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Showing 15 results for Perspective
Volume 1, Issue 2 (2-2009)
Abstract
Keywords: Revolutionary Situation, Power-oriented explanation, General pattern, Theoretical perspectives, Types of explanation . In this Article, in order to offer a pattern of political (power-oriented) explanation of revolutions, after clarifying its central concept- namely "revolutionary situation"- through cross-cutting of three main theoretical standpoints and two principal types of explanations, we attempted to introduce six important explanation perspectives of such explanations. Then, after remarking the three levels of analysis, we separately introduced the main variables of each explanation. Finally, we mapped their schema in detail and synoptically.
Volume 2, Issue 6 (7-2009)
Abstract
The present paper intends to apply the Tense theory of Harald Weinrich to the study of tense in two Persian novels, Boofe Koor and Soveshoon. The findings show that categorization of texts into discussion and narration by Weinrich, could be applied in Persian fiction. Ayande (Future), Haal (Present) and Naqli (Perfect) construct those parts of a text that more tend to have qualities of discussion and discourse. On the other hand, past tenses like Gozashte Sadde (Simple Past), Gozashte Estemrari (Past Progressive) and Gozashte Dour / Ba'eed (Past Perfect) more tend to construct narrative parts of the texts. In addition, each group has its own past, present and future. In discussion system, Naqli plays the role of stating past, Haal is the zero point and states the present and Ayande states the future. On the other hand, in narration system, Gozashte Dour stating past and both Gozashte Sadde and Gozashte Estemrari are zero points and state the present. Moreover, we can say there is not a specific tense in Persian to state the future in this system. Finally, two tenses of Gozshte Sadde and Gozshte Estemarai play a role of foregrounding in narration system. The parts stated by Gozashte Estemrari usually are located on the background of the scene, while the main points of the narration which is stated by Gozashte Sadde are located on the foreground of the scene.
Volume 4, Issue 1 (3-2013)
Abstract
In cognitive linguisics, the concept of perspective has an essential role to construe scenes. How to construe each scene is dependant upon what perspective a speaker and viewer of that scene have adopted towards it. This is why there are different utterances in language to express the same subject from different perspective. In other words, different speakers conceptualiz them different linguistically because different viewers conceptualize each scene differently. On the other hand, perspective has a determining role in narrative. It is worth mentioning that perspective includes some factors such as viewpoint, vantage point, orientation, figure and ground, subjectivity and objectivity and deixis, which in this research four of them have been taken into account. In this paper, the goal is to study the concept of perspective in three narrational categories of story and adopted filmscript and the film from the viewpoint of cognitive linguistics based on the theories of three outstanding cognitive linguists: Langacker, Talmy and Stockwell. The results showed an interaction among these three categories. The findings also proved that linguistic aspect is a dominant factor of perspective in story. It was also shown that the perspective is not a constant phenomenon, rather it might change through onfolding events in the story.
Volume 7, Issue 3 (10-2007)
Abstract
Competitiveness is considered as a key criterion for appraising the degree of success for countries, industries and enterprises in the political, economic and commercial competition areas. Research findings show that competitiveness has been discussed in three levels of national, industry and enterprise (organization or company). Among all these levels, the enterprise level seems to be more considerable. In this study enterprise competitiveness has been viewed from two main perspectives: construct and behavioral. According to construct perspective, competitiveness includes two groups of factors which are composing and affecting factors. Based on behavioral perspective an enterprise faces two types of factors in its decisions and actions which are strategic and operational ones. As a result of literature review, summarization and complementary edition, totally 28 factors have been identified as competitiveness factors ({16 composing f. and 12 affecting f.} and {15 strategic f. and 13 operational f.}). A questionnaire has also been developed based on these factors. The findings show that in Iranian business context, all competitiveness factors of enterprises are highly important but very weak
Volume 9, Issue 2 (6-2017)
Abstract
Two fundamental features of the Sasanian monumental art, i.e. the realism and positional tradition, have been represented in rock reliefs of that time in the best manner, so that they have created a semiotic cryptic system together. Concept mining of this semiotic system will be achieved by appealing to a context-oriented approach and benefiting from the contextual continuum (comparative picturology). What underlay this research was the optical illusion resulted from implementing the perspective in the rock relief of Bahram II in Naqsh-i Rustam, Fars. This issue, which has misled the researchers in characterology of some figures, is highly controversial. Why the Sasanian artist has sometimes intentionally implemented an unnecessary perspective? Results of the studies indicate that artistic tricks such as perspective have also played the role of a sign in these artworks; as this trick in Bahram II rock relief in Nadsh-i Rustam, without any perspective, is merely accompanied by a political implication based upon the right of crown prince. The objectified perspective in the rock relief of Shapur I in Naqsh-i Rajab, Fars province, is also the evidence indicating the priority in the right of crown prince position.
