---

The effect of climate factors on the population changes and damage of peach twig borer (PTB), Anarsia lineatella Zeller., was studied during 2007-2017 in Saman orchards, Iran. Time series data of climate and pest population were subjected to the Mann-Kendall trend analysis. Seasonal flight of the pest was studied using pheromone traps from May to October. The percentage of infested twigs was calculated during May and September, while the percentage of infested fruits was determined twice a month from July to September. Results showed increasing trends in the mean temperature of annual, winter and autumn seasons (Kendall's statistics were 0.63, 0.49 and 0.42, respectively). Moreover, there were significant increasing trends in annual mean minimum, mean maximum and absolute minimum temperatures (0.53, 0.63 and 0.46, respectively). The number of annual and January frost days (-0.55 and -0.51, respectively) and mean relative humidity of Jun, July, August, September and October showed decreasing trend. PTB population and damage showed significant and increasing trends during the studied years. According to stepwise regression analysis the percentage of relative humidity, mean annual minimum temperature and mean annual temperature were the most statistically significant variables influencing the percentage of infested branches (r= 0.94, r²=0.88 , F (3,6)= 14.40, P= 0.004) and pest population (r= 0.98, r²=0.96, F (4, 5) = 3.18, P= 0.001). The pest population and damage will increase under studied climate change scenarios (A1F, A1T, A1B, A2, B1 and B2) in the future, which is more significant in A1F than others.
 

---

Cell concentrations and growth rate of Dunaliella salina Teodoresco in light intensities e. g. 50 and 150 µmol. photons.m-2.s-1 and temperatures 25 ± 0.5 and 31 ± 0.5 oC (Mean ± SD) were studied. The algae was isolated from the Urumieh Lake and cultured in various treatments (n=12). Algae cells were counted regularly using Thoma counting chamber in 3 replicates on daily basis. The curve of changes in population was plotted. The specific growth rate (SGR; d-1) was calculated and compared within treatments by means of two ways ANOVA Analysis. The highest cell concentration (Mean ± SD) 4.8 ± 0.6 × 10 6 cell.ml-1 was observed in light intensity of 150 µmol. photons.m-2.s-1 and temperature 25 ± 0.5 oC. The minimum cell concentration (2.8 ± 0.3 × 10 6 cell.ml-1) was observed in light intensity of 50 µmol. photons.m-2.s-1 and temperature 31 ± 0.5 oC. Specific growth rate showed significant differences in various treatments (P

---

Vitamin D is one of the essential metabolic and physiological processes in the human body. Generally all people need 200-600 IU daily (Koutkia, Chen & Holick 2001). Production of vitamin D in the skin depends on some factors such as age, skin pigmentation and the amount of ultraviolet B (UVB)) available. The amount of UVB radiation is affected by geographic location, season, time and level of atmospheric pollution. The highest amount of vitamin D is provided to sunlight exposure (Gartner & Greer 2003) as well as obtaining from oily fish, fortified foods and supplement. The recommended vitamin D receiving depends on age, gender and deficiency treatment (Dobnig et al 2008).
Despite excessive oral vitamin D intake cause toxicity (Koutkia, Chen & Holick 2001), excessive sunlight exposure cannot cause vitamin D toxicity because UVB converts excess vitamin D3 to biologically inert isomers (Holick 2007).
Different factors like physical inactivity, chronic acidosis, malnutrition, delayed puberty and mal-absorption effect on bone mineralized (De Schepper 1990).
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) compensate for reduced serum calcium with calcium absorption from the bones, causing bone deformities and that this action has been done through activating osteoclasts inhabit. Excessive activate osteoclasts inhabit can lead to osteoporosis and increased PTH and serum calcium or metastatic calcification (Holick 2007).
Severe vitamin D deficiency with corresponding elevations of PTH were reported in 88% of women who presented with muscle pains and weakness. Myalgia is generally the first manifestation of vitamin D deficiency(Glerup et al 2000). Vitamin D deficiency affects in all parts of the body (Gartner & Greer 2003).
The high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with unspecified origin musculoskeletal pain was observed in the existed evidence (Gartner & Greer 2003). These studies represent there is significant relationship between unspecific pain and vitamin D deficiency that this relationship is independent of age group (Gartner & Greer 2003).
There is a strong relationship between vitamin D deficiency and persistent non-specific musculoskeletal pain. Therefore, the patients who suffering from unknown origin pain may be required to control their serum levels of vitamin D consequent to vitamin D therapy (Mascarenhas & Mobarhan 2004).
Studies have also shown that vitamin D therapy could improves extensive clinical complains regarding their bone pain and muscle weakness of women who referred to different clinics (Torrente de La Jara, Pecoud & Favrat 2004).

