---

• Is Iran's fiscal policy countercyclical or procyclical?
• Is Iran's fiscal policy sustainable?
• What is the effect of cyclical fiscal policy and fiscal sustainability on the Iranian economic growth?
• How is the mutual relationship between fiscal sustainability and cyclical fiscal policy in Iran?

---

Measuring government is among the major challenges faced by public policy makers in any country. The origin of measuring the government performance is the managerial paradigm of political system. Public policies are reflections of government management. For measuring policy outcomes, a measurement system must be designed. The public value model can be used for measuring policy outcomes. In this paper, a model for is proposed measuring public policy performance based public value model.

---

PPrior to approving the Islamic Penal Code Act 2013, the concept of repentance was accepted to some extent in the context of provisions related to Hudud (fixed religious penalties). In the latest efforts to revise the Islamic Penal Code, the lawmakers dedicated some articles to repentance which stipulated specific rules on the framework and other detailed provisions on applying this concept. This initiative of the legislators can be challenged on the one hand through the criminological analysis of the subject, and on the other hand, in the context of its implementation within the framework of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Due to its ignorance of modern criminological theories, particularly on victimology, the deviation of attention from offender’s personality to the criminal act, and the impossibility of realization of all repentance conditions, it appears that approving legislative provisions on repentance in the Islamic Penal Code will result in a serious crisis. Therefore, in order to reach an effective criminal policy, it is necessary that all aspects of the concept be duly scrutinized. Taking into account the substantive and procedural limits surrounding this topic, the gap between the bases of repentance in the Islamic Penal Code with the recent developments in criminal policy and also the absence of practical approaches to materialize this concept, it seems that its implementation will face challenges, thereby making the criminal policy far away from being effective.
 

---

The act of a political offender which is manifested in depicting the ineffectiveness of a governing structure or policy with a reformation motive and without violence requires a distinct legislative strategy and differential trial over ordinary criminals.
   In countries that have recognized the principle of freedom of expression, there has been no criminalization of political activities at all, but in countries where criminalization has done, penalizing in comparison to other cases especially with regard to security offenses, is balanced and distinctive.
   In Iran, after nearly four decades after the promise of the constitution to define political offences in ordinary law and how to investigate it, finally in 2015, the Law of Political Offence was adopted. However, on the one hand, the legal ambiguity about the definition of political offences and the explanation of its cases violates the "transparency principle" and has provided the basis for interpretability of legal articles and dispersion in judgments. On the other hand, judges' stereotype in considering any protesting behavior or speech of citizens anti-security due to legislator's high sensitivity to banning any act or statement of protest or critique of the sovereignty and also preferring the presumption of guilt and malice instead of the presumption of Innocence and prima facie by judges has become a serious obstacle in the way of differential investigation to political charges.  This research, in a descriptive-analytical way, explores the criminal policy of Iran with regard to political offence and its challenges using library resources.

---

Introduction: The main purpose of organizing space in each country is, firstly, providing an optimal service to the maximum of citizens and, secondly, managing the people who live in a country. Despite numerous attempts, geographical space of Iran is away from the spatial justice and the center-periphery pattern is the dominant pattern of its spatial relationships. The aim of this study was to investigate the foundations of spatial injustice in Iran. This paper with analytical–descriptive method and relying on the library resources tried to identify and classify the factors affecting the spatial injustice in Iran.
Conclusion: Spatial injustice in Iran comes from two main areas, including the natural, cultural, social, and economic conditions of any geographic location (the inherent characteristics of the regions), and the political economy of space, decisions of policy makers, and economic planners. The peripheral areas with 16 provinces and central areas with 14 provinces (including Alborz province) form the political space of Iran. Peripheral areas of the country include about 50% of area and 50.7% of the population, showing that 50% of development of the country should be concentrated in border areas so that regional balances are established in the spatial pattern of Iran. The focus of facilities and services in the center causes the remoteness of some provinces and their exclusion from these benefits.

