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Today, carbon dioxide emission is one of the concerns of all countries in the world, so in this paper, we examine the effect of export quality, energy efficiency, and economic complexity on CO2 emissions per capita during the period of 1990 to 2014 in emerging economies. For this purpose, first, energy efficiency is calculated using mathematical programming methods (DEA). Then, the effect of export quality, energy efficiency, and economic complexity on per capita carbon dioxide emissions in the panel of emerging economies is investigated using panel quantile regression. The energy efficiency results show that the average energy efficiency of the studied countries had been increasing from 1990 to 2014. The lowest efficiency score among the studied countries is related to China. The results of quantile regression indicate that the export quality and consumption per capita of fossil fuels have a positive and significant effect on CO2 emissions per capita in all quantiles. The results also show that the coefficient increases by moving in the level of quantiles, so that, the highest effect coefficient of export quality on CO2 emission is related to the quantile 90th and about 0.874. Energy efficiency has a negative and significant effect in all quantiles except 90th, and the highest coefficient of influence (0.133) is related to quantile 10th. The increase in economic complexity increases the co2 emissions in all quantiles except 10th, and the highest coefficient (about 0.487) is related to quantile 90th. 

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Today, financial development is one of the main drivers of economic growth and development. Since developing countries are focused on the rapid expansion of economic growth, they have taken steps toward the development of financial markets. However, the consequences of financial development on environmental quality are not clear. In addition, since the emission of carbon dioxide caused by production is significantly different from the emission of carbon dioxide caused by consumption in some countries (such as China). Therefore, this article examines the impact of financial development on the consumption-based CO₂ emissions for a panel of 17 developing countries during the period of 1990-2019 with a Panel- Quantile approach. Empirical findings show that the effect of financial development on consumption-based CO₂ emissions is positive and significant in all quantiles. In addition, this study considers gross domestic product, rental rates of natural resources, trade openness, and globalization as control variables. The results of this study provide new evidence for policymakers to maintain environmental quality by focusing on the link between financial development and consumption-based CO₂ emissions.
 

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In 2010- 2012 surveys, witches'- boom disease of tomato was observed in Borazjan area (Bushehr province, Iran). Agent of the disease was transmitted from tomato to tomato and eggplant by grafting and to Madagascar periwinkle via dodder inoculation, inducing phytoplasma-type symptoms in inoculated plants. Presence of phytoplasma in naturally affected tomatoes and all symptomatic graft and dodder inoculated plants was confirmed by direct and nested polymerase chain reactions (PCR) using primer pairs P₁/P₇ and R₁₆F_2n/R₁₆R₂. BLAST search and phylogenetic analysis of 16SrDNA showed that detected phytoplasma belonged to peanut witches'- broom (16SrII) group. Phylogenetic analysis, percent homology and virtual RFLP indicated that, as a member of 16SrII group, Borazjan tomato witches’- broom (BTWB) phytoplasma together with Bushehr eggplant and alfalfa witches’- broom (BEWB and BAWB, respectively) phytoplasmas were classified with Candidatus Phytoplasma australasia, a phytoplasma related to 16SrII-D subgroup. Based on the same analysis, BTWB, BEWB and BAWB phytoplasmas were differentiable from three other Iranian 16SrII related phytoplasmas associated with alfalfa witches'- broom diseases in Yazd and Fars provinces and lime witches'- broom disease in southern Iran.This is the first report of tomato witches'- broom disease and characterization of its associated phytoplasma in Iran.

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In this paper two nodes to model isotropic and anisotropic media in Transmission Line Matrix Method (TLM) are presented. By using these two nodes, the permeability and permittivity of an anisotropic media can be modeled simultaneously. Another application of these nodes is in modeling media with permittivity and permeability less than one. In the conventional 2 dimensional TLM, the stubs representing permittivity and or permeability get negative characteristic impedances, which in turn cause instability in the computation. Studying the two suggested nodes, called the stub node and the hybrid node, respectively, shows the hybrid node can best model the simultaneous variations of permeability, permittivity of the isotropic and non isotropic media.

