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Showing 9 results for Loanword
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
In the current research, based on the descriptive-analytical method, the phonological and morphological changes of Persian loanwords in the process of localization, as well as the influence and impact of the Persian language on the Ottoman Turkish language, have been studied. For this purpose, by referring to all the dictionaries, the dictionary of definitions and allusions, thematic dictionaries and encyclopedias that were written during the period of the Ottoman Empire in Anatolia, the data required for this research, which were about 6000 Persian loanwords, were collected and examined. In this research, using Excel software and with the help of computer, the percentage and frequency of occurrence of common processes in the field of phonology and morphology have been determined. The results of the research show that among phonetic and phonological processes including vowel harmony, phonetic over differentiation, assimilation, metathesis, insertion, omitition, lenition, and weakening; Vowel harmony, which is one of the prominent features of Turkish as an agglutinating language, has the highest frequency. In the morphological field where the processes of composition and derivation were examined, derivation has the most frequency. Despite the different typological characteristics of the Persian and Turkish languages, the relationship between these two languages has been extensive and its consequences have been remarkably one-sided, the consequence of which is the existence of many Persian words in the Ottoman Turkish language.
Volume 3, Issue 1 (4-2015)
Abstract
One of the language changes that occur at the level of words is the semantic change. The purpose of semantic transformation is transforming the first meaning while maintaining the appearance of the words. Loanwords are one of the breeding grounds in semantic transformation. What is discussed in the article is the semantic transformation of Arabic loanwords of KALILA WA DEMNA. For this purpose, initially we raised the linguists view of how semantic changes are happen. Then the semantic changes of Arabic loanwords of KALILA WA DEMNA based on these principles have been studied. This study is a longitudinal study that compares the semantic transformation of Arabic loanwords in Persian language in the sixth century (A.H.) with the previous centuries. Because this study examined the Arabic loanwords in Persian language, we can place it in the field of comparative literature. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the evolution of Persian language happens under Arabic influence over time.
Volume 4, Issue 3 (10-2013)
Abstract
Farhang–e Bozorg-e Sokhan (Sokhan’s Grand Dictionary, 8 vol., under the supervision of Hasan Anvari, Sokhan, Tehran, 2002) is relatively a new research in the field of Persian Lexicography. This dictionary as using of the achievements of previous dictionaries has many outstanding innovations various aspects of Lexicography. For example, beside of using of body language, in the process of choosing of words, it has given attention to different aspects of transcription, combinations of words, examples and relevant evidences. Etymology of Persian words is one of the characteristics of this dictionary, especially for the first time, it mentions the Russian origins of 90 Persian words. However, despite of this innovation, we can see some defects and mistakes in the etymology and semantics of Russian loanwords in Persian language; the subject that we will study in this paper. In other words, here we try to answer this main question: “In the Farhang-e Bozorg-e Sokhan, to what extent the Russian loanwords in Persian language has been mentioned correctly and what is their difference with their origins in Russian from the viewpoints of etymology and semantics.
Volume 6, Issue 6 (12-2015)
Abstract
Borrowing words is a common and unavoidable phenomenon that is closely related to relation of different linguistic communities. The purpose of this research is to study the phonological adaptation of Arabic loanwords in Persian focusing on vowels system. Authors gathered 1647 Arabic loan words from Persian Dictionary of Moien and Sokhan, and then they extracted phonemic form of loan words from four Arabic dictionaries. Phonemic forms of the words in Persian were collected from both Dictionaries. All the phonemic forms of the words were written in IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet). And then by comparing two phonemic forms of the words, they found the phonological rules of adaptation. The framework of the study is OT (Optimality Theory) according to Prince and Smolensky. An optimal Tableau was considered for each phonological rules and explain the competition of constraints. The finding of the present study is that vowel substitution is the most common phonological rules in adaptation of Arabic vowels in Persian.
Volume 7, Issue 1 (6-2019)
Abstract
One of the very consequences of language contacts is the presence of loanwords in a language. A great number of linguistic researches have focused on loanword studies through sociolinguistic approaches. In case of literary texts, the frequent and conscious use of loanwords reflects the style and the implicated purposes of the author which must definitely be transferred in translation. The present study aims to investigate the role of loanwords in literary texts, and their representations in translations. To this end, 148 loanwords were extracted from the American novel, Funny in Farsi by Firoozeh Dumas, then their representations in the Persian translation were studied considering three variables: the donor language, the semantic fields of loanwords and the translation strategies. The results revealed that ‘equivalence’ and ‘definition’ were the priorities of the translator among the translation strategies, and this has led to lose some cultural aspects of the literary text in translation.
