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Although linguists have been studying the “News” as a type of text for a long period of time, the researches have been mainly of the product-oriented types, which purely analyze the news texts and their linguistic characteristics. Linguists and media researchers have been mainly keen to determine sets of criteria known as “News Values” so far, and the result is various lists of media and linguistic news selection norms. The goal of this article is finding answer for the following questions: How news production process can be orchestrated in a linguistic model? What are the linguistic news values? and How these linguistic values correlate with other selection criteria? In addition to revisiting the theoretical notion of “News Values” and introducing the “Grice Maxims” as the linguistic criteria of news composition, this paper, as a descriptive analytical study based on field work, also represents the multi-level model of news composition and selection based on linguistically oriented findings. The mentioned model not only determines and explains different levels of news composition and selection process from the event to the news, but also puts the role of macro-structural elements of news discourse production such as ideology, relations of power and composition in the center of attention.

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Molavi has not lost the way of mystery, hence Quran verses and hadis and religious narration reflect the great works especially in Masnavi. This study is the religious narration of Balal due to Arabic books , Seyreh and history which refers to Molavi's Masnavi, then changes which show transferring of simple news to readable texts with different meanings by analytical description, to analyze the comparative principles (French school), due to Islamic approaches, he has come to this fact that Molavi has added some points due to increase of text, inspire the life philosophy, adaptation, translation, and interpretations of main tale which caused to change characters and their importance, changing contextual text, inter-textual relations and language functions. Molavi's changes refer to form and content, the poetic format of Masnavi is to make piece, to make story longer, besides plot(Moazenio Beheshti as Balal), the separate interpretations are figurative, to change the main character of story, using conversation, dream interpreter of Abubakr which shows his honesty in knowledge. The expression of love in Manavi is part of increase gashtar, to reflect Molavi's thought and poetic art.

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This study aims at analyzing the representation of the tension of Syria in some newspapers and news resources related to the Western world. The theoretical framework in this study is Thompson’s approach (1990) that mentions five general modes of operation of ideology and outlines a number of strategies appropriate to their symbolic expression. In data analysis it was found that the methods used in these texts are legitimation, reification, dissimulation and fragmentation; and the strategies are rationalization, expurgation of the other, euphemism, externalization, passivisation and nominalization. This shows that the newspapers and resources have reported the Syria’s events on the basis of their own opinions and ideologies and purposes; and they have emphasized on the schismatism and difference between people and groups; that is they somehow have distorted the reality and presented it as they themselves perceive it or want to perceive.  

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This article attempts to analyze the English and Persian (Keyhan and Washinton Post) press applying Van Leeuwen’s (2008) approach. The author attempts to show that ideologies of the press leaders are conveyed to the writers of the newspapers’ articles and then displayed in the texts. The objective of the study is to find an answer to these question that how the political issues of Syria is represented in the Iranian and American newspapers and if there is a difference, in what way it can reveal their owners’ ideologies. The paper represents “social acts” in the form of five oppositions in ten texts extracted from 11 Jul. to 20 Aug, 2011 and investigates the effect of these oppositions in each discourse. The results showed that the press represents the political issues in accordance with its government and the writers have utilized the discoursal tools to convey their ideologies to the readers. Also, the oppositions of material-semiotic, activation-deactivation, agentialization- deagentialization, and concretization-abstraction have been differently represented in the English and Persian press discourse rooted in the difference in the owners’ perspective.

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One of the important issues in the field of media is the impact of ideological issues on the translation of this type of texts. The Current paper seeks to examine this type of influential effects and discourse affecting the translation process and changes in target language. Therefore, based on Julian House’s translation quality evaluation pattern which is characterized by high accuracy to highlight the function of ideological issues on the text, a news text was selected from Aljazeera media network and its translation was evaluated in Fars News agency. The results showed that the translator of the above mentioned news text has been strongly affected by media policies and discourse ruling on the target language and in this way, he had to apply some changes in the original text. In the studied case, the same process has been observed and translator of Fars news agency has translated the Aljazeera news in a way acceptable to his own media discourse and had no attention to the original text and its main role.
 

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surveying the content of Fars local periodical literatures at the late of Qajar and the beginning of Pahlavi shows that women had an effective role in the political and social activities like as the anti-authoritarian and constitutionalist movement and they had could raise their level of political and social awareness. Women in the form of communities and associations and using the magazines which were the most prevailing device at that time, tried to implement the changes in full for the society. Such efforts resulted in political and social awareness of Fars women and the whispering of the issue of women's social rights. Fars province women, through numerous articles of magazines, and for the first time acquainted with the women rights such as the right to education, the right to trade, etc. and gradually they sought to earn the aforementioned rights in the realm of action. The article is concerned on the extension of press and its influence on the process of political-social awareness and women's identity formation to assert their basic rights. The findings of the study show that the Fars press at this era was essentially self-disciplinary with the continuous pursuit of social and political rights for women and greatly assisted women to identify their rights and being socialized. The research method, since the main sources of research in the press, is based on textual analysis, which can be considered as a deeper level of descriptive-analytical method that ultimately leads to appropriate explanations.
 