Volume 13, Issue 2 (5-2022)
Abstract
The present research aims to investigate the place of noun in Persian language based on cognitive approach by relying on the framework of Lanckager’s cognitive grammar (2008). To achieve this goal, authors have selected 150 Persian simple nouns from Sokhan Dictionary (1382) accidentally. The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical and data collecting is based on library studies. After the study of collected data of research, authors concluded that in Persian language, the discussion on being countable or non-countable of noun doesn’t make much sense and unlike cognitive approach mass nouns are the same as countable nouns, which receive plural –s morpheme and together with proper nouns, they constitute a different class of nouns. Also in Persian language as well as cognitive approach, pronouns can replace nouns.
1. Introduction
Background:
One of the most important grammatical categories is noun, which has been considered in most linguistic studies, and due to the frequent presence of this grammatical category in language sentences, it can be given a special position in the field of grammar as well as word structure. In today's advanced world, where scientists and inventors are making new inventions and discoveries every day and selling them to the markets, the centers and authorities responsible for naming these products have faced a huge challenge. Making new domestic products, updating and editing, school and university textbooks based on modern science, updating Persian dictionaries, translating borrowed words in technical, engineering, medical, pharmaceutical and even military fields show the importance of studying the status of nouns in Persian based on an up-to-date and new theoretical framework in the field of linguistics. Although much research has been done on the grammatical category of nouns and distinguishing this category from other grammatical categories inside or outside Iran, the position of nouns in Persian has not been studied in detail from a cognitive point of view.To this end , this study aims to investigate the position of nouns in Persian language based on the theoretical and grammatical framework of Langacker (2008).
Theoretical framework
The theoretical framework of the present study is Langacker’s (2008) grammar. Cognitive linguistics can be divided into two broad areas: cognitive semantics and cognitive approaches to grammar. In grammar, language is considered as a mental and cognitive system, and therefore the issue of language independence from other cognitive powers is not raised, and a comprehensive understanding of the language system is not possible without a complete understanding of the cognitive system. Also, the independence of linguistic domains is rejected, and semantics does not mean literal or linguistic meaning and does not believe in semantic characteristics. Rather, the literal and non-literal meanings are metaphorical, virtual, metaphorical, and context-based. The grammar proposed by Langacker (2008) is the most prominent framework of cognitive linguistics. In describing grammar, Langacker (2008) considers language as a part of cognition and believes that linguistic research should be dedicated to understanding the human mind. In Langacker's grammar (2008), nouns are divided into two main subsets of countable nouns and common or uncountable nouns. Langacker (2008) also divides nouns into two groups of pronouns and specific nouns in terms of semantic usage. Langacker's (2008) cognitive approach has introduced the distinction between countable nouns and uncountable or general nouns in taking the plural marker. Thus, the noun that receives the plural is countable and the noun that does not receive the plural is uncountable.
Research questions:
In this study, the following questions have been raised: 1. To what extent does the pattern of countable and uncountable nouns in Persian correspond to the cognitive pattern? 2. What class of nouns in Persian does the pattern of common nouns which are one of the two main classes that make up nouns in the cognitive approach correspond?
Research method:
The research method of the present study was descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting research data was based on library studies and random sampling. To investigate the status of nouns in Persian from a cognitive perspective under the theoretical framework of Langacker (2008) grammar, the authors randomly selected 150 simple Persian names from Sokhan dictionary (2003).