Volume 7, Issue 7 (3-2016)
Abstract
This paper examines English loan words adaptation in Persian within the framework of Silverman (1992)́s phonological-perceptual approach. This article explores whether vowel epenthesis as a repair strategy in loan word adaptation is phonological or a perceptual illusion and based on what kind of loan word adaptation approaches, English loanword adaptation in Persian can be examined. In an answer to the first question, two experiments were conducted with twelve participants who had very little knowledge of English language. The results indicated that vowel epenthesis in consonant clusters of English loanwords is a perceptual illusion and happens at the perceptual level. In an answer to the second question, the results indicated that loan words adaptation is better to be examined based on phonological-perceptual approaches in that Silverman (1992)́s two level model of loanword adaptation can be an appropriate choice.
Volume 10, Issue 19 (9-2023)
Abstract
Many Arabic words, upon entering the Persian language, have been transferred with the preservation of sound and script but have acquired completely different meanings, to the extent that in Persian, either the intended Quranic meaning is not understood at all, or the meaning is abrogated and not intuitive. These words can pave the way for misconceptions; in translating such words, the Persian interpretation of these words may subconsciously come to the minds of some translators and steer them away from the Arabic meaning. This deviation can be referred to as "Persianization" in translation. The present study, using reliable lexical sources of Persian and Arabic languages with a descriptive and critical approach, the semantic differences of the words "Tafāwut, Ḥājat, Ihlāk, Imdād, and Ṣāḥib/Aṣḥāb" in Arabic and Persian have been explained, followed by the examination of the performance of 41 Persian translators of the Holy Quran. The research findings indicate that the issue of Persianization has a widespread prevalence among Persian-speaking translators to the extent that no translator can be identified who has made fewer mistakes in this regard.
Volume 13, Issue 2 (5-2022)
Abstract
Loan words, as one of the consequences of language contacts, can be widely used by native language speakers. The expansion of loanwords varies depending on many linguistic and non-linguistic factors. The present study, based on a descriptive-analytical method, aims to investigate the usage of loanwords in spoken Persian from three different perspectives: semantics, pragmatics, and sociolinguistics. For this purpose, 600 minutes of spoken Persian corpus of Al-Zahra University, including 14000 sentences in Persian for 100 different situations and subjects, used by 240 female speakers and 80 male speakers, have been extracted and studied according to loanwords’ “semantic fields”, “abstraction and non-abstraction”, and “usage frequency” as well as two sociolinguistics variables (“motivation” and “gender” of the speakers). The results of comparing the variety of loanwords and their usage frequency in different semantic fields show that the highest frequency of use belongs to the semantic fields of basic actions and technology, language and speech, and social and political relations. Moreover, research data indicate that loanwords are more related to abstract concepts and phenomena comparing to concrete ones. The research results, from the sociolinguistic view, also reveal that more women than men use loanwords with a common Persian equivalent. “Filling communication gaps in recipient language” and “social, cultural, political and scientific credibility of donor language” are the most important motivations for Persian speakers to use loanwords in their speech.
The usage of loanwords is not limited to a specific context or field of language. Speakers of each language may use different loanwords in their everyday speech, depending on their individual and social needs or motivations. The current study aims to investigate the usage of loanwords in the spoken Persian from three perspectives: semantics, pragmatics, and sociolinguistics.
Thus, the following research questions are raised:
1. Which semantic fields of loanwords have the highest frequencies in spoken Persian?
2. Are loadwords more related to abstract or concrete concepts?
3. Regarding the gender of speakers, which group mostly uses loanwords with a common Persian equivalent?
4. What are the most important motivations for the use of loanwords by Persian speakers?
A) Linguistic and sociological studies about loanwords, including Robins (1964), Sapir (1970) and Haspelmath (2009).
B) Corpus-based studies of Persian language, including Sharafi (2000), Mehryar (2003), Sattari (2009), Ketabi et al. (2010), Kargozari & Tafazzoli (2012), Mohammadi & Abdotajedini (2013).
A small number of the mentioned studies have been devoted to the invetigation of spoken Persian and the majority of researchers have studied loanwords in written literature. Moreover, in those limited number of works on spoken Persian, the reaseachers have expolred controlled data, mostly recorded radio and television programs, which are far from normal speech. Thus, as can be seen, this is the first time that the facts of spoken Persian have been studied in terms of the usage of loanwords.
The corpus of this study, being prepared in the Linguistics Department of Al-Zahra University, is the first and currently the only corpus of natural speech for spoken Persian recorded in various social situations. One of the most important features of this corpus is that, unlike other controlled databases, here the researchers have access to natural speech of native speakers. Since the participants are not aware of this fact that their words are being recorded, the results and findings can reveal facts of nature speech and consequently are less biased. There is no need to mention that all privacy concerns have been observed during data collection.
