Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are injuries in the musculoskeletal system which is also named as “repetitive motion injury”or “repetitive stress injury” or “overuse injury” [1]. These disorders are the most prevalent and costly injuries which effect on suffered people’ life. As MSDs are multifactorial injuries, implementing a multidimensional musculoskeletal health program may be effective [2]. MSDs can arise from a sudden exertion due to lifting a heavy object [3], arising from repetitive strain, from repeated exposure to force, vibration, or awkward posture [4]. MSDs can affect many different parts of the body including shoulders and extremities (arms, legs, feet, and hands) neck, and upper and lower back [5]. Carpal tunnel syndrome, back pain, tension neck syndrome, tendinitis , hand-arm vibration syndrome and epicondylitis, are types of MSDs [4].The development of Musculoskeletal Disorders: When a worker is exposed to MSD risk factors, they begin to fatigue which may outruns his/ her body’s recovery system that in turn may be resulted in musculoskeletal imbalance And finally over time, leading to musculoskeletal imbalance persists MSDs develop [6] MSDs can arise from the interaction of physical risk factors with ergonomic risk factors such as biomechanical load, heavy loads, repetitive motions or from static positions, repetitive heavy loading [7-8] , Individual factors like gender and obesity [8-9], psychological factors such as workplace stressors, high job demands, low social support, overall job strain or job dissatisfaction [10-14] .However, social, and occupational factors such as workplace design, standing, twisting or tension in the body, posture during work repeated motion, or forces needed to perform actions on the job and vibration exposure [4,15-16]. These risk factors can be broken up into two categories: workrelated risk factors as ergonomic risk factors and individual-related risk factors. Thus, the basic cause of MSDs is exposure to MSD risk factors – both work-related risk factors and individual-related risk factors should be considered in controlling MSDs [17].

Aims: The prevalence of Diabetes type 2 has been increased significantly during recent years. So, prevention is necessary from adolescence. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Health Belief Model-based education on preventive behaviors of Diabetes type 2 in male adolescences.
Materials & Methods: This semi-experimental study was conducted on 208 secondary school students of Hamadan city (104 students in an experimental group and 104 students in a control group) in 2018, who were selected using the stratified-proportional sampling method. Data were collected using a researcher-developed questionnaire including demographic, awareness, model constructions, and preventive behavior. Afterward, an educational intervention was implemented in the experimental group based on Health Belief Model in four 45-60 minute sessions. After one month, the data were recollected from the two groups and analyzed using Chi-square, t-test, and linear regression by SPSS 16 software.
Findings: Comparing the scores of awareness, Health Belief Model constructs, and student’s preventive practices revealed no statistically significant differences between the two groups at the beginning of the study (p>0.05). However, after the intervention, significant differences were observed between the two groups regarding awareness, the Health Belief Model constructs, and student’s preventive practices (p<0.05). Linear regression analysis indicated that self-efficacy was the most important independent predictor of type-2 diabetes-preventative behavior (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Health Belief Model-based education is effective in promoting type-2 diabetes prevention behaviors in students.

Introduction: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is a worldwide disease increasing in many developing countries. The purpose of this study was to investigate the preventive behaviors of early childhood caries among mothers referring to comprehensive health service centers in Ahvaz.
Instruments & Methods: This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was performed among 318 mothers with infants from 6 months to one-year-old in 2020. The method of data collection was a researcher-made questionnaire whose reliability and validity were confirmed. It included demographic information and questions about measuring awareness, attitude, self-efficacy, and performance in early childhood caries' preventive behaviors among mothers referring to comprehensive health service centers in Ahvaz. The data were analyzed by statistical tests such as ANOVA, t-test, and Pearson correlation coefficient using SPSS statistical software.
Findings: The results showed that the mean scores of mothers' awareness were 6.23±1.86, the attitude was 38.48±4.85, self-efficacy was 20.91±3.14, and performance was 5.53±2.19. There was a significant correlation between awareness, attitude, self-efficacy, and performance. There was also a significant relationship between parents' awareness and education and the mother's job (p<0.05).
Conclusions: The mothers' awareness and performance are at a moderate level. Therefore, in the Health Service Centers, it is necessary to consider mothers' awareness and performance with infants from 6 months to one-year-old, when the baby's first teeth grew.

Aims: This study was conducted to provide a comprehensive analysis of multimodal pain prevention strategies, focusing on their effectiveness in managing and preventing various types of chronic pain.
Method and Materials: In this systematic review comprehensive search of electronic databases PubMed was conducted to identify relevant studies published up to January 2024. The search strategy included terms related to multimodal pain prevention, such as "pain management," "non-pharmacological interventions," and "integrated pain care." Studies were included if they evaluated multimodal pain prevention strategies in various clinical populations and reported outcomes related to pain intensity, functional status, adverse effects, and patient satisfaction. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed, and data were synthesized to provide an overview of the findings.
Findings: The search yielded a total of 6 studies that met the inclusion criteria. The included studies encompassed a diverse range of patient populations, focusing on those experiencing chronic pain, and receiving palliative care. Multimodal pain prevention strategies were found to be associated with improved pain control and reduced drug consumption in patients experiencing chronic pain. Furthermore, non-pharmacological interventions, such as physical therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy were shown to enhance pain management outcomes in various clinical contexts. The integration of these modalities in a coordinated and individualized manner appeared to be particularly beneficial in addressing the complex nature of pain.
Conclusion: The findings support the use of multimodal approaches in clinical practice and emphasize the importance of individualized, patient-centered care in pain management. Future research should focus on identifying the most effective combinations of interventions and elucidating the mechanisms underlying the synergistic effects of multimodal approaches.

Aims: Eating disorders are making a point of challenge for health-related researches. Using big data for this type of researches can effectively help researchers use a beneficial resource of information worldwide in real-time. This study aimed to introduce a more accurate index for analyzing food-related data and making relations between people's opinions and the prevention treatments for eating disorders.
Instrument & Methods: In this data mining study, more than 2 million eating-related tweets were collected from Twitter in 2017 and analyzed by novel methods for big data research. Three main indicators (Basic-sentiment-rate, Health-rate, and Relation-rate) were used to predict if every user is more likely to have a healthy or unhealthy diet. Finally, these parameters were normalized, clustered, and combined to obtain an overall sentiment rate.
Findings: Location and gender were estimated as effective indicators making the relationship between peoples' opinion and prevention treatments for eating disorders. Some combinations of factors were also considered influencing indicators when applied together, such as gender+age and gender+location.
Conclusion: Punishment/reward combination criteria that are predicted with both gender and location data by FSR index is the most effective factor in making the relationship between peoples' opinion and prevention treatments for eating disorders.