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This paper deals with the object agreement phenomenon in the transcriptions written in Middle Persian language. This study is a descriptive study and is classified as a library research. The collected data from transcriptions in Middle Persian language namely as Ardā-Virāf-nāmeh, Bundahishn, Dānāk u Mainyo-ī Khard, Dēnkard Book 5, Rivāyat ī Ādurfarrōbay i Farrōkhzādān, and Vizidagiha-ye Zadesparam have been analyzed based on the theoretical background of  Dalrymple and Nikolaeva (2011). The analysis of the collected data showed that in the Middle Persian Language in some cases the verb instead of the subject, agrees with the object of the sentence in number and person features. This phenomenon happens only when the sentence has the transitive verb in the past tense and there is no object agreement for transitive verbs inflected for other tenses. Moreover, the object agreement in the Middle Persian has no relation with the animacy and definiteness characteristics of the object. A comparison between the results of this research and the findings of the Dalrymple and Nikolaeva (2011) shows that object agreement is the Middle Persian is a syntactic phenomenon based on the tenses of the sentence that just occurred when the transitive verb was in the past tense. This phenomenon can show the diachronic changes of the Persian Language for the emergence of the ergative system in the Persian Language.
 

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Social trust means more people in your life trust to each other. But the scope and radius of this trust do not have fixed form, therefore, we have two forms of trust: particular trust and universal trust. In this paper, after designing of the problem, the conceptual and theoretical dimensions of trust, radius and range of social trust were inquired. Then with considering the variables of objective participation, generalized trust, reciprocity, sense of social security and optimism that constitute conceptual and empirical models of this essay, the subject were explained. 18 years old and above residents of Kashan city make the population of this article. After selecting a sample of this population by survey and technique questionnaire, the data were collected and analyzed. The results of this study showed that the radius and range of social trust in Kashan are located at an intermediate level. There is significant relationship between the independent variables of conceptual model and dependent variables. The variables entered the equation can have a good predictability, showing that the scope and radius of trust can be developed as they are improved.

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Abstract
Today, in the era of the domination of the virtual world over the real world, with the expansion of the Internet and social networks, social communication and subsequent elements of individual identity has undergone extensive quantitative and qualitative changes. Women, as the majority of social media users, are more exposed to threats and psychological harm than ever due to their physical and psychological characteristics. One of the types of harms that can be explained in the context of the knowledge of social psychology is "self-objectification".
     The present study is applied in terms of purpose, and descriptive-survey in terms of implementation. The statistical population of the study is 271 high school girls in Kashan. By distributing a standard questionnaire with closed-ended questions, the necessary information was collected. In the process of objectification, women under the influence of media advertisements, draw ideals for themselves and in the same direction, they constantly evaluate and review themselves, and if they see their appearance closer to current patterns at the media, they gain self-confidence; otherwise, they become involved in physical shame. As a result, their self-confidence appears to be conditioned by the fact that it puts their mental health at risk, and this type of risky behavior based on criminological theories such as the lifestyle theory of Gottfredson and Hindelang is likely Increases victimization; Because the more recreational activities and leisure a person has, and the more she interacts with criminals or in criminal or dangerous environments, the more likely she is to become a victim.
 
Key words: Women Victimization, Social Networks, Self- objectification, Social Prevention

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After the Cold War, the People's Republic of China emerged as a major economic power in the world. Today, this country has been able to spread its influence, especially economically, to all parts of the world. One of the strategic points where this country is in strategic competition with Europe and America is the African continent. This study attempts to present the causes and contexts of China's influence in Africa. Therefore, considering the fact that many studies have been conducted on China's actions and influence in Africa so far; in order to establish a theoretical consensus among the researches, this study tries to explain the strategic and important reasons for China's influence in Africa in a theoretical framework. Therefore, the philosophy of interpretive research has been chosen to achieve the appropriate model in this field with a qualitative approach and content analysis techniques. It should be noted that among the 298 articles containing China's geopolitical goals and interests, 8 articles were extracted according to the KASP rubric scoring system. The final result indicates that one of the most important geopolitical interests in Africa are economic goals pursued according to the soft principles and ideological cultural structure of China.
 

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Aim: Injury from needle is one of the main ways of transmitting blood diseases in the medical staff. Prevention and reduction of such diseases' side effects have been emphasized by the Health Ministry. This study aimed to investigate factors influencing the behavior of the Elam city medical staff when working with sharps instruments. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, using a census method, all healthcare staff working in the health centers of Abdanan Dehloran city (total n=66) after providing written informed consent were enrolled. Data were gathered by a questionnaire. After verifying the validity and reliability, the data were collected, and analyzed using SPSS19 and descriptive statistics, Chi-square and t-test. Findings: 59% of the participants were male; 80% were married; 62% had academic educations, and 47% worked in the nursing and injection sections. The mean scores of knowledge and attitude of the participants were 3.1±1.38 and 1.7±4.1, respectively, and just 13.4% of the subjects had not reported control tests and injury events. Conclusion: Knowledge, attitudes and practices of the medical staff of injuries from sharp objects are not desirable. it seems that empowering the staff through theoretical and practical training is proper solution in this regard.