---

Geopolitics is considered a tool for advancing foreign policy goals. Geopolitics is an effort to push the world towards a situation where political affairs and its perspectives are considered integrated and uniform. Therefore, foreign policy objectives should be evaluated in line with its geopolitical perspective, which will include material resources to ideological and semantic resources. In the meantime, Iran's interaction with the African continent and Ethiopia increased significantly in the 1960s-1970s, which was influenced by economic, political and strategic factors. This research was written with the aim of explaining and investigating the geopolitical factors influencing the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Ethiopia using descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the research showed that geographical, economic, cultural, political, security factors, the presence of regional and extra-regional powers are among the important factors that have pushed the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran towards Ethiopia. Because Ethiopia has long-standing historical and cultural ties with Iran, and from the economic point of view, due to its proximity to West Asia, it can be considered as Iran's gateway to Africa and to some extent free Iran from international isolation that it has not been able to so far. is to take advantage of this unique situation properly. As a result, it can be said that the Islamic Republic of Iran will be able to increase its influence in this country through the formulation of policies in the economic, cultural and political dimension
 

---

The United States of America has always tried to play a role in different regions of the world due to the international position it gained after the Second World War and especially after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Although the importance of those regions in American grand strategies has never been the same. The question that the upcoming article intends to examine and answer is what is the form, nature and type of America's interaction with the African continent and what principles and foundations does it follow. The hypothesis that is examined in response to this question using the analytical-historical method is that the United States is moving away from value-based foreign policy and a broad definition of the war against terrorism, towards foreign policy Based on security and strategic requirements, it has moved to countries located or close to the western and eastern coastal border of the African continent.
 

---

In the space of smart cities, many previous patterns of citizens' lives have undergone fundamental changes.
The purpose of this study is to explain the patterns of policy in national and local dimensions (city) in these cities and provide the best policy model in all dimensions for smart cities. In order to answer the question, what is the appropriate policy model for smart cities in national and local dimensions ? Using descriptive-analytical method, this research has identified policy models in smart cities based on cyberspace policy models in national (country governance) and local (city) dimensions. In the national dimension, three models (free, participatory and control) and in the local dimension, one model (web-based) have been identified and the advantages and disadvantages of each have been mentioned.
Also, considering that the smart city is based on the geographical space of current cities, a combined model in the national and urban dimension can be the best model for policy-making in and around these cities. The hybrid policy model describes the sum of the structural linkage processes between the physical space of the city and the intelligent space resulting from the use of new technologies, especially cyberspace. In this sense, the links and relations that are established between these two spaces at the national and local levels require political actors to adopt a mixed policy model

---

Nariman Tirgar Fagheri Mohammad Hossein Najafi Abarand Abadi The restriction of custodial sentences is the importance subject which suggested in the criminal policy of the most pencl system. In this article we dislussed the global efforts and criminal legislation policy of Iran for restriction of custeidal sentence. The main motives to notice of such policy are tbe unsuccesfully costoidal sentence in socialre reintegration of offenders goals of decreasing prison over crowching and preventional recidivism decreasing of expenditure that resulting enforcement of custoidal sentence. Also the efforts for restrictional custoidal sentence in global level has as effects on national legislation with the guiding rules. At this fundation we discussed regional international activities for restriction of custiodal sentence of finally the changes of Iranian criminal legislation policies in before ofter islamic revolution. Consequencely ofter considering the global efforts to criminal legistation policy of iran we needs to supply certain practical method. It also suggsted that to be supply certain practical method with vespect of accepted principal for sentences and with consideveing the international practical method to guiding rules in ordered to suitable used of adjustment to atieration to suspention policy of cuntiodal sentence.

---

Urban diplomacy is a new urban phenomenon and policy in a global urban management arena. It is also an advanced alternative policy instrument for extension of inter-cities social, cultural and political relations as well as corporations on human urban development. For these reasons, many of advanced urban regimes, especially in the western societies, attempt to apply this urban diplomacy in replace for nation-state politics as well as traditional international relations. Then, in this article, we describe both urban diplomacy theory and its relations with urban politics and urban management, as well as its urban policy experiences, which have been emerged in new urban management systems at global level of contemporary urban societies. Furthermore, according to the findings of this article, the main idea and procedure of urban diplomacy is that global mega-cities must solve their urban problems and confront with socio-cultural challenges by urban capacities, abilities and potentials, existing in urban participatory management diplomacy.