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In 2011-2012 surveys for phytoplasma diseases, eggplant )Solanum melongena L.( plants with phyllody symptoms were observed in eggplant fields of Roodan (Hormozgan province of Iran). Agent of Roodan Eggplant Phyllody (REP) was transmitted from phyllody affected eggplant to eggplant and tomato by grafting and to periwinkle via dodder inoculation inducing phytoplasma-type symptoms. Phytoplasmal infection also was demonstrated by positive direct PCR reaction with phytoplasma universal primer pair P₁/P₇ and nested PCR using P1/P7 and R16F2n/R16R2 primer pairs.A P₁/P₇ primed PCR product from a naturally phyllody affected eggplant was cloned and sequenced and submitted to GenBank under accession number JX464669. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of P1/P7-primed PCR product indicated the presence of a pigeon pea witches'-broom (16SrIX) group related phytoplasma in naturally phyllody affected eggplants. Using 16S rRNA and SR sequences, Blast search, phylogenetic and virtual RFLP analyses and nucleotide homology percent revealed that REP associated phytoplasma is classified with members of 16SrIX-C subgroup. To our knowledge eggplant is reported for the first time as a host for a 16SrIX group related phytoplasma.

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Zolfaghari. H.,PH.D
                                                
Abstract:
 
Allameh Dehkhoda believes that proverbs are one of  24 kinds of the literature. In addition to, proverbs are always the tools for manifestation of people's experiences and also are considered as their experimental wisdoms. When we study the history of different literary styles, kinds and also Persian speaking poets' Divan, it is clear that they have used proverbs as one of the important source.
Not only the poets have benefited from the great treasure of verbal literature, but also they have added its wealth. This interaction has not been considered quantitatively and qualitatively up to now. In this article, a definition of the proverb and also its importance and background are been presented. Then the usage way of proverb in poets' poetry and Persian poetical proverbs and its position through paroemia are been indicated. In addition to, the difference of paroemia with comprehensive word, allusion, methods of equation and allegory have been presented. This article indicates the reflection of proverbs with a view to quantitative and qualitative in poets' poetry of different centuries and analyzes the proverbs in poetry of the thirteen famous poets.  In this way, we understood practically and identically ways that the poets have used the proverb and also its reflection in their poetry.
 
 

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This paper presents a framework for long term transmission expansion planning in competitive, electricity markets. Transmission lines and phase shifters are taken into account as expansion options. Maximization of the network users' benefits, with satisfying security constraints are considered as the criterion for transmission expansion planning. The elements of the objective function are the benefits of each network. The proposed model is as a non-linear mixed-integer programming (NLMIP) optimization problem. A GA (Genetic Algorithm) based method and quadratic programming (QP) approach is used to solve the problem. The discrete decision-making variables of the expansion plan are optimized by genetic algorithm, while QP optimizes the continuous variables.

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Magnetotactic bacteria can be affected by Earth's magnetic field orientation. They have been observed various forms of cocci, bacilli and spirilla. These bacteria make magnetosomes affected by the magnetic field and its orientation as part of the iron is stored. In this study, the presence of magnetotactic bacteria in different parts of Iran with features freshwater pearls saline containing iron mine in Zanjan, Persian Gulf, Mighan and Qom wetlands was investigated. Sediments and water collected were put under magnetic field. Results showed that all types of isolated bacteria were, Gram-negative and shapes to bacillus, spirillum and coccus. The magnetic field in the capillary tube containing a magnetotactic bacterium that responds was observed to magnetic field. Mighan and Qom wetlands and Zanjan's iron mine samples have more cases of magnetotactic bacteria,were studied in particular. Transmission electron microscopy images of iron nanoparticles were visible within it. Results molecular analysis, sequencing and BLAST in NCBI website showed in sample Znjan's iron mine there is Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum strain. Higher concentrations indicate of iron nanoparticles in the sample compared to the Mighan wetland with iron mine, that the abundance of iron ions alone did not increase the level of magnetic nanoparticles of Fe by bacteria.

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Background: The new unknown pandemic introduced in December 2019 in China is now known as SARS-CoV-2 induced COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) disease. Some studies have been published by World Health Organization (WHO), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and Food and Drug Administration (FDA); however, there is a little information about food safety and COVID-19. The world has not sufficiently addressed the effects of COVID-19 on food safety. The remarkable point is the hypothesis that this epidemic has passed through a food source eaten by an individual and subsequently turned humans into an intermediate host. In particular, the recent state of information about SARS-CoV-2 is challenging owing to its high transmission and mortality rate in people as a potential source of pathogen and infections. However, there is currently no evidence about COVID-19 spread through food. Materials & Methods: Due to the fact that food is a basic humans need and could be an indirect carrier for the virus; therefore, hygiene protocols must be carefully implemented. Also, some studies have suggested that taking supplements, fermented dairy foods, probiotic products, as well as Vitamins C and D could be helpful. Heat treatment and pasteurization could prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission through food.
Conclusion: It is recommended that further studies be performed on the duration of COVs survival at different levels of contact with foods under certain conditions with nanoparticles, nano-packaging, nano-emulsions, and nano-encapsulation to evaluate their size effect.