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Is Meinongian dicopulation justified? This is the main problem in this paper and our hypothesis is that Meinongian dicopulaism is counterintuitive. This is despite the rich list of syntactic and semantic features that Meinongian advocates of the double copula strategy attribute to the Meinongian (internal/encoding) mode of predication in contrast with the ordinary mode of predication. That is what we demonstrate in this paper. We argue that neither of the requirement that Meinongian formulas (i.e. those containing the Meinongian mode of predication) must be monadic; nor that they resist lambda abstraction; nor that logical closure governs them; nor that they can be incomplete (or inconsistent) and nor that they are no way contingent, may succeed in discriminating Meinongian from ordinary predications. Nonetheless, dicopulaistic semantics support our intuitive understanding of abstract objects as sets of properties only whence they embrace the counterintuitive conception of multiple denotations; of either copulas or (abstract) objects. Meinongian dicopulaism does not work.
 

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If a language makes use of a case marker to indicate the role of the object in a sentence, that marker is called “object case marker”. In some languages, only a subset of objects is marked with a case marker, which is called “differential object marking” (DOM). Definiteness and animacy of the object are among the factors for an object to be accompanied with a case marker. This article studies the effect of definiteness and animacy on the use of the object marker in Mâzandarâni, a modern North-Western Iranian language of the Southern Caspian subgroup. Studying DOM in a Mâzandarâni corpus, 148 noun-phrases as direct object of the verb were recognized, and animacy and definiteness were the influential factors on the use of object marker with an object in this corpus.

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Objective correlative is the non-vocal expression of emotions through a set of sophisticated situations, events which bring to the reader the same emotions. In other words, the writer instead of direct expression of emotions, illustrates them by object, situations and events in order to influence the reader. This disinterested or impersonal theory of foregrounding emotions or experiences in art and poetry is also being used in the poetic vocations of both Nima and Shamloo. So the present comparative study intends to show the manifestation of the term objective correlative in some of the poems by these two poets, which does not seem to have received so far a significant attention by the researchers. Of Nimas poems, the authors have selected: Guard of night, Night whole night and Night, Call him, and of Shamloo’s poetical vocations they have chosen: Rejected, Where is the flower, There is nothing to say, Euology, Connection, Ibrahim in the fire, and Plan.      

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According to the prevalent beliefs, comitative object, cognate object and object of purpose are not present in the syntactical functions of Persian language. However, there is lack of scientific research on this subject. Not only has it been ignored in grammar books, but also it has not been discussed in the essays and articles. The present study seeks to investigate the above mentioned functions in Persian syntax and to show their Persian equivalents by bringing several instances from Persian texts of prose and poetry. Subsequently, the paper aims to show the differences between these functions in Arabic and Persian. Influenced by Arabic, the article introduces new terminology, which did not formerly exist in Persian language.      

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Aim: The objective of this paper is to design nutrient-adequate, varied and cost-efficient diets for diabetes patients.
Methods: A new multi-objective mixed integer linear programming model under uncertainty is developed to design diet plans for diabetes patients.
Findings: The analysis is conducted on the population of 30 years old men and women in 24.99 and 18.5 body mass index, 1.50, 1.65 and 1.80 (m) height categorized in 4 physical activity levels (sedentary, low, active and very active). The objectives of the model are the minimization of the total amount of saturated fat, sugar and cholesterol and the total cost of the diet plans. The constraints of the model are fulfilling the body's nutrient requirements and the diversity control of each patient’s diet. In order to get closer to the real world, fuzzy parameters are considered in the model. To solve the model, a new hybrid solution methodology (Jimenez and epsilon-constraint method) is used to offer the optimal Pareto of non-dominated solutions. Each optimal Pareto of the model consists of diet plans that each patient can choose the proper food based on the taste, availability and cost.
Conclusion: Mathematical modeling of diet planning and study of its optimal solutions can be considered as a decision support tool for the professionals to design the most proper diet plans.

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Noun incorporation is considered as a word formation process which is not treated similarly in different languages and has various representations. The incorporated noun is unmarked for features of definiteness and specificity; it does not take definite article, demonstratives or case marking. This study aims at finding an explanatory account for this phenomenon in Persian in order to decide whether a particular structure involves incorporation or not. To do this, incorporation is examined with respect to its relation to transitivity as a prototypical phenomenon. In this regard, it may be analyzed according to the notion of the degree of transitivity and the presence or absence of different transitivity parameters. The results show that the two parameters of individuation of object as well as affectedness of object specifically have role in the occurrence of incorporation. Aspect, also, has some effect through its relation to affectedness. Therefore, incorporation is better to be considered as an instance of transitivity decrease which occurs due to the lack of object individuation and object affectedness in a transitive clause. The deviation from the prototypical transitive clause due to the absence of these features is responsible for the structural differences of the incorporated clauses with that prototype.