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Ideology can increase the rivalry or socio-political clashes between political powers within a society. People, political parties and organizations set their policies following a dominant ideology. News agencies are among the highly influential organizations which can affect ideological and political thinking. News agencies, by means of translation, try to direct people’s way of thinking toward a special direction. Therefore, the role of translation in highlighting political rivalry among parties is undeniable. Meanwhile, translators’ word choice can reflect the differences between the Reformists and the Conservatives. The aim of the current study is to examine the representation of ideological foregrounding in journalistic translators’ word choice. The corpus includes 200 journalistic sentences collected from foreign news websites. Then collected data were analyzed based on Fairclough’s three-dimensional model. The results showed that the conflicts between two main parties are reflected in translators’ word choice. The phenomenon can potentially increase clashes and tensions in a society and challenge social stability.
 
 
 Human life and affairs are not just limited to a particular country or region. Today, everything that happens in a corner of the world can easily affect people’s lives in other countries. Consequently, people want to know what happened in other parts of the world. Therefore, a wide range of communication tools has been developed in recent decades. News media is one of the most important communication tools that has greatly affected human life in the contemporary era. But news media is not just for communication. It is a proper tool to advance the ideological goals of organizations, institutions, and even political parties. Therefore, one of the important elements that should be considered in the news media is ideology. News media also needs some efficient tools to advance its ideological goals. Translation is an effective tool that can be very helpful and supportive for media to put forward society in a predefined path. News agencies, using translation, can direct people’s way of thinking toward a special direction. Therefore, the role of translation in highlighting political rivalry among parties is undeniable. Meanwhile, translators’ word choice can reflect the differences between the Reformists and the Conservatives.
The current research aims to investigate the representation of ideological foregrounding in journalistic translators’ word choice through critical discourse analysis. To achieve this goal, a corpus of 200 journalistic sentences collected from foreign news agency’s websites. As the political rivalry between Iranian Conservative and Reformist parties was to be examined, the Persian translation of this news was also collected. Then collected data were analyzed based on Fairclough’s three-dimensional model. The main question of the present study was to what extent the ideology of the news translator had been reflected in his/her choice of words and to what extent this plays a role in increasing the political confrontation of the parties. Since only translators' word choice is considered, only those parts of Fairclough’s model have been selected that were suitable for lexical analysis. The main hypothesis of the research was that the translator’s word choice could play a key role in ideological clashes between parties.
After analyzing collected data, the results revealed that the conflicts between the two main parties are reflected in translators’ word choice. This can potentially result in clashes and tensions in society and challenge social stability. In addition, it was found that news translating is one of the most challenging translations that is associated with applying the ideologies of political parties, organizations and groups. Furthermore, it became clear that the mode of translation can affect the way of thinking of the society in different situations.
 

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Activated carbon is widely used at various industrial processes such as water and wastewater industries. Activated Carbon (AC) is an adsorbent which is mostly employed for removing dye from aqueous solutions because of its excellent adsorption properties. Therefore, AC is used in the adsorption process in order to remove different pollutants from the wastewater, especially colored contaminants. however; the use of commercial grade of activated carbon is faced with difficulties due to the high price of raw materials. The used newspaper found as a main component of solid wastes can be used for producing of activated carbon. One of the most important industrial pollutants, especially in textile industries, is the dyes that even at low concentrations of one parts per million (ppm) are recognizable by naked eyes. One of the mostly consumed materials in the dye industry is Methylene Blue (MB) which is used for cotton and silk dyeing. Up to now, a great number of methods have been proposed in order to remove dyes from the industrial waste water, among which adsorption is the most acceptable due to its cost effectiveness and the possibility of usage in large scales. The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of activated carbon produced from the used newspaper for the removal of methylene blue dye in aqueous solution. KOH solution (weighted ratio of 1:3) was used to activation. The carbonization process was applied at 500˚C with the rate of 17˚C/min. After carbonization, the sample was cooled down to room temperature and then washed with distilled water until the pH of the filtered water was stabilized at 7.5. N2 adsorption at 77K is used to characterize the produced activated carbon using BET isotherm. To evaluate the performance of methylene blue dye removal, the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Redlich-Peterson isotherms with pseudo-first and pseudo-second order and inter-particle diffusion kinetic models were used. Thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy (ΔΗ˚), entropy (ΔS˚) Gibbs free energy (ΔG˚) were also calculated. Based on the results, the values of SBET and VTOTAL were obtained 66.01 m2/g and 0.063 ml/g, respectively. According to the R2 and sum of squares for error (SSE%) values and regression curves, the optimum isotherm and kinetic model were determined Freundlich and pseudo-second order ones, respectively. In addition, qmax constant was obtained 68.03 mg/g for Langmuir isotherm. Kinetic parameters showed the adsorption of methylene blue dye on the activated carbon is endothermic and spontaneous. Also, (ΔG˚) in physical adsorption was changed from 0 to -20 kJ/mol, while the amount of the chemical adsorption will changed between -80 to -400. Finally, the activated carbon obtained from used newspaper in this study showed a better specific surface area and adsorption capacity for methylene blue dye adsorption in compared with other grades. Thus, the production of activated carbon from used newspaper should be considered as a cheaper and more effective alternative.