---

Light has got the prominent significance in the Iranian beliefs throughout the history. Insistence on the light sanctity originates from the religious doctrines of pre-Islamic era (Zoroastrian beliefs) which was emphasized in the Islamic era and especially Islamic Sufism. Overall, in most religions light is the symbol of Divine Wisdom and the element of all goodness and purity; so going from darkness to brightness has been the main goal of life. Since the religion, mysticism and culture throughout the Iranian history have always been in direct relationship with the architecture of each era, the Iranian architecture has always strived to give the interior a kind of spiritual atmosphere and since no sign like the light does symbolize or manifest Divine Unity, the Islamic artists have strived to use the light in their works to make them much closer to the source of spirituality. Paying attention to light is considered as one of the most prominent features of Iranian traditional architecture, which influenced most of its structural and conceptual patterns. The construction of light-openings in the buildings such as masjids, bazaars, madrasas, and caravanserais, as the Iranian outstanding monuments, proves this very point. The Iranian master-mimars’ strategies to create the light-openings in the domes has been taken into consideration through this study. To this end, the light-openings’ exact location, according to the domes’ structural properties have been analyzed. Next, based on the foursome classification of the domes, the research theoretical framework has been determined, and the case-studies have been studied meticulously; through applying the case-studies and the combined research methods. According to the achieved results, the light-openings of the Iranian brick domes have been located at four distinguished areas, including: 1- the dome’s top, 2- the dome’s curve, 3- the dome’s shekargah and 4- the dome’s drum. Moreover, because of the structural limitations of each type of dome, the constructional techniques have played the pivotal role at locating the light-openings in the domes.  

---

The present paper is an attempt to investigate the methods of passivisation of Persian compound verbs on the one hand and, to introduce Jackendoff’s semantic theory; which is called Theory of Conceptual Semantics on the other. The purpose of introducing this theory is to check Persian data within the framework of this theory to see if the its foundations, as its founder claims, are universal and can justify Persian data or not. To do this, the semantic behaviors of 22 Persian compound verbs were examined when making them passive. There are two methods for the passivization of Persian compound verbs, namely syntactic and semantic. Since the Jackendoff’s semantic theory is unable to explain the unacceptability of grammatical sentences, because the approach it takes for semantic analysis is making semantic components salient, thus we will reason that if sentence is not considered as the unit of semantic analysis, the outputs of such analysis will not be correct.

---

Aims: Mosques are one of the essential elements of Iranian and Islamic cities that interact with the urban environment. The entrance is the first space in the mosque that the audience encounters. According to the spiritual concepts, this space provides the audience with the necessary preparation to enter the hierarchy. Light hierarchy is one of the hierarchical factors that effectively understand space and evoke emotions. Light is a supernatural element that can change a person's feelings in space. Therefore, the present study quantitatively compares and contrasts lighting components in the entrance space of four-aisled mosques.
Methods: In the theoretical section, the research variables have been explained by studying scientific sources. Then, by simulating mosques, the light indicators at the entrance of mosques in the Climate Studio plugin are analyzed.
Findings: Considering the results of simulation data analysis, the relationship between the entrance and the inner courtyard of the mosque, entrance decorations, materials, and lattice opening are factors determining the light hierarchy in mosque entrance spaces.
Conclusion: The two parts of separation from the urban space and connection to the courtyard space have the highest light intensity and the changes in light intensity along the route are according to the location of the mosque and the characteristics of the human eye.