2. Results
the results showed that in Persian the discussion of countable or non-countable nouns does not make much sense. Contrary to the cognitive view which considers countable nouns and common nouns as the two main classes of nouns, in Persian, common nouns are the same as countable nouns and receive the plural marker, and together with specific nouns, they form a distinct class of nouns. Also, in Persian, as in the cognitive view, the pronoun replaces the noun. Examining the simple nouns from a cognitive point of view showed that Persian grammar has significant differences in the category of countable nouns, uncountable nouns, general nouns, specific nouns and pronouns compared to Langacker (2008) grammatical pattern. In Persian, general, specific, and some personal pronouns do not receive the plural marker (s), which is in stark contrast to Langacker (2008)'s grammar. Also in Persian, some nouns that are inherently uncountable, such as water, also receive the plural marker (s). Here, the language instinct of the Persian speaker is also involved, which is also a case of contradiction between Persian grammar and cognitive grammar.
3. Conclusion
In general, in Persian, countable and uncountable nouns are on one side, and general and specific nouns are also on the other side, which do not correspond in general to Langacker’s (2008) grammatical model.
Volume 13, Issue 4 (9-2010)
Abstract
One of the effective factors of social responsibility and achievement of organizations is considering at which values and implementing them in work settings. The important issue is the rate they constitutionalist ethical principles in the organizations and having commitment to these principles. By implementing these values, instinctive direction of individuals and the society will be directed towards the right way. Therefore, today the managers' functions such as response to social needs and the demands of fellow citizens, foreign and domestic customers and stakeholders are considered important. Commitment to social responsibility needs exercising and In this path, there is a need for self-purifications. This research was conducted in Rafsanjani Public Organizations. The results indicated that there is a positive relationship between theoretical, aesthetics, social, political and religious values roles of social responsibility. No significant relationship was found between economic values and acting roles of social responsibility.
Hamid-Reza Shairi, Farhad Sasani,
Volume 15, Issue 1 (1-2008)
Volume 15, Issue 1 (1-2008)
Abstract
This study tries to show that how viewpoint functions in discourse. As it will be clarified, it is highly related to the intention of the speaker/writer, and as a result, the orientation (s)he adopts in the discourse. Deictic markers function as discourse markers to fix and anchor time, place, agent, and other discursive elements. In this way, the viewpoint adopted by the enunciator/utterer is determined. Different types of viewpoint, then, are introduced and exemplified. Its relation with perspective is also examined.
Volume 15, Issue 5 (6-2024)
Abstract
Since teachers’ perceptions of work engagement can strongly shape their engagement level, it is imperative to explore how teachers perceive this construct and its associated dimensions. With this in mind, some researchers have evaluated teachers’ beliefs and attitudes towards this notion. Notwithstanding this, to the authors’ knowledge, no study has examined language teachers’ viewpoints on this variable and its significance in online EFL classes. To bridge these gaps, this phenomenological study explored Iranian EFL teachers’ perceptions and experiences of work engagement and its value in online English courses. To this aim, using the purposive sampling strategy, a total of 21 EFL teachers were chosen from different state, private, and non-profit universities in Iran. To obtain the required data, all participants were invited to complete an open-ended questionnaire. To reach more comprehensive data, from among the 21 participants, nine willingly took part in a 20-minute interview session. Results obtained from content analysis revealed that Iranian EFL teachers considered work engagement as a complex variable with four related dimensions of emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and social engagement. The results also indicated that Iranian teachers perceived work engagement as an important professional behavior that results in increased academic achievements, professional advancement, improved teaching quality, and strong teacher-student rapport. Hence, education leaders and teacher educators should support Iranian EFL teachers in enhancing work engagement dimensions to improve professional growth and teaching quality.