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Conceptual blending is a creative application to explain concepts that go beyond simply combining structures and raw data. The present article tries to examine its effectiveness in news headlines of newspapers in different genres by referring to the theory of conceptual blending. For this purpose, 1000 news headlines from the Donyaye Eghtesad newspaper in the economic genre, 1000 news headlines from the Ebtekar newspaper in the political genre, as well as 1000 headlines from the Hadaf Varzeshi newspaper have been examined. The headlines with conceptual blending were identified in them and also their type and number were explained and drawn by drawing a grid. Out of 1000 news headlines examined in each genre, 240 in the economic genre, 160 in the political headline and 80 in the sports headline are in line with the theory of blending. According to the results, it seems that due to the intertwining of people's daily lives with the economy, the use of blending in the economic genre is more than the other two genres, and among the blending types, the single-scope type has a higher frequency than the other types in all three genres. Double-scope type blending has been observed due to its more complex structure than the lower frequency single-scope blending. It was also found that simple type blending has very low frequencies in all three genres. In the study of news headlines, due to the association-orientation mechanism of the type of mirrors, there are very few of them in each genre.

1. Introduction
Fauconnier and Turner (1998) elaborated Conceptual Blending Theory by using the theories of conceptual metaphor and mental space as tools to show the imaginative nature of conceptualization. They believe that the role of imagination in the meaning-making process, especially the creative aspects of meaning-making, is undeniable. In this way, it can be said that the news headline is one of the categories that creativity in creating meaning is one of its characteristics due to its specific coordinates, and perhaps it can be considered that the theory of conceptual blending can be a suitable platform for imagination and expression of this creativity. In this research, how this concept works as an efficient theory in analyzing linguistic data and explaining the emerging meaning in it is discussed. To achieve this goal, the authors intend to describe and analyze the news headlines of economic, political, and sports newspapers as popular topics based on the Conceptual Blending Theory to determine which genre has the least and most use of conceptual blending in the headlines. What is the reason for this little and increasing use of blending in making titles? Also, the comparison of the types of conceptual blending, the frequency of their occurrence, and the reason for the existence of different frequencies of these types in the studied genres will be discussed by presenting sufficient examples.

2. Literature Review
Fauconie and Turner proposed the theory of conceptual blending in 1998, and in 2002, they fully introduced this theory in the book The Way We Think. Other linguists and researchers presented research in linguistic and non-linguistic conceptualization of this theory. Coulson et al. (2000) studied the basics of conceptual blending as a theory for constructing meaning online and examined this theory from the perspective of linguistics, psychology, computer science, and neurobiology. Grady and Coulson (1999) introduced the mechanism of two theories of conceptual metaphor and conceptual blending. They also listed the similarities and differences of these two theories. Hedblom et al. (2016) state that image schemas are considered as fundamental cognitive patterns and the combination of two theories of conceptual blending and image schemas has a significant impact on creative thinking in humans. In the Persian language, researchers have examined the data of this language in the field of conceptual blending, including Sadeghi (2012) in his article entitled "Integration of writing and image in literary texts based on the theory of conceptual blending" and how meaning is formed in literary works. Pardel et al. (2016) in their article, which was published in the Journal of Language Inquiry, discussed how the author and the reader produce and understand emergent meanings in the white poem from the perspective of conceptual blending. In his analytical and descriptive review of a poem by Groos Abdulmalikian, he has shown that this theory is well suited to the cognitive description and explanation of how to create and read poetry.