---

The severe epidemics of Fusarium head blight (FHB) as a devastating disease of cereal crops has occurred on wheat in North and Northwest Iran in recent years. The in vitro production of Deoxynivalenol (DON) was qualitatively evaluated in 41 Fusarium isolates collected from wheat heads associated with the scab disease, in Moghan area/Northwest Iran. Infected wheat heads were collected during 2004-2007. The isolation of causal agents was carried out using standard methods. According to morphological characteristics and using valid descriptions, all isolates belonged to Fusarium graminearum species complex and F. culmorum of which the former was dominant. In order to evaluate the potential of DON production in isolates, this mycotoxin was extracted and qualitatively examined by TLC method. The quantification of DON was achieved using HPLC method. TLC results indicated that 54.5% of studied isolates produced DON but there was no significant relationship between this property and cultivars or sub-regions or years. Also based on HPLC analysis, maximum content of DON was detected in F. graminearum isolated from cv. Izen green from Moghan Agro-industry company fields in 2004 at the rate of 5827.11 µgkg^-1. The results of present study show that DON mycotoxin is produced at various contents by F. graminearum isolates on different cultivars and from different origins/ years. Since DON plays a role in pathogenesis and is of paramount importance in contamination of wheat grains, these results give a better insight into the significance of this disease in Northwest Iran.  

---

Botulinum neurotoxins are the most known toxic biological compounds, which cause neuroparalysis. The enzymatic activity of these enzymes causes the inhibition of acetylcholine release. The aim of this study is the recombinant production and high purification of BoNT/A light chain and evaluation of its enzymatic activity. The sequence of this target gene was obtained from NCBI. After codon usage optimization for E. coli, the final gene sequence was ordered for  the synthesis on pET28a (+). The recombinant expression vector was transformed into host cell E.coli BL21 (DE3). The expression process was performed under standard conditions. In order to the protein production in a soluble form, optimization of host cell culturing and protein expression was carried out. The expressed protein was purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography, and confirmed by specific antibody.In this study, the high yield expression in soluble form was obtained at OD = 0.5, in 0.5 mM IPTG at 18°C in 18 hours. Western blot and ELISA analyses confirmed the BoNT/A light chain.The results indicated that the light chain of BoNT/A was produced in soluble form, and the purification process was performed with high quality so that the final protein was acquired with 98% purity index.

---

Background: Adverse effects of synthetic pigments used in pharmaceutical andfoodindustriesand etc,have created a tendency toward the application of natural pigments. Environmental conditions are important factors in the growth and physiological function of different organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth rate of fungal biomass and production rate of black pigment (melanin) in fungus Exophialacrusticola under different incubation time, temperature, and light conditions to obtain an optimal condition for their production.
Materials and Methods: After obtaining an optimal incubation temperature, cultured fungus in potato dextrose agar and broth media was exposed to blue, yellow, white, red, green, and darknesslight conditions with 14-35 daysof incubation times. The averageamount of produceddry weight of fungal biomass and pigmentweremeasured, and the results were statistically analyzed with SPSS software ver.22.
Results:Suitable incubation temperature for fungal growthwas 22°C.The maximum average amount of fungal biomass (0.17 g)and pigment production (OD = 0.94) were after 35 days of incubation (p< .05) and under yellow light (0.135 g) (OD= 0.98), respectively (p< .05).
Conclusion: By optimization the incubation time, temperature, and light for the growth and production of pigmentinfungusE.crusticola, it is possible to produce a large amount of fungus and its related pigmentin order to be utilized in a variety of industrialand pharmaceutical use, and etc. Also, due to the fungus rapid growth in response to the yellow light, it is possible to use this feature in isolation and early diagnosis of this fungusin suspected pathogenesiscases.

---

Some studies of complex predicates suggest that light verbs are bleached semantically and are unable to bear the role of an autonomous predicate (Jespersen, 1965; Cattell, 1984; Grimshaw & Mester, 1988). Although it is accepted that the semantic content of light verbs is deficient, we address the issue that such a claim ignores the semantic relation between light verbs and the corresponding main verbs. The claim in this paper is that light verbs preserve the force-dynamic schemata of the corresponding main verbs totally systematically but the concept area is transferred from physical to abstract-psychological domain. Indeed, it is claimed that, although light verbs do not have totally predictable meaning, their contribution to the meaning of the predicate is completely systematic and to some extent clear. The present study focuses on two light verbs “ KARDAN” ( to do) and “ DASHTAN” ( to have) to indicate somewhat this systematization.      