Volume 17, Issue 68 (2-2025)
Abstract
Literary theory is a systematic study of the essence of literature and a way to analyze literary phenomena. Although the literary theory has been widely used in Persian literature research in recent years, it seems that its semantic and empirical realm has not been well established; because in some research conducted in the field of Persian literature, individuals’ literary opinions have been mistakenly read as literary theory. In the following article, to show the difference between literary theory and literary perspective, five specific characteristics of literary theory have been explained and described; which includes these items: “Arising from a philosophical mindset”, “Systematic and coherent”, “The result of reflection on the text”, “Providing a new perspective” and “Using in criticism”. In the following, the extreme point of view that believes in the similarity between some opinions in Persian classical texts and Western theories on the existence and even the precedence of theories in its past has been criticized. And it is clear that basically the discovery of these views in past scientific and literary texts was due to familiarity with western ideas. In the end, the result shows that because of the inefficiency of the literary opinions collected by the researchers from the characteristics of a theory, the term “literary theory” is not correct and accurate for their opinions and literary opinions. It is better to use the term “literary perspective” to make the field of knowledge of Persian literature more precise about such opinions and theories, so that this term has its own specific definition and examples.
Keywords: Literary theory, literary perspective, characteristics of literary theory, theory and criticism, theory and philosophy.
Introduction
The history of the emergence of “literary theory” in the West dates back to the ancient Greek period; however, the majority of literary theories in the West have emerged since the late 19th century. In Iran, the history of literary theory dates back to the time of familiarization with Western theories. In previous decades, Iranian critics and writers paid more attention to literary theories in order to use them for the criticism and analysis of various texts and had a purely practical approach, but in recent years, literary theories themselves have become the subject of discussion. In the field of modern theoretical sciences, some researchers are still not sufficiently familiar with the foundations of that science; for this reason, they sometimes make fundamental mistakes in their research. Such mistakes are also seen in the discussion of literary theories; including in the nature of literary theory and its examples.
Results and Discussion
Literary theory is a way of thinking about literary works in a way that helps us understand how to create a work, its content, and its form and format. The goal of theorizing is to access convincing methods by which literature can be understood, interpreted, described, and analyzed, and to propose criteria and standards for understanding the form and meaning of literature. It can be said that the word “theory” is an inclusive term for all scientific approaches to reading texts. When theories are removed from their transcendental-abstract state and placed at the service of reading texts, they lead to “literary criticism” and in this case take on a more practical form.
Beyond its definition and function, literary theory is distinguished by five key characteristics that “literary perspectives” lack:
Theory, whether literary or non-literary, is the result of a philosophical mindset. Theory is the result of continuous thinking, and although poets’ literary perspectives are the product of their thought and poetic thinking, they lack the rational-philosophical support of theory, and for this reason, it can be said that they lack its richness, structure, stability, and inclusiveness.
Theory is inherently coherent, methodical, and it has a formulation. Although a framework and rules can be considered for it by analyzing tradition, the sum of these rules can be called “literary tradition,” not theory. Also, due to the lack of the condition of “unity of time” in these views, after collecting and organizing the scattered opinions of poets, there is a possibility of contradictions emerging, which logically any theory should lack.
One of the characteristics of literary theorizing is to emerge from the literary text by thinking about its various aspects and its formulation. Literary texts are a rich source of ideas for theorizing. Although the perspectives of the poets may be the result of their literary experiences and thoughts about poetry; however, the views they express are mainly about aesthetic issues or the mission of poetry and art that originate from their taste and are not a coherent theory that has emerged from reflection on the text and has become a way of looking at texts in a new way.
Theories are inherently informative and new knowledge is formed in their light. Literary theory seeks to understand a text from a specific angle and to create a new impression of the text. Literary perspectives lack this feature and mainly deal with the nature of poetry and aesthetic issues, and in this respect are closer to the poetics, which is the systematic aesthetic study of literary works.
The capacity of theories to illuminate the hidden aspects of literary works has led literary criticism to rely mainly on them, with researchers applying theories in the criticism of texts. If criticism is not based on theory, it will be weak, scattered, subjective, and fragile. Unlike theory, what some researchers have gathered from the perspective of poets under the title of “theory” does not provide a specific framework and model with which to criticize a text. From them, we can only understand the aesthetic views of individuals, which are mainly formed on the basis of tradition.
