diffusivity and activation energy of all treatments were determined. The results show that factors such as temperature, air velocity and pretreatment have significant effects on drying time and average drying rate. Pretreatment has a significant effect on drying process and decreases the time of drying up to 68 percent in some temperature levels. Also by increasing the temperature, drying time decreases up to 66.5 percent in some pretreatments. Increasing the hot air velocity decreases it about 8.3 percent.

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Aims: Increasing the aquatic consumption, developing aquaculture, and the need for aquatic food production will make unclear the availability to fish oil in the future. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of replacement of fish oil by grape seed oil on growth indices and protease enzymes activity in Rainbow Trout.
Materials & Methods: This study was conducted on 450 Rainbow Trout during a 60-day period. In this study, control diet (A) containing 100% fish oil and 25% (B), 50% (C), 75% (D), and 100% (E) grape seed oil were used instead of fish oil. The data were analyzed by Graph pad prism and SPSS 20 software, using one-way ANOVA test.
Findings: The highest final weight and weight gain was in diet C and the lowest was in D, having a significant difference. Specific Growth Rate (SGR) and Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) had no significant difference. The highest and lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in diets E and C, respectively, with a significant difference. The highest fat efficiency was in diet C. The highest feed efficiency was in diets C and D and the lowest was in E, and the diets were not significantly different. The most activity of pepsin and trypsin was observed in pyloric additions in diet C and in intestine in C and D. The optimal amount of fish oil replacement was satisfied by grape seed oil 50% (diet C).
Conclusion: The diet containing 50% fish oil and 50% grape seed oil is effective in improving the growth indices and activity of pepsin and trypsin enzymes in Rainbow Trout.

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Thrips species injurious to grapes are known as pests in vineyards all over the world and belong to the main pests of grapes in West Azarbaijan, Iran. In this study, thrips species occurring in West Azarbaijan vineyards were identified and the predominant species documented according to their relative abundance at different growth stages. The seasonal abundance of predominant species was investigated by means of yellow sticky trap catches and weekly sampling from vegetative and reproductive organs of vines. Five species including: Rubiothrips vitis (Priesner), Thrips tabaci Lindeman, Tenothrips discolor (Karny), Tenothrips reichardti (Priesner), and Limothrips angulicornis Jablonowski, were collected and identified. R. vitis, constituting 92 and 66 percent of the thrips population on vegetative and reproductive organs, respectively, was found to be predominant. T. tabaci was not found on vegetative organs, but it was found to constitute 32 percent of the thrips found on reproductive organs (flowers). The two species R.vitis and T. reichardti are new records for the Iranian fauna. The number of adult thrips caught by sticky traps was positively correlated with the density of the adults on vegetative (buds and leaves) and reproductive (flower) organs in the first and second generations, respectively.

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Mohmoud Sadeghi Assistant Professor of Law, Tarbiat Modarres University  After a description of human cloning, and a review of various divine religious authorities point of views (Christian, Jewish and Islamic) and a report of legal attitudes and global policies on human cloning, both reproductive and therapeutic, we shall discuss this matter according to the Islamic, especially Shiat jurisprudence. As a general result of this research, human reproductive cloning, if could not intrinsically be prohibited, it seems unjustifiable because of its various bad consequences, such as disorder of family system, confusion of clones family relations, possibility of body and mental diseases for clones and suffers of egg donors women and surrogate mothers, regarding to a number of Islamic jurisprudence rules, such as rule of self preservation and necessity respect for human beings and the leading rule of “la zarar” (ban of causing harm to oneself and other) and prevention of confusion of social system order, etc. However use of cloned human embryos for research and exploitation of stem cells to produce transplantable tissues and organs, seems, acceptable, regarding to the important promises of these researches for scientific development in the field of biomedicine, with high benefits for the mankind and bearing in mind that reasons in the authentic Islamic texts for respect of human embryo are related to its post implantation stages.

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       Drying is one of the most important steps in raisin processing. Achieving optimum drying conditions can affect the processing time and improvement of raisin quality. In this research, effect of two-temperature and pretreatments on time and drying rate of Black currant grape were studied. Drying was performed in two ways: In the first one, temperatures was constant at four levels of 50, 60, 70, and 80 ºC and in the second one sample were placed at two temperatures. In the latter, samples were placed at 80 ºC and when moisture content was reduced to 50%, temperature was set to 70, 60 and 50 ºC. Four pretreatments including hot water, %5 potassium carbonate, %0.4 olive oil, %0.5 sodium hydracids and no pretreatment were performed. According to the results of the ANOVA, factors such as temperature, two-temperature and pretreatment have significant effects on drying time and average drying rate. Drying time of grape with two-temperature comparing with drying time of constant temperature was decreased up to 67% for some pretreatment. Maximum and minimum activation energy were determined 2893.9, 4538.8 kj/kg.