---

Study of conceptual metaphor of Light in the Divan-e-Shams In this paper, will be explained functions of light and visual clusters like Sun, candles, lights and etc, in the Ghazal of Molavi based on using cognitive theory of contemporary metaphor. Concept of light in the Divan-e- Shams indicate that visual recognition and knowledge is a concept and it present as a primary metaphorical mapping in deep-structure; Molavi concerned this mapping and secondary mapping "divine world is light", and he has accounted light as God, perfect man, place, food and wine, the guidance and hope. Also he has explained subject of existence and nonexistence. The metaphorical mapping makes appropriate categories for Molavi's abstract analysis and shows intratextual coherence of the sonnets with primary mapping. Key words: light, Molavi, conceptual metaphor, mapping, macro metaphor

---

Sheykh Shahāb ad-Dīn Suhrawardī, as one of the great Moslem philosophers and theologian, founded his philosophy upon the doctrine of Illuminationism. His theories and teachings have deeply influenced the beliefs and performances of the Iranian artists. In view of this, the present research aims at investigating Suhravardī’s understanding of Illuminationism and hierarchy of lights. It also tries to trace manifestations of the khorrah light (or the Divine Light), which was of utmost significance in Suhravardī’s doctrine of Illuminationism, in the art of architecture. Finally, it is tried to answer the question “Which elements signify the manifestation of the Light - as conceived of in the Illuminationist Philosophy – in the Iranian-Islamic architecture?” Sheykh of Ishrāq [Suhrawardī] called God ‘the Light of All Lights’ [Nūr-ul-Anwār] and believed that the heaven and earth are made of God’s light; and all beings enjoy His light in proportion to their closeness to His light. He also believed that the light as existing at the stages of sense and matter is inferior to the light that exists in the more exalted stages. That is to say, the closer one gets to the Source of Light - ‘the Light of All Lights’ [Nūr-ul-Anwār] – the purer and brighter the light they get will be. Therefore, separation from the matter translates into moving and getting elevated toward the Source of Being and the Light of Existence and avoiding the lowest levels of existence and shadows. Furthermore, there is an eternal tie between art and philosophy/wisdom. The reason is that they are both perceived intuitively and expressed enigmatically. Therefore, it is through meditation and self-discipline that an artist may attain at that angel-like insight, which is the source of all celestial arts. Such works of arts are the fruits of an artist’s quest in the spiritual world and intuitive perception of the truths there. Like the Divine Knowledge and the doctrine of Illuminationism, the traditional art is expressed in the language of enigma, the very characteristic feature that enables it to establish an association between the most far-fetched inward concepts and the most superficial level of the existence in the outward world. From the above perspective, light is considered the symbol of existence in the sphere of the Islamic Architecture; and due to the fact that the mosque, regarded as the heart of the Islamic Architecture, is where all the secrets and mysteries of this architecture is manifested, the present article deals with the symbols of light in the architecture of mosques. The doctrine of Illuminationism propagated by Suhrawardī and other Illuminationist philosophers has influenced the Iranian culture and art (particularly, during the Timurid and Safavid rules, when Sheykh ‘s ideas were in their heyday). As one can obviously see in their works, Iranian architects had a spiritual approach toward light, like the Illuminationist philosophers of their homeland did. Manifestation of the Divine Light in the form of words of Azān [the Call for Prayers] from minarets, provision of light through envisaging lamps in the epicenter of mihrabs (i.e., the mishkāt), installation of Koranic tablets containing verses from the Nūr Chapter, and the arch-shaped mihrabs and the muqarnases therein…, they all appear to be the incarnation of lights, which symbolize the stage on which the Divine Lights shine. Application of ‘shamsehs’, the arrangement of skylights on the domes, the muqarnases that absorb the light and diffuse it delicately, the latticed windows that let pass the light, the reflection of the light in the bright enameled tiles, continuous vaults, and the colorful glasses, which signify the unity in diversity with their harmonious colors functioning as a medium of transmitting the light, and presence of yellow and gold colors symbolizing the Light of All Lights [Nūr-ul-Anwār] in the terrestrial world…, they all substantiate the fact that the Iranian architects had an Illuniationist viewpoint and practiced under the influence of that doctrine Because the Iranian Architecture is all about light and illumination. The survival of everything hinges upon light. For the purpose of this research, data and information were collected through documentation, the research was conducted on a descriptive basis, and the analysis was made in an analytical fashion. Based on the results obtained, no symbol or manifestation compares to the light in terms of its affinity and propinquity with the Divine Unity. For the same reason, the Muslim Iranian architects have tried their best to use light in whatever they created. Elements like the minarets, mihrabs, muqarnas [corbels], tiles, continuous vaults, colorful glass, and conspicuous presence of yellow and gold colors are all symbols of the Light of All Lights [Nūr-ul-Anwār]. In like manner, the concept of ‘Khorrah’ or the Divine Light has manifested itself in architecture through ‘Shamseh’ and application of latticed surfaces like luminous halos under the domes in the Iranian-Islamic architecture. Therefore, the role of light in the Islamic architecture is to symbolize the Principle of [divine] Manifestation. The utmost function of the elements applied in the architecture is manifestation of God; that is, ‘the Light, and the manifestation of the Ubiquitous Light of the firmaments and the earth, that is, the Only True Being. That is why the Iranian architects would try their best to use the element of light in whatever they created. One of the fundamental notions in Iranian’s Doctrine of Illuminationism on which Suhrawardī placed primary emphasis, is the notion of ‘Khorrah’. ‘Khorrah’ signifies observation of the Divine Lights by the spiritual wayfarers [sālek] in course of their spiritual journey. In the traditional art of Persian miniature, khorrah was is delineated as a halo around the heads of the characters. In architecture, the same has been demonstrated in the form of ‘Shamseh’. The circular layout of the skylights under the domes and the way light enters through the latticed windows clearly conjure up the image of a luminary halo in an emphatic mode. Manifestation of the khorrah light in the form of shamsehs and the skylights of the mosque domes can be regarded as another significant finding of this study.