In the field of theory and theorizing, there is another view among a number of researchers that can be criticized. Some researchers who are often fascinated by nationality and national identity, by comparing some of the opinions and views expressed in the books of their the ancients with the theories of the modern era of the West, conclude that such theories were expressed centuries ago by our own thinkers and poets, but since these comments have not been paid attention to, historical gaps have eliminated them. These people are oblivious to that thought and opinion do not arise in a vacuum and that their creation and growth require a favorable context and space. With this assumption, we can no longer expect theory to emerge in the absence of that context and space. Another noteworthy point is that ideas and perspectives in the works of our ancestors, which resemble those of later Western theorists, often become apparent only when the reader is already familiar with Western examples. Basically, our understanding and perception of theory is “Eurocentric.”
Conclusion
Theory has a philosophical foundation and its source should be considered a philosophical system; a system that, due to its formation within the framework of rational and logical rules, gives coherence and order to thought. Theorizing requires a problem-solving mindset that, when reading texts, can discover another layer of the text or look at the text from a new angle. If this mind benefits from philosophical training, it can, by utilizing previous theories, present this discovered layer or new perspective by explaining and formulating it in the form of a coherent literary theory, with which to criticize texts from that perspective. Since the literary views of poets collected by researchers lack the characteristics outlined in this article, it is neither correct nor accurate to label their opinions as “literary theory”. It is better to use the term “literary perspectives” for such opinions and theories so that the term “literary theory” has its own specific definition and application.
Keywords: Literary theory, literary perspective, characteristics of literary theory, theory and criticism, theory and philosophy.
Introduction
The history of the emergence of “literary theory” in the West dates back to the ancient Greek period; however, the majority of literary theories in the West have emerged since the late 19th century. In Iran, the history of literary theory dates back to the time of familiarization with Western theories. In previous decades, Iranian critics and writers paid more attention to literary theories in order to use them for the criticism and analysis of various texts and had a purely practical approach, but in recent years, literary theories themselves have become the subject of discussion. In the field of modern theoretical sciences, some researchers are still not sufficiently familiar with the foundations of that science; for this reason, they sometimes make fundamental mistakes in their research. Such mistakes are also seen in the discussion of literary theories; including in the nature of literary theory and its examples.
Results and Discussion
Literary theory is a way of thinking about literary works in a way that helps us understand how to create a work, its content, and its form and format. The goal of theorizing is to access convincing methods by which literature can be understood, interpreted, described, and analyzed, and to propose criteria and standards for understanding the form and meaning of literature. It can be said that the word “theory” is an inclusive term for all scientific approaches to reading texts. When theories are removed from their transcendental-abstract state and placed at the service of reading texts, they lead to “literary criticism” and in this case take on a more practical form.
Beyond its definition and function, literary theory is distinguished by five key characteristics that “literary perspectives” lack:
Theory, whether literary or non-literary, is the result of a philosophical mindset. Theory is the result of continuous thinking, and although poets’ literary perspectives are the product of their thought and poetic thinking, they lack the rational-philosophical support of theory, and for this reason, it can be said that they lack its richness, structure, stability, and inclusiveness.
Theory is inherently coherent, methodical, and it has a formulation. Although a framework and rules can be considered for it by analyzing tradition, the sum of these rules can be called “literary tradition,” not theory. Also, due to the lack of the condition of “unity of time” in these views, after collecting and organizing the scattered opinions of poets, there is a possibility of contradictions emerging, which logically any theory should lack.
One of the characteristics of literary theorizing is to emerge from the literary text by thinking about its various aspects and its formulation. Literary texts are a rich source of ideas for theorizing. Although the perspectives of the poets may be the result of their literary experiences and thoughts about poetry; however, the views they express are mainly about aesthetic issues or the mission of poetry and art that originate from their taste and are not a coherent theory that has emerged from reflection on the text and has become a way of looking at texts in a new way.