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  Due to the environmental hazards of using plastic films, studies on the development of plant based films such as soy protein films, are receiving more attention.  In this research, edible films were prepared from soy protein isolate and the effect of glycerol as a plasticizer at three concentration levels of 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 g/g of soy protein isolate on the properties of these films was investigated. Some Mechanical properties, i.e. tensile strength and extension, and physical properties, i.e. water vapor transmission rate, opacity, water adsorption and solubility were examined. Films prepared without glycerol were very brittle and could not be examined. Results showed that increasing the concentration of glycerol led to a significant (p<0.05) increase in extension rate and decrease in tensile strength of soy protein isolate films. Solubility percentage, water adsorption and water vapor transmission rate of the films were found to increase when the glycerol level increased.  Although glycerol addition reduced the opacity of the films, its concentration did not have a significant correlation with this parameter (p<0.05).

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Two strains -425 and Y87/47- of Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) were propagated in and purified from Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun NN. Thirty-three AMV specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) from two fusions were raised against strain 425. These antibodies were of isotypes IgG1 and IgM. MAbs recognised three types of epitope. Group I did not react with the virus particle surface or viral coat protein of two strains in PTA-ELISA, but they reacted with a 30-kDa structural coat protein of AMV by immunoblot analysis only and were able to recognise cryptotopes. Group II reacted with metatopes of both strains in PTA-ELISA. Group III reacted with a 30-kDa structural coat protein of AMV by immunoblot analysis and in PTA-ELISA for the Y87/47 strain only. Immunoblocking experiments in which suspensions of purified AMV and MAb were offered between parafilm membranes for acquisition by Myzus persicae revealed that MAb-2 was effective in blocking (inhibiting) transmission. This result suggests that the epitope which was localised by MAb-2 plays a role in the aphid transmission of AMV.

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Assessment of the English proficiency of applicants of entry into postgraduate studies, undeniably, is of utmost importance. Nationally speaking, the current status of the English test administered by the National Organization of Educational Testing (NOET) in Iran has been a topic of heated contention in recent years. This study purports to investigate the validity of the Iranian English proficiency test for Ph.D. admission purposes adopting the assessment use argument as the main framework for its validation research. To this end, the required data were collected from the relevant stakeholders of the test, namely applicants of the test, experts in educational assessment and language testing, and test readiness instructors. Structured interviews and focus groups were conducted and the acquired data were analyzed using the qualitative content analysis approach. Most prominent themes that emerged from the data in addition to a number of relevant representative quotes constituted the major findings of this study. The results revealed that the test is in need of major revisions in some parts, and further modifications are deemed as necessary. In the final section, summary of the results along with suggestions for optimization of the test are put forth. Keywords: Iranian Ph.D. admission English proficiency test, test validation, assessment use argument

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Nasrin Mosaffa Assosiant Professor, Faculty of Law and Political, Science University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6448 Since the adoption of U.N. charter in 1945 and later Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, U.N. organization continuously compiled a set of international human Rights instruments. With Universal acceptance, discussion around the human Rights norms in 1945 changed to legal obligations of states in international community. Although it is believed that the first and most important way for implement action of international Human Rights instruments is national support of them, in all over the world it is emphasized on the necessity of strengthening U.N. Human Rights mechanism for better and effective support of rights. U.N. mechanism are two parts: charter based and treaty based organs which their effectiveness relates to different factors. Structure, U.N. overall capacity and political interest are among them. Main purpose of this paper is to consider the two set of mechanism with special attention to U.N. Human Rights Commission and 6 treaty bodies, and also to evaluate their effectiveness and challenge.