---

The effect of four light intensities (0, 100, 2000 and 5000 lux) on some reproductive charachteristicsof Artemiaurmianabroodstocks was investigated. 30 male and female individuals were reared in 3 liter containers until the death of all females over the consecutive weeks. Results showed significant differences in terms of average weekly offspring productions among the treatments. The broodstocks cultured in 5000 lux had an increasing trend in offspring production from the first to the fifth week, but a decreasing trend from the sixth to the tenth week. A relatively similar situation was observed in the 2000 lux treatment. The broodstocks cultured in 0 and 100 lux intensities had reduction fluctuations in offspring production from the first to the sixth and seventh weeks, respectively. The highest percentages of egg-sac females were observed in the early and mid-raising weeks, showing the maximum in the mid-week (until the fifth week) in all treatments. In most weeks, a considerable increase was detected in the encysted embryos production in the broodstocks reared in 0 and 100 lux intensities as compared with 2000 and 5000 lux intensities. The survival percentage of broodstocks at the end of the fifth week was 95, 86, 23 and 30 % (in order from high to low levels of light intensities).Considering the increased production of offspring and higher survival rate in the broodstocks as well as the increase in egg-sacsfemales (during the first five weeks), it is recommended that the light intensity of 5000 lux is useful for the mass culture of A. urmianain hatchery reared broodstock.