Theories are inherently informative and new knowledge is formed in their light. Literary theory seeks to understand a text from a specific angle and to create a new impression of the text. Literary perspectives lack this feature and mainly deal with the nature of poetry and aesthetic issues, and in this respect are closer to the poetics, which is the systematic aesthetic study of literary works.
The capacity of theories to illuminate the hidden aspects of literary works has led literary criticism to rely mainly on them, with researchers applying theories in the criticism of texts. If criticism is not based on theory, it will be weak, scattered, subjective, and fragile. Unlike theory, what some researchers have gathered from the perspective of poets under the title of “theory” does not provide a specific framework and model with which to criticize a text. From them, we can only understand the aesthetic views of individuals, which are mainly formed on the basis of tradition.
In the field of theory and theorizing, there is another view among a number of researchers that can be criticized. Some researchers who are often fascinated by nationality and national identity, by comparing some of the opinions and views expressed in the books of their the ancients with the theories of the modern era of the West, conclude that such theories were expressed centuries ago by our own thinkers and poets, but since these comments have not been paid attention to, historical gaps have eliminated them. These people are oblivious to that thought and opinion do not arise in a vacuum and that their creation and growth require a favorable context and space. With this assumption, we can no longer expect theory to emerge in the absence of that context and space. Another noteworthy point is that ideas and perspectives in the works of our ancestors, which resemble those of later Western theorists, often become apparent only when the reader is already familiar with Western examples. Basically, our understanding and perception of theory is “Eurocentric.”
Conclusion
Theory has a philosophical foundation and its source should be considered a philosophical system; a system that, due to its formation within the framework of rational and logical rules, gives coherence and order to thought. Theorizing requires a problem-solving mindset that, when reading texts, can discover another layer of the text or look at the text from a new angle. If this mind benefits from philosophical training, it can, by utilizing previous theories, present this discovered layer or new perspective by explaining and formulating it in the form of a coherent literary theory, with which to criticize texts from that perspective. Since the literary views of poets collected by researchers lack the characteristics outlined in this article, it is neither correct nor accurate to label their opinions as “literary theory”. It is better to use the term “literary perspectives” for such opinions and theories so that the term “literary theory” has its own specific definition and application.
Maryam Sadat Fayyazi, Alieh Korde Zaferanloo Kamuzia, Hossein Safi Pirloojeh,
Volume 18, Issue 2 (9-2011)
Volume 18, Issue 2 (9-2011)
Abstract
Perspective is one of the factors involved in the diversification of schema. The viewpoint from which one looks at a scene somehow affects the process of semantic representation of that scene. Every sentence has its special schema drawn upon the scene in question, and adopting different points of view towards the same event will result in the speakers’ choosing different linguistic structures to express the event. Therefore, perspective is one of the most salient structure-formation processes that has received much attention from cognitive linguists. Cognitivists interested in linguistic impacts of perspective, following Langacker (), have laid their study on the assumption that the relative status and the angle of vision influence what language is used in describing certain situations. However, the question in this regard is whether or not the two parameters meet the adequacy required both for describing and for explaining different scenes linguistically. The answer seems to be that the specific perspective taken by the speaker is itself very much based on some further elements as animacy, dynamicity, size, and speaker. Present article is therefore written in order to question the problem of perspective, and the elements that are likely to bear upon its linguistic representation in Persian. Furthermore, it will also be taken into question if, according to what cognitive linguists argue for, there is such a universal cognitional framework common to all the human beings. For this purpose, a body of Persian written and spoken data, gathered from narrative dialogues and everyday talks, is to be examined inductively. Although this is an unprecedented study on some fundamental cognitive-semantic issues, the results would pretty hopefully apply in much more detailed semantic analyses of sentence perspective as well.