---

The world is faced with new threats which have taken complex nature day by day. One of these treats is environmental degradation which is a direct threat to human life and human being. For this reason, the EU and the EU member states have understood the importance of this threat from 1960 onwards and have tried planning of the space, appropriately. This article using descriptive-analytic method tries to investigate the EU experience in the domain of environmental policy making and it believes that this can be useful in optimal environmental policy making in Iran. The research findings show that the EU most important strategies and action plans (in the horizon of 2030) are as follows: biodiversity, chemicals and jungle strategies and circular economy and environmental action plans. Besides, the EU has had action plans to confront with energy, water and food crises which are in relation with environmental issues and threats

---

With the outbreak of the Islamic Revolution in 1979, Islamic ideological discourse as the most important element in the discursive field of the discourse of modernism was able to articulate with other sub-discourses and according to its capabilities, credibility and populism was able to bring the transcendence of their discourse to the foreground in comparison with the dominant discourse and especially in relation to rival discourses. This new discourse with the creation of a new ideal space emerged as a discourse of hegemony and created a dominant political construction in this period in the history of Iran. What further led to the hegemony of this Islamic ideological discourse over rival discourses, along with Ayatollah Khomeini's charisma, was the adoption of a strategy right under the guise of a policy of solidarity between different groups in the sense that Laclau and Mouffe envisioned. It signifies the creation of an organic alliance between groups, parties, organizations, and the masses with the aim of turning social affairs into political ones. This study deals with a fundamental approach and using an analytic-descriptive method i.e discourse analysis, investigates the dominance of Islamic ideological discourse over the political construction of space in the first decade of the revolution. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between space, power and discourse in the Foucaultian sense and its effect on the political construction of space. The central signifier of this discourse is the Islamic ideology that emerged in opposition to and in the negation of the centrality of the previous discourse, Western modernism. Also, the space-place notion in which this discourse is manifested is the Islamic nation where the element of land is eliminated and extended to the realm of the world, instead.

---

The subject of this paper is the development of national economy, with the main question of “How can we explain the political barriers of the development of national economy in Iran (1989-2004)? In order to solving the problem, we refered to the theories of development by categorizing and critically evaluating. Then we formulated the theoretic apparatus, which is synthesis of Left-witch theory of developmental state, Rentier state theory and short-term society of Katouzian. By operational definition of the concepts of theoretic apparatus, for the purpose of data collection, we used documentary analysis. As for the method as judgment, narrative analysis was applied to analyze the so-called phenomenon as a historical case and to consider it as a research exemplar with the purpose of causal explanation of underdevelopment in Iran. The resareh findings showed that in the case of Rentier state and short-term policy making, development of national economy is weak.  

---

The issue of management and planning for urban fringe in different countries always experience different approaches, attitudes that are generally in the form of protection or development of urban fringe and surroundings areas, because it depends on political, economic and institutional developments over time. For this reason, there is no uniform and formal definition of urban fringe among different countries. Over the past five decades, city of Tehran has adopted different policies in the plans and provided projects which were different in the preparation and implementation. In the present study, five decades of planning for the Urban Fringe of Tehran are investigated and analyzed, and these programs have been studied and analyzed from two dimensions of policy and quality. The paper is applied and is based on a non-intrusive interpretive approach. The information gathering tools are library studies and use of various sources and texts. The study's findings for policy analysis identified five categories (management, planning, organization, conservation, development) and for analyzing the quality of the seven categories (program presentation, effect of reality, popular participation, infrastructure capacity, land status, implementation and adaptability). The results of the analysis of the programs show that in the developed programs the main approach and policy is based on the protection of Urban Fringe, which in order to achieve it should improve the integrity (due to the way of implementation) and legitimacy (due to lack of public participation) of the programs.

---

In developing countries, innovation is less than expectation, so these countries require to consider a different development paradigm such as learning economy that focus on active learning and the “doing, using and interacting” innovation approach for introducing the required context for creating and diffusing informal interaction that may result to technical knowledge acquisition. In this paper, the effective factors on Iran’s transition to learning economy have been identified. Research approach is inductive and qualitative and themes and components have been identifies based on grounded theory. By considering the importance and role of organization in relation with determined themes and components, organizational implications for Iran’s transition to learning economy include learning organization, organizational unlearning, policy learning and organizational capacity, and absorptive capacity and organizational capability have been investigated.    
 