---

Architectural Survey in recent decades shows that the modern architecture has not been considered compatible with climatic conditions and it not only causes Environmental pollution but also increases cooling and heating costs. Nowadays architects are looking for appropriate solutions to design buildings that can be in harmony with their environment and climate. As there are different seasons and days in each climate, so designing building system that can vary with ambient conditions seems necessary. Since the sunlight is one of the most important and effective climate factors in indoor conditions, in order to control of heat and light in the window, author got the basic idea from the shadow of a cup of tea. If the colored liquid is injected between double glazed windows, light passing through the window will reduce a lot. Variable Building Layers System (V.B.L.S) is an innovative design that has been patented by the author and can control heat transfer in buildings and improve thermal comfort. The system has been designed based on the basic idea after some trial and error and includes three main components: transparent layers, color tanks, pump and control valve. Its transparent layers can be made of tempered glass or Plexiglas that both of them are separated by a spacer. The way it works is that colored liquid is injected into layers through the pump. The system has the ability to change transparency in less than an hour and make one way vision glass, if necessary. Laboratory samples of this design were built during the 8 stages of the process which includes: -1 Controlling light passing through the window by colored liquid, -2 Controlling light passing through the window by various colors, -3 Controlling window visibility and transparency, -4 Creating various colors by mixing primary colors, -5 The ability to use the idea for walls: Using window idea in designing internal walls and Using window idea in designing external walls, -6 The ability to paint a wall with various colors, -7 The ability to move the location of thermal insulation, 8. The ability to control the system by a computer. In this paper, Variable Building Layers System is explained and discussed in detail as it is used for windows and walls. Three transparent layers that is injected colored liquid between them will create variable properties in windows and walls. The main objective was to achieve maximum variability in building walls and it was assumed that changing colors will decrease or increase the light passing through layers, so in order to prove this hypothesis, experiments were performed. Due to different absorption and passing light from various colors their shadow had a different temperature. The main advantage is that these layers vary based on outside conditions by controlling sunlight and heat daily. The external walls was also added a tank of argon gas (as a thermal insulation) to reduce temperature swing inside the building. These layers can achieve benefits such as varying color and transparency, and control the amount of light passing through them, decreasing or increasing the heat capacity, and also moving the location of thermal insulation manually or automatically by computer. Using various colors in windows and walls will provide different thermal and psychological effects on occupants. Opacity or transparency of these layers can provide appropriate view and sunlight because it is possible to make part of the layer opaque and also to allow daylight to pass through from transparent part. It also creates less design limitations for architects. As bright colors reflect sunlight much more than dark colors, so changing color of façade can increase or decrease absorption of solar energy and reduce heating and cooling energy consumption. Based on Johannes Itten’s Color theory, it can make you feel 3 to 4 degrees centigrade warmer or cooler by selecting warm color for winter and cool color for summer without using energy. Each climate requires walls with different heat capacity but in this system it is possible to adjust the heat capacity with indoor temperature. Heat capacity of water is more than air so if the middle layer of the wall fills with water, temperature swing will decrease and also with reducing water level and replacing air, heat capacity will become less. In these walls, thermal insulation can be inside or outside of the walleither manually or automatically by a computer daily. In temporary-use buildings heat is removed after passing through the thermal insulation but it is possible to change location of the insulation towards outside after passing heat and it is not allowed to remove. To sum up, Heat capacity and thermal insulation can vary in every climate based on different seasons that leads to reduce indoor temperature swing. Noting that the heat transfer occurs in the building by three methods, changing layers can make different thermal resistance. As thermal conductivity of water and air and argon is respectively less than the other, heat transfer by conduction and convection depends on what matter and what height layers is filled. Glass walls are able to allow sunlight to enter rooms in the winter (if heating is needed) that absorb and store sun’s warmth and so radiation heat transfer causes a reduction in heating. Another advantage of this system is that external and internal walls are respectively up to 10 centimeters and 3 to 5 centimeters in thickness and so reduced thickness of walls leads to increase surface area and volume of the building. Wall thickness reduction compared to the same walls is noticeable because of reducing weights of building materials. Therefore it will decrease building subsidence and increase earthquake resistance of the building. As previously mentioned glass layers will provide natural light and suitable perspective and even if walls need to clean, these layers will allow washing. According to descriptions, Variable Building Layers System can be use in many buildings such as houses, offices, greenhouse, museums, galleries, libraries and etc., because of varying color of walls, controlling heat and light and moving thermal insulation and generally compatible with each climate.