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Chitosan as a biopolymer has numerous applications in agriculture. Coating fruit and vegetables with chitosan has some positive advantages for the long-term storage of them, because the film of chitosan provides a kind of an active package which inhibits fungal growth and maintains the quality properties of the fruit for a longer time. In this study, the effects of chitosan in extending shelf life of grape (Shahroodi) and quality properties were investigated. The fruits were treated with aqueous solutions of 0.5 and 1% chitosan and then stored at 2°C and 90% relative humidity for 90 days. Changes in weight loss, color, pH, decay and sensory quality were measured. Results suggested that chitosan reduces weight loss, decay, browning, cracking and shatter also increases quality of berries. However, there was no significant different between two chitosan coating concentrations, but in some cases 1% chitosan showed better results than 0.5% for shelf life extension and quality maintaining.

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The larval nutrition of the grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana, is determinant for its fitness; the amount and quality of the food ingested by larvae strongly influence the insect growth and reproduction. Utilizing appropriate artificial diets is a critical step in establishing a laboratory rearing colony. Generally, two types of diets are used in grapevine moth lab rearing, diets that stay moist and soft (agar-based diets) and those that dry out and harden with time (non-agar-based diets). Agar-based diets are satisfactory for producing small quantities of insects in small food containers, but with large containers, difficulties may occur. The relatively high cost of agar is another reason that stimulated the search for less expensive binders. To the contrary, non-agar based diets are generally used when large numbers of insects are required and where cost becomes a critical factor. In addition, many general-purpose diets (with or without agar) are used for rearing this insect. The selection of a particular diet, however, is a personal decision that should be based on the quality of the produced insects and the diet suitability for the rearing purpose. This paper discusses the artificial diets used by researchers for Lobesia botrana laboratory rearing.

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The entomopathogenic-fungus-life cycle is associated with the synthesis and secretion of a number of toxic metabolites, including extracellular enzymes and the low-molecular weight compound (toxin). The potential for a successful pathogen relies on the ability to overcome the various host-defence systems. Interaction between the fungus, Tolypocla-dium (Deuteromycetes), its secondary metabolite, and its host cellular defence were inves-tigated using in vivo and in vitro studies. In vitro studies showed that toxins (efrapeptins) inhibit phagocytic activity of Galleria mellonella (Lep: Pyralidae) haemocytes. The effect of efrapeptins on phagocytosis was in a dose-dependent manner i.e. the amount of phago-cytosis in a treated cell-culture with 0, 3, and 30 g efrapeptins per well was about 12, 7.5, and 4.5 %, respectively (P<0.05). In vivo studies showed that injection of insects with 0, 0.25, and 0.025 g toxin rendered percentages of phagocytosis of 13, 11.5, and 7.2, respec-tively (P<0.05). There was no significant reduction in the total haemocyte count (THC) when larvae were injected with Tolypocladium cylindrosporum spores until 24 hours fol-lowing injection. However, THC was suppressed at 48 hours post-treatment of larvae with spores. Considering that toxin suppresses phagocytosis, nodule formation, but not THC, this study suggests that efrapeptins may interfere with the ligand-receptor interactions that are likely to occur in the plasma membrane of specific haemocytes.

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The plant symbiotic fungi, Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM), increases host competency and causes partial control of Egyptian broomrape Phelipanche aegyptiaca (Orobanchaceae). In this study, a greenhouse experiment was designed to investigate the AM efficacy on the morphological and physiological traits in the association of cucumber and P. aegyptiaca. Findings showed that the broomrape contamination increased the activity of ascorbate, peroxidase, and catalase in cucumber. In contrast, AM decreased ascorbate, peroxidase activity and increased total phenolic compounds. However, AM in P. aegyptiaca-infected genotypes had no significant effect on malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide content. In AM inoculated treatments, the height and number of cucumber leaves were unaffected by P. aegyptiaca infestation. Also, AM decreased the harmful effects of the P. aegyptiaca by reducing the total dry weight and number of attachments, increasing the leaf area, the shoot, and the dry root weight of cucumber genotypes. Despite the positive effect of AM, about 35 and 50% reduction in shoot and dry root weight of cucumber indicated high susceptibility of the host. Overall, It seems that the AM cannot be effective as a primary broomrape control strategy in cucumber.

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Grape molasses is one of the famous by products of grape that more produced by traditional methods. In this research, some physicochemical properties of grape molasses such as SG, pH, total sugar, ash and rheological properties by using of a single cylinder rotary viscometer at three temperatures       (25, 45 and 65^oC) and three concentrations of 35, 50 and 76 were measured. Mathematical calculations  in basis of Mitchka method shown that it is non-Newtonian and have dilatant behavior. Arrhenius model used for temperature dependence of consistency coefficient and activation energy calculated in range of 15.197 to 34.070 kJ/mol. Finally, by using of exponential relationship concentration dependence of consistency coefficient was evaluated.