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Adjacency condition is  one of the syntactic constraints on case assignment in many languages such as English, Dutch, Turkish and Hindi. Many linguists studied adjacency condition in some languages and some of them including  Chomsky (1981) and  Stowell (1981) confirmed the role of  this condition in generative grammar and some linguists including Johnson (1991) rejected it in generative grammar. Opponents of this hypothesis believe that adjacency condition can be replaced by projection principle and binary branching condition. In this research, we try to investigate the role of adjacency condition in Persian. Data analysis indicates that assigning structural case to subject by inflection head and also assigning structural case to definite direct object by verb are not subject to adjacency condition. In fact, the position of definite direct object and inflection head is in the specifier of inner verb phrase core and at the end of sentence, respectively which they are not adjacent to each other. However, assigning structural case to noun phrase by preposition and also assigning structural case to indefinite direct object by verb are subject to adjacency constraints. Therefore, there is a direct relationship between adjacency condition and specificity.
 

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In this paper, an interactive model for individual normal behaviour of drivers is presented in which the mutual effect of vehicles has been incorporated. Temporal features obtained from vehicles tracking and their motion history is utilized for generating a model of normal behaviour. Because of non-stationarity of behaviour, Hidden Markov Model has been used for interactive model. This model has three main parts. The first part is the history of antecedent trajectory which for this purpose has proposed a Centers Transition Matrix (CTM) that is some type of spatio-temporal information-data bank from motions seen in the old frames. The second part is based on the linguistic features or motion recognition of vehicles, these motions contain forward, turn right and left, lane changing to right and left motion. The third part is constituted from low level features which contain Velocity and distance to neighbor object. Also CTM is efficient in search at similar blob in image sequences and it can determine the radius and region of search. This top-down feedback caused an increment of performance of RLS tracker and object searching. In the presented system, we obtained a 81.2% membership rate to normal model. Also types of motion are recognized using HMM with a recognition rate of up to 82.7%. Prediction error is reduced on many vehicles trajectory by at least 80% using a feedback system.

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Decision making about buying pieces (outsourcing) or manufacturing them by factory (insourcing) is the main challenge for manufacturing organizations and strategic issue. This study has aimed to present an appropriate methodology to solve this problem. Using combinative approach of multiple-criteria decision and zero-one multi objective linear programming, the methodology has been able to investigate the decision of manufacturing or buying to develop and increase product portfolio. In the study, primary factors and indices of decision making about manufacturing or buying have firstly been identified by investigating review of literature, and their importance have been measured by experts and the most important factors were selected as final ones. Among final factors, those that had qualitative nature along with insourcing and manufacturing options have been ranked and scored by using analytic hierarchy process (AHP). According to qualitative factors, their amounts and quantitative factors, zero-one multi objective linear programming has been proposed. According to decision -making factors, mathematical model has, finally, made final decision and has selected insourcing (manufacturing inside the factory).

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This research surveys similarities and differences of semantic, syntactic and pragmatic characteristics of subject-subject, subject -object causative construction in Azeri Turkish on the basis of Van Valin's (2008) Role and Reference Grammar, in order to characterize their semantic, syntactic and pragmatic features of complex causatives and to   identify and explain their similarities and differences on basis of Van Valin's classification of complex causatives. This descriptive –analytic research, after collecting data from spoken language, transcribed and analyzed them semantically, syntactically and pragmatically in order to realize whether Van Valin's classification and his expected features exist in Azeri Turkish or not. The most important results of this study showed   the second group of Van Valin’s classification of causatives and jussive exist in Azeri Turkish and also, there are specific relationships between semantic, syntactic and pragmatic characteristics of subject-subject and subject–object causatives and Inter clausal hierarchy of semantic relation and these two groups of causatives have some similarities and differences. All of the groups show causation meaning, narrow focus and PSA in all of them which is actor. Subject –Subject and subject –indirect causative show weak causation while subject- direct object causative shows strong causation.

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There are three kinds of changing valency processes in languages: lexical, morphological and syntactic. Transitive and intransitive alternation of verb "poxtan (cook)" is an example of lexical alternation; morphological causative "xordan/ xorandan" (to eat vs. make to eat) is an example of morphological alternation in Persian; and active/passive alternation is an example of syntactic alternation in Persian. This paper deals with all lexical transitivity alternations in Persian based on the model proposed by Beth Levin (1993). These alternations are introduced with the same order and numbers used by Levin in her work (1993). The alternations are as follows: complement of transitive verb = subject of intransitive verb, Unexpressed Object Alternation, Conative Alternation. There are some Persian alternations too which are not used in English. These alternations are introduced at the end of this paper. Beth Levin didn't discuss the alternations dealing with clausal complements. In this paper we didn't mention these alternations too.