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Regarding the importance of the quality of religious texts translation such as Qur'an and Hadith, the importance of evaluating this kind of translations is undeniable to preserve them. Among these texts, the translation of Sahifa Sajjadiyya is the one to draw less attention to be studied. One of the valuable translations in this regard is of Fouladvand which suffers from suppression. Suppression, part of negative translation techniques, has received more attention in the Garcés model. This model, proposed to evaluate translation at four levels, is divided into three main groups of addition, conservation and suppression. Suppression includes Omission, Contraction, simplism, modification in rhetorical analysis and Translator error. Applying a descriptive-analytical method, the present article examines the cases of suppression and frequency in Fouladvand translation to ensure its accuracy and conformity with scientific principles and to evaluate it scientifically. The basis of this assessment is to answer this question: How are the translational suppressions reflected in Fouladvand translation regarding the Garcés' suppression pattern? The results of this study show that the examples of suppression affecting this translation are: 1. Types of omissions (omission of a word, omission of several phrases or sentences and irregular omission of sentences, 2. Suppression or reduction (ellipsis, converting the passive to the active tense, nominalization, converting plural to singular) 3. Change in rhetorical analysis and 4. translator errors (semantic-lexical errors and syntactic-syntactic errors). The result indicates also the most frequent reduction is found in word omission and grammatical errors.
 

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Microorganisms and plants have high potential for reducing the metal (biosynthesis of nanoparticles) through their metabolic pathways. Apart from the environmental benefits of biosynthesis of nanoparticles, there is the opportunity for production of nanomaterial with new properties in this method. In this study, the fruit aqueous extract of Capparis spinosa L. was used for synthesis of nanoparticles. To evaluate the reducing potential of plant, total phenolic content and antioxidant activities of both aqueous and ethanolic extracts were measured by DPPH and FRAP methods. The aqueous extract showed a lower antioxidant activity than the ethanolic extract; however, it had high potential to reduce the free radicals and metal ions. After preparing the extract, for phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles, 2 ml of extract was added to 4 ml of 1 mM silver nitrate. The extract was used as a reducing and stabilizing agents of the nanoparticles. The effect of determining parameters for optimizing synthesis of nanoparticles such as: pH of reaction, the amount of extract, concentration of metal ion and time of reaction were evaluated using Ultraviolent-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) .The spectrum of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) of silver nanoparticles showed the maximum absorbance at 415 nm. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used to identify the possible functional groups involved in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The Results showed that the nanoparticles were spherical shape and the size of them were about 8-12 nm.

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Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV; genus Cucumovirus, family: Bromoviridae) has the widest host range of any known plant viruses. Seven virus isolates, originated from different ornamental plant species and greenhouses, were biologically purified, mechanically inoculated onto test plants and their serological differences were assayed based on reactivity with 11 CMV-specific monoclonal antibodies. Following total RNA extraction, coat protein (CP) coding region of CMV isolates was amplified. Based on biological, serological and phylogenetic analysis, only one isolate belonged to CMV subgroup II and other six isolates were equally distributed among the two IA and IB subgroups. Aphid transmission assay showed that no significant difference was observed between transmission efficiency of CMV subgroups IA, IB and II members by Aphis gossypii. The genetic variation and evolution of CMV in Iran was studied by sequence analysis of the CP gene and comparison with equivalent sequences of isolates from other continents that exhibited low genetic diversity and close evolutionary relationships among isolates in subpopulations. Analysis of various population genetics parameters and distribution of synonymous and nonsynonymous mutations revealed that most of the amino acid sites were under negative selection and only one site was under positive selection.
 

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Transmission expansion planning (TEP) is one of the most important parts in power systems. Restructuring of power system has changed the traditional planning objectives and introduced new challenges in the field of TEP. In this new environment, the comprehensive and precise design based on electricity market criteria in planning horizon is indispensable. In this paper a new algorithm is proposed for dynamic transmission expansion planning in deregulated environment. In this method, investment cost and operation cost are considered as market based economic criteria, and average load curtailment cost in contingencies is considered as a reliability criterion from market players' viewpoint. Congestion cost is also used as a competition index between market participants. The combination of Genetic Algorithm (GA) and fuzzy satisfying method is used for solving TEP problem. At last the proposed method has been tested on 8-bus network and IEEE 30-bus network.

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In this study, generation of the transient evoked ooacoustic emissions in human ear has been simulated using a new electroacoustic model. The method of state variables was adopted to calculate the auditory model, and numerical integration methods have been used to solve differential equations in Matlab. Simulation results have been compared with the real data. In this study, latency curves, frequency spectrum of the simulated TEOAE and calculation errors were used to validate of the model. The results of this research show that simulated outputs are similar to clinical data.

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Network expansion studies normally offer new power lines, new substations or expansion of existing substations. They are generally proposed based on technical requirements, but financial restrictions are not considered. Because of financial restrictions, ranking of network expansion plans is required. In this paper an algorithm for such ranking, based on technical and financial view points and proposes suitable parameters. This algorithm may be used to compliment static or dynamic expansion planning studies of electric power networks.