3. Methodology
In this research, a total of 3000 economic, political, and sports titles from the newspapers of the world of economy, initiative, and sports purpose were analyzed in the summer and autumn of 2016. Of these, 240 economic titles, 160 political titles, and 80 sports titles have blended and can be described and analyzed with the Conceptual Blending Theory. After determining the presence of blending in the titles of each genre, the researchers investigated the type of blending in each title and after that, they examined the frequency of occurrence of each type to determine which is the most type of blending used in the titles and the reason for the high frequency of that type. Also, in order to be clearer and better understand the mechanism of this theory, we chose one title from each type of blending in each genre and then explained how the blending was formed. After explaining each title, we have drawn the networks related to them along with interstitial mappings.

4. Results and Conclusion
Newspaper titles in the economic genre have the highest frequency of conceptual blending compared to the political and sports genres. The reason for this should be considered in the wide range of the audience of this genre, as we know that the economy is one of the main pillars of society and is tied to people's livelihood and covers a huge part of our daily life, so it can be said that readers with interest, follow economic issues and are understandable to the general public. Another reason is that in the last decade, we have witnessed more instability in the field of economy, which provides a suitable platform for journalists to create creative titles, and journalists encourage the reader to read and follow economic issues by using blending.
In the political genre, there is less conceptual blending observed in the construction of titles compared to the economic genre. The reason for this can be found in the fact that political issues involve different individuals, parties, and factions. Journalists, to maintain job security, have limitations in using conceptual blending in title construction, which may include more figurative meaning, and prefer to use clearer titles to prevent multiple interpretations. Another reason is that political subjects require more explicitness in speech, and journalists prefer to prioritize transparency. Perhaps the use of conceptual blending in titles may distract the reader's mind from the main message, so they try to construct titles with fewer conceptual blendings.
In the analysis of data, sports genre titles have the least amount of conceptual blending. This can be attributed to the relative clarity of sports events, which do not provide much room for interpretation and critique. Additionally, a sports news article focuses more on reporting the news or presenting the outcome of a sports event, and the audience, which consists of a narrower spectrum, is mostly interested in the results of the competition rather than the details. They can even get informed about the results through other media outlets. Therefore, the sports genre includes fewer audiences compared to the political and economic genres, where the audience seeks interpretation and analysis of the news by experts.
Conceptual blending of the single-scope type has the highest frequency in all three genres because one of the rules that journalists consider for writing proper headlines is the quadrilateral rule, which includes factors such as relevance, simplicity, clarity, and attractiveness. It seems that single-scope blending has all four factors of this rule, so the writer, through creative headline construction, aims not only to convey information but also to highlight the headline and attract the reader to follow the article. Since single-scope blending only involves one of the inputs in shaping the blending, and that input is represented in the form of a concrete domain and has physical characteristics, it is easier for the reader to understand. Single-scope blending does not have the simplicity of simple blending type that only focuses on conveying information and does not have the complexity of double-scope blending type. Therefore, this type of blending has the highest frequency. Double-scope conceptual blending has a very low frequency in the headlines of all three genres. This type of blending has the highest creativity and complexity. Since both inputs play a role in shaping the blending, i.e., both the concrete or experiential domain and the abstract domain, as well as the emergent meaning that arises in the blending space, it makes the headline more complex and harder to understand, and perhaps analyzing it is beyond the patience of the reader. Therefore, journalists prefer to use this type of blending less.
According to the tables, simple concept blending has very few frequency of occurrence in news headlines. This low frequency is due to the structure of this type of blending, which includes two forms of role and value. Often in news headlines because journalists assume that the reader is aware of the roles and values of the people who are at the top of political, economic, and sports affairs, there is no need to mention both formats in the headline. Pay attention to these news headlines: a. All the president's men (in this news title, only the role format is mentioned); b) Biden's plan for regional partners (in this news headline, only the value format is mentioned). Observing these titles is proof of the claim that in many titles either the role format or the value format is used. The conceptual blending of the mirror type has rarely been observed in the titles.
 

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How does a journalist or an editor decide which news is worthy and which is not? According to some media researchers, they refer to a set of news values. One of the best known lists of such news values have been supplied by Johan Galtung and Marie H. Ruge. An analytical discussion on news values always refers to this list, which initially intended to cover international events. These factors include: 1- Frequency 2- Threshold 3- Unambiguity 4- Meaningfulness 5- Consonance 6- Unexpectedness 7- Continuity 8- Composition 9- Reference to elite nations 10- Reference to elite people 11-Reference to persons 12- Negativity. The current research collected 303 headlines from the front pages of four widely circulated Iranian newspapers: Hamshahri, Keyhan, Shargh and Iran. Out of these headlines, 426 news were distinguished and considered. As such, results show that the factors like reference to elite people (F10) and consonance (F5) play main role in Iranian press. Further Iranian press do not focus on Galtung and Ruge’s news values although, in general, headlines possess one or more of above factors. However, two factors (F10 and F5) show that Iranian press follow traditional process in news selection.