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The purpose of this research is to analyze Differential Adpositional Case Marking (DACM) in Vafsi within OT framework by using the generalization of Aissen’s (2003) Differential Object Marking (DOM) model. While Bossong (1985) has traced DOM in more than 300 languages, DACM has not been investigated typologically, yet. DACM, as a branch of Differential Case Marking (DCM), questions the effect of semantic and/or pragmatic features on case marking of object of adposition. Evidence from Vafsi (Stilo, 2004) suggest that animacy in object of adposition (OA), affects its case marking; i. e. human and animate OAs in Vafsi will be oblique case-marked, while inanimate OAs are direct (nominative) case-marked. DACM OT model is developed using Prince and Smolensky (1993), Smolensky (1995) and the generalization of Aissen’s (2003) DOM OT model. The constraints hierarchies are extracted using formal devices of harmonic alignment and local conjunction.

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Carried out in the framework of Transformational Grammar and Typology, this research aims at determining the generation place of Persian Object Clitics, and examining the effects their synchronic-diachronic analyses may have on typological studies. The underlying order ‘Object Clitic + Verb’ was consequently considered to be at work in correspondence to SOV order; And, it’s the Move-α Transformation that drives the clitic out to surface elsewhere, i.e. mostly in Postverbal Position. Moreover, syntactic, morphological, and prosodic alignments were introduced to be influencing in cliticization in Persian as a trio of criterions which may change by the passage of time; Grammaticality of encliticization to the nominal part of Complex Predications in Classic New Persian and the ungrammaticality of the same process in some CPs of Standard NP was mentioned as an example; Referring to the UG Principle of ‘Minimal Link Condition’, this duality in behavior was argued to be an approval of the interaction between cliticization and incorporation processes. Finally, to explain the possible effects of the above results on the typological analyses, the hypothesis of Persian’s type change from OV to VO suggested by Dabir-Moghaddam (1997) was reformulated by keeping an eye to the diachronic change in the Clitic System; it was put forward that the historically-growing inconsistencies of this language to some of the Dryer’s (1992) criteria and specially to the Greenbergian 25th Universal are mostly applicable to the change stated. It was therefore concluded that the synchronic-diachronic behavior and placement of these elements testifies the aforementioned type-change hypothesis.
 
 


 

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A syntactic structure that plays an important role in understanding the Holy Quran is infinitive as being mudãf (annexed to another noun). Among the grammatical roles that the infinitive can annex to, are subject and object. Sometimes there is a discrepancy in whether the infinitive is added to the subject or the object. In this article, one example of this syntactic structure is examined; the annexation of "Zikr" to the majestic word "Allah", in verse 28 of surah al-Ra'd. In order to reach a conclusion, after the literal review of the word "Zikr", the opinions of the commentators have been categorized and analyzed. Then 20 important translations of the verse 28^th of surah al-Ra'd have been studied. The vast majority of commentators and translators believe that in that phrase, "Allah" is object. In the continuation of the article, arguments are presented to prove that "Allah" can be subject. Then the meaning of remembrance of servants by Allah is explained. The author argues that in the phrase "Zikr Allah" we can also deal with the possessive as subject and from this point of view, significant concepts were obtained. Of course, in the phrase, assuming the possessive as subject does not mean that it cannot be object; but it simultaneously can assume subject and object.
 

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Comparative literature is a kind of interdisciplinary research study and it is a branch of history of literature which considers historical and literal relations between two or among several national literatures. This study comparatively considers the objectification of female characters in Suvashun written by Simin Daneshvar and a change of heart ( la modification) by Michel Butor.
The main character of Suvashun is Zari, which is a woman of family And this dependence makes her timid and obedient and takes the subjectivity away from her. From the beginning of the story she is in fluctuation between fear and bravery until the moment when her husband is assassinated and then she decided to be brave and remove her objectification.
In Change of heart, Cecile and Henriette are the two women who suffer from the imposed objectification in the mind of the main character mr Leon Delmon and until the end of the story this objectification lasts. Leon Delmon wants his wife as a lady who manages his house affairs and his beloved as a lady to promenade with her in Rome.
The results of the present study showed that female characters of these two novels  suffer from objectification. In change of heart there is no way for them to be free from objectification while in Suvashun there exist a possibility for the female character to be free from objectification and her subjectivity is developed at the end.
 
Key words: Suvashon, Daneshvar,change of heart,Butor,obectification, subjectivity