List 1: loan words of the corpus
List 2: Derived, compound, and Derived-compound words containing a non-Persian element
Men mostly use those loanwords which are often common words in Persian and don’t seem strange, and a small percentage of their loanwords are non-common and have a typical Persian equivalence; However, this percentage is higher for female participants. In other words, in most cases, men’s purpose of using loanwords is to “fill communication gaps in recipient language” and women's motivation is “the social, cultural, political and scientific credibility of donor language”.
- Introduction
The usage of loanwords is not limited to a specific context or field of language. Speakers of each language may use different loanwords in their everyday speech, depending on their individual and social needs or motivations. The current study aims to investigate the usage of loanwords in the spoken Persian from three perspectives: semantics, pragmatics, and sociolinguistics.
Thus, the following research questions are raised:
1. Which semantic fields of loanwords have the highest frequencies in spoken Persian?
2. Are loadwords more related to abstract or concrete concepts?
3. Regarding the gender of speakers, which group mostly uses loanwords with a common Persian equivalent?
4. What are the most important motivations for the use of loanwords by Persian speakers?
- Literature Review
A) Linguistic and sociological studies about loanwords, including Robins (1964), Sapir (1970) and Haspelmath (2009).
B) Corpus-based studies of Persian language, including Sharafi (2000), Mehryar (2003), Sattari (2009), Ketabi et al. (2010), Kargozari & Tafazzoli (2012), Mohammadi & Abdotajedini (2013).
A small number of the mentioned studies have been devoted to the invetigation of spoken Persian and the majority of researchers have studied loanwords in written literature. Moreover, in those limited number of works on spoken Persian, the reaseachers have expolred controlled data, mostly recorded radio and television programs, which are far from normal speech. Thus, as can be seen, this is the first time that the facts of spoken Persian have been studied in terms of the usage of loanwords.
- Methodology
The corpus of this study, being prepared in the Linguistics Department of Al-Zahra University, is the first and currently the only corpus of natural speech for spoken Persian recorded in various social situations. One of the most important features of this corpus is that, unlike other controlled databases, here the researchers have access to natural speech of native speakers. Since the participants are not aware of this fact that their words are being recorded, the results and findings can reveal facts of nature speech and consequently are less biased. There is no need to mention that all privacy concerns have been observed during data collection.
- Results
List 1: loan words of the corpus
| update, upload, application, atom, autobahn (freeway), autobus (bus), add, Adams (chewing gum), address, adrenaline, eau de Cologne (perfume), art brush, agency, SMS, ascenseur (elevator), spray, sport, speaking, spin, strategy, stress, story, astigmat (astigmatism), screen shot, skill, skill worker, slide, off, UK band (brand new), active, expire, express, expression, aklil (glitter), équipe (group), alarm, album, alzheimer's, ampoule, amphitheater, energy, Angry Birds, online, optic, average, urgence (emergency), origin, OK, Oh Yeah!, idea, ideal, immigration, email, intranet, internet, Internet Explorer, entry, battery, bascule (scale), baguette, band, … |
| Atomi (Atomic), energy darmani (energy therapy), ba-class (high-class), Buddayi (Buddhist), post-e- electronic (e-mail), pomp-e-benzon (gas station), testi (by test), telephoni (by telephone), randomi (randomly), size-bandi (sizing), miyan term (midterm), … |
- Conclusion
Men mostly use those loanwords which are often common words in Persian and don’t seem strange, and a small percentage of their loanwords are non-common and have a typical Persian equivalence; However, this percentage is higher for female participants. In other words, in most cases, men’s purpose of using loanwords is to “fill communication gaps in recipient language” and women's motivation is “the social, cultural, political and scientific credibility of donor language”.
Faezeh Farazandeh-Pour, Aliyeh Kord Zafaranlu Kambuziya,
Volume 20, Issue 4 (10-2013)
Volume 20, Issue 4 (10-2013)
Abstract
This paper aims at describing the mechanism of German loanwords adaptation with respect to constraints of Persian language and within OT framework. Consequently the adaptation of consonant clusters and diphthongs as well as the phonemes substituted in loanwords will be examined. Prince and Smolensky’s (1993) Optimality Theory with its key notions of faithfulness and markedness constraints is suited to model this aspect of linguistic competence. So in this research a number of 30 German loanwords were selected as research data of which some were collected through the library method from written resources and the rest are the trade names of German Products that are collected through a field work. Descriptive analysis of the mentioned data within Optimality Theory comes into valuable linguistic conclusions such as: “In Persian, initial consonant clusters of German loanwords are broken up through vowel epenthesis which is mostly identical to the vowel of the second syllable.”
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