---

The benefiting of the residents of the border areas from the appropriate facilities will lead to sustainable security and the lack of suitable conditions for the border residents will face the residents of the interior areas of the country with security threats. One of the most important border points in eastern Iran is the Mirjaveh border. The present study tries to evaluate the border security policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in this area through field and documentary studies. Using the theory of the Copenhagen School, this article tries to answer this question: "what are the problems of border control policies at the Mirjavah border point with Pakistan and how it can lead to lasting security in the eastern regions, especially in the city of Mirjavah?". The findings of this article show that border control policies in Iran have mainly had hardware effects. The findings also show that the economic, social and cultural situation at this border point is lower than the national average, and this policy- making approach does not solve problems and even in some cases exacerbates insecurity in the region.

---

Introduction
Spatial policy regarding flood risk management is a series of actions that are aimed at achieving a logical solution in reducing the damage caused by floods and reducing the spread of floods (Sinha et al., 2020). The impact of devastating floods on global lives and livelihoods is growing. Large-scale floods caused 104 billion US dollars in damages globally between 2000 and 2015 (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2015). As the climate changes, populations increase, and demand for housing and infrastructure grows, now more than ever, society needs to manage its flood risk and adapt to climate change. For this reason, achieving a spatial and logical comprehensive policy in flood risk management in a way that is efficient and sustainable, in research, policies and practice, requires (related program in flood management, 2017). Accordingly, the issue raised here is that; among the mentioned indicators, which of them is more important in making the spatial policy of rural flood risk management more efficient? Based on this, the necessity of research in this direction is that the present research has first identified all the items related to the indicators. Then he examines the importance of each of them in order to be able to answer this research problem.
Methodology
The method of the present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the nature of information gathering. The method of data collection in this research will be both library and field. In the first step, library studies related to the research title will be used to compile the research literature, background, and theoretical foundations of the research. In addition, in the second step, it is used in the field and quantitatively by using the questionnaire tool to check the hypotheses of the research. The statistical population of this research consists of experts in the field, including faculty members specializing in this field, graduates and doctoral students with the title of a related thesis, and people in charge of the field, for this purpose, 70 samples have been selected (explained in the table below). From their point of view, the related questionnaire has a favorable level of validity and reliability with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.97, which shows a very favorable level. Finally, one-way ANOVA (F) statistical test was used to analyze the data obtained from the mentioned questionnaire for the items of each index and finally all the indices.
Result and discussion
According to the problem stated in the introduction, in order to examine the importance of various indicators in the spatial policy of rural flood risk management, to examine the status of each of the five indicators (environmental, economic, social-cultural, managerial-institutional) and physical (land use)) deals with spatial policy of rural flood risk management To be able to identify the various aspects of the importance of each of the indicators and finally respond to the problem according to the opinions of the sample community.
To determine the importance of each of the indicators on the spatial policy of rural flood risk management, we have used Duncan's post hoc test, and the output of this test is grouped into three spectrums. They are classified according to their importance. So that the environmental index is the least important with a value of 2.9484 in spectrum one along with the economic index with a value of 3.1056, but the economic index is due to its proximity to social-cultural indicators with a value of 3.2381 and managerial-institutional indicators. With the value of 3105.3, they are the same shade in the spectrum and these two indicators (social-cultural and managerial-institutional) are placed in the third spectrum because of their proximity to the importance of the physical index (land use) and the only index that is the individual is placed in a spectrum and group. It is the physical index (land use) which is placed in the third group with the value of 3.4186 and has the largest sub-set for alpha, which shows the greater importance of this index on the spatial policy of management. The flood risk for the villages located in the watershed of Gorgan River in Golestan province has been that the following graph, which is the output of Duncan's post hoc test, also indicates the same performance of the indicators that as can be seen, environmental indicators are the least important. In addition, after that, the social-cultural index is the least important, and then the economic index and then the administrative-institutional index play a more important role. Finally, the physical indicators (land use) are the most important. The category of significance level, which is stated below the three groups, shows the lack of significance within the groups because of the closeness of their performance within each of the three spectrums.
Conclusion
According to the investigations carried out in the present study in two steps, first, through the study of available sources, the effective indicators and items in the spatial policy of rural flood risk management have been identified. Based on this, 5 indicators and 120 items have been identified. In order to check the importance of each of them, according to the type of indicators, ANOVA test (one-way analysis of variance) was used, the results of which can be summarized as follows: in the inter-group and intra-group sections. It is possible to understand the level of output desirability according to the average of squares and the sum of squares But what is important and effective in the ANOVA test output table is the F test statistic and the significance level value, which the test statistic number is 6.229 and the significance level value is 99 percent, which shows the very high importance of the five indicators on politics. Spatial planning is rural flood risk management. Based on this, Duncan's test was used to determine the importance of each of the indicators separately, and the results show that the output of this test is that the indicators are grouped into three spectrums, the reason for this problem Three spectrums are categorized according to their importance, So that the environmental index is the least important with a value of 2.9484 in spectrum one along with the economic index with a value of 3.1056, but the economic index is due to its proximity to social-cultural indicators with a value of 3.2381 and managerial-institutional indicators. With the value of 3105.3, they are the same shade in the spectrum and these two indicators (social-cultural and managerial-institutional) are placed in the third spectrum because of their proximity to the importance of the physical index (land use) and the only index that is Separately, it is placed in a spectrum and group, it is the physical index (land use), which is placed in the third group with a value of 3.4186, and has the largest subset for alpha.This shows the greater importance of this index on the spatial policy of flood risk management for the villages located in the Gorgan River watershed of Golestan province, and the following graph, which is the output of Duncan's post hoc test, also indicates the same performance of the indicators. As it can be seen, the environmental indicators are the least important, then the socio-cultural index is the least important, and then the economic index and then the administrative-institutional index play a more important role. Finally, physical indicators (land use) have the most importance in the spatial policy of rural flood risk management.