Volume 20, Issue 1 (3-2016)
Abstract
Abstract Although formulating a consistent strategy is a difficult task for any management team, making that strategy work and implementing it throughout the organization is even more difficult. Without execution even the most brilliant strategy is useless. Being successful requires skills and knowledge to carry out strategic decisions and plans. Research shows that human factors are important factors in the successful implementation of organizational strategies . This study surveyed the factors influencing successful strategy implementation in top Iran‘s banks. this is as a mix study that used grounded theory to get insight about experiences in implementing strategy successfully through in – depth interviews with 18 scientific - practical expert including managers, assistant directors , and academic professors . in order , gathered data to design a model of successful strategy implementation. According to guidelines of open and axial coding, in form of 22 sub- category were conceptualized and classified in 6 main category and finally the model was developed. This model also explain factors influencing the successful strategy implementation and also how these elements interact with each other. outcome of model including goal and vision achievement, organizational consensus and Organizational Agility. Key words: strategy, successful strategy implementation, behavioral perspective
Volume 21, Issue 84 (4-2024)
Abstract
This article aims at finding the relation between the intellectual and saviour in play The Saviour in the Damp Morning written by Akbar Radi. The main question of this article is who is the saviour in this play and what is their connection to the intellectual and the social order of the time. The proper theory for this analysis is Gilbert Durand’s myth-analysis in which the researcher has followed three steps: close-reading of the play, finding intertextual elements and the myth in the play, and figuring out the relation of the myth to the society in which it was written. The findings show that the saviour in this play is an intellectual who considers himself a Christ-like figure that should save the humanity. This person, however, is passive and in facing problems, he finds the solution in committing suicide. Studying the social situation in the time of the play shows that society needed intellectuals to take action and take a step to save their society. The findings showed that the failure in intellectualism was rooted in the lack of connection between the intellectual and his society, which was echoed in the play.
Volume 24, Issue 3 (5-2022)
Abstract
The increasing need for energy resources and the threat of shortage of available fossil fuels in the future along with the adverse environmental issues arising from consumption of these fuels, especially climate change, have led countries to pursue sustainable and eco-friendly modes of producing energy. Meanwhile, in recent years, many researchers have considered renewable energies and their related technologies. However, the evidence indicates that social or public acceptance of Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) is low and people, especially in rural areas of developing countries, are less likely to adopt and use such technologies. Accordingly, the current study was undertaken to investigate the factors influencing Iranian villagers’ intention to use RETs through two socio-psychological models with pro-self and pro-social motivations and to integrate them into one comprehensive theoretical framework. A questionnaire survey was conducted for 393 villagers in Zanjan County in northwestern Iran. The study results disclosed that personal norm, attitude, social norm, and perceived behavioral control had significant positive impacts on the intention to use RETs. Most importantly, the findings confirmed the effectiveness of the original models of Norm Activation Model (NAM) and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in explaining the villagers' intention. However, the utility and applicability of an integrative model of TPB-NAM were superior to the original models. Additionally, the original NAM contributed considerably more to the integrative model than the original TPB. Collectively, the pro-social orientations outweighed the pro-self motives in the case of explaining the behavioral intention regarding the use of RETs among Iranian villagers. Overall, this study's findings contribute to the theory and practice around sustainable energy development in Iran and other developing countries.
Iran Asghar Fahimifar, Iran Bagher Bahram Shotorban, Iran Mohammad Ali Safoora, Iran Yoones Sekhavat,
Volume 31, Issue 1 (1-2024)
Volume 31, Issue 1 (1-2024)
Abstract
As a result of introducing European art to traditional Persian painting, the multidimensional space of the traditional Persian painting tended to linear space. In other words, the Persian painting based on the positional perspective created a multi-dimensional space and another method based on linear perspective was done to create a temporal and spatial unity. The confrontation between the two methods remained challenging until the present day. Contemporary artists have used tricks to resolve that challenge, one by using new media as a modified version of the old medium. In this regard, animation as an up-to-date medium has been able to develop the traditional Persian painting narrative and aesthetic capabilities by visually adapting them. But the question that arises is what features should this type of animation have? Or what changes does the traditional Persian painting require in connection with the field of moving pictures? This research attempts to examine the principles and visual characteristics of two media, and the main goal is determining the scope of necessary changes in the traditional Persian painting based on the aesthetics of animation. Hence, it examines how this was done in "Hazar Afsan- Kerm Haftavad" as one of the new animation productions.
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