---

emergence of new technologies especially information and communication technologies leads to forming a new approach in the government that is called electronic government. E-government has changed the way and quality of providing services to citizens. E-government has three generations which its third generation is called smart government that indeed is the main purpose of the e-government. Although most of countries are transitioning from first generation of e-government (i.e. informationalization) to second generation (i.e. electronic transformation) but few countries are transitioning to third generation (i.e. smart government).  The purpose of this research is to provide a comprehensive framework in order to deploy a smart government and analyze the related policies, laws, rules and regulations of the country in terms of coverage of the proposed framework's dimensions. For this purpose, document analysis method with systematic review of the literature and comparing different researches results were used. Base on those studies a new framework composed of two layers and eight dimensions is provided for smart government deployment which citizens are in the center of the framework. Then using qualitative content analysis method with inductive approach, related policies, laws, rules and regulations of Iran were analyzed and dimensions which require more attention were identified. Finally, policy recommendations are provided for policy makers in order to develop smart government on Iran.

---

In one way, public policy scholarship has enriched considerably and stage heuristics approach (problem identification. Proposing, affirmation, implementation, and evaluation) has replaced by new theoretical views such as punctuated equilibrium theory, advocacy coalition framework, multiple streams framework, policy diffusion model, and so on. On the other way, there are three emergent research streams in policy scholarship: (1) using theoretical views on different policy areas and then comparing their explanatory power, (2) comparing theoretical views together, and (3) combing and integrating them to achieve grand theoretical view. Yet, examinations revealed that Iranian policy scholars only use policy stage heuristic as an analytical lens and don’t consider testing, critiquing, and developing new theoretical lens of policy process. In this regard, we have recommended many guidelines to tuning up and accelerating policy studies in Iran.

---

Ecolodge need policy to guide and determine short-term and long-term decisions among different options.Policymaking in Ecolodge is a collection of rules, regulations, instructions and strategies that provides a framework in which the governmental and local decisions directly affect the sustainable development of Ecolodge. In this research, we aim to identify spatial policy indicators in Ecolodge and figure out their importance in the Hawraman region. Therefore, the question is which of the spatial policy elements of Ecolodge have the most importance in this case study? The research method is practical by purpose and descriptive-analytical by type. At first, it described and interpreted the existing relationships between the research variables (statistical system and information, ruling bureaucracy, ruling values, structure of power, implementation and monitoring of policies). Research statistical society includes the ecotourism managers of the target villages of Hawraman region, General Department of Cultural Heritage experts, Tourism and Handicrafts Department, as well as tourism specialists including faculty members and related experts. This research results shows that according to Tukey's test, the policy implementation and monitoring indicator with an average of 3.673 (combination of opinions) has the highest importance in the spatial policy of Ecolodge in the Hawraman region.Thus, based on the results of the hypothesis test, it can be accepted that there is a significant difference between the spatial policy elements of the Ecolodge in the Hawraman region, and in this regard, the policy implementation and monitoring indicator is the most important among the five.