---

Architectural Survey in recent decades shows that the modern architecture has not been considered compatible with climatic conditions and it not only causes Environmental pollution but also increases cooling and heating costs. Nowadays architects are looking for appropriate solutions to design buildings that can be in harmony with their environment and climate. As there are different seasons and days in each climate, so designing building system that can vary with ambient conditions seems necessary. Since the sunlight is one of the most important and effective climate factors in indoor conditions, in order to control of heat and light in the window, author got the basic idea from the shadow of a cup of tea. If the colored liquid is injected between double glazed windows, light passing through the window will reduce a lot. Variable Building Layers System (V.B.L.S) is an innovative design that has been patented by the author and can control heat transfer in buildings and improve thermal comfort. The system has been designed based on the basic idea after some trial and error and includes three main components: transparent layers, color tanks, pump and control valve. Its transparent layers can be made of tempered glass or Plexiglas that both of them are separated by a spacer. The way it works is that colored liquid is injected into layers through the pump. The system has the ability to change transparency in less than an hour and make one way vision glass, if necessary. Laboratory samples of this design were built during the 8 stages of the process which includes: -1 Controlling light passing through the window by colored liquid, -2 Controlling light passing through the window by various colors, -3 Controlling window visibility and transparency, -4 Creating various colors by mixing primary colors, -5 The ability to use the idea for walls: Using window idea in designing internal walls and Using window idea in designing external walls, -6 The ability to paint a wall with various colors, -7 The ability to move the location of thermal insulation, 8. The ability to control the system by a computer. In this paper, Variable Building Layers System is explained and discussed in detail as it is used for windows and walls. Three transparent layers that is injected colored liquid between them will create variable properties in windows and walls. The main objective was to achieve maximum variability in building walls and it was assumed that changing colors will decrease or increase the light passing through layers, so in order to prove this hypothesis, experiments were performed. Due to different absorption and passing light from various colors their shadow had a different temperature. The main advantage is that these layers vary based on outside conditions by controlling sunlight and heat daily. The external walls was also added a tank of argon gas (as a thermal insulation) to reduce temperature swing inside the building. These layers can achieve benefits such as varying color and transparency, and control the amount of light passing through them, decreasing or increasing the heat capacity, and also moving the location of thermal insulation manually or automatically by computer. Using various colors in windows and walls will provide different thermal and psychological effects on occupants. Opacity or transparency of these layers can provide appropriate view and sunlight because it is possible to make part of the layer opaque and also to allow daylight to pass through from transparent part. It also creates less design limitations for architects. As bright colors reflect sunlight much more than dark colors, so changing color of façade can increase or decrease absorption of solar energy and reduce heating and cooling energy consumption. Based on Johannes Itten’s Color theory, it can make you feel 3 to 4 degrees centigrade warmer or cooler by selecting warm color for winter and cool color for summer without using energy. Each climate requires walls with different heat capacity but in this system it is possible to adjust the heat capacity with indoor temperature. Heat capacity of water is more than air so if the middle layer of the wall fills with water, temperature swing will decrease and also with reducing water level and replacing air, heat capacity will become less. In these walls, thermal insulation can be inside or outside of the walleither manually or automatically by a computer daily. In temporary-use buildings heat is removed after passing through the thermal insulation but it is possible to change location of the insulation towards outside after passing heat and it is not allowed to remove. To sum up, Heat capacity and thermal insulation can vary in every climate based on different seasons that leads to reduce indoor temperature swing. Noting that the heat transfer occurs in the building by three methods, changing layers can make different thermal resistance. As thermal conductivity of water and air and argon is respectively less than the other, heat transfer by conduction and convection depends on what matter and what height layers is filled. Glass walls are able to allow sunlight to enter rooms in the winter (if heating is needed) that absorb and store sun’s warmth and so radiation heat transfer causes a reduction in heating. Another advantage of this system is that external and internal walls are respectively up to 10 centimeters and 3 to 5 centimeters in thickness and so reduced thickness of walls leads to increase surface area and volume of the building. Wall thickness reduction compared to the same walls is noticeable because of reducing weights of building materials. Therefore it will decrease building subsidence and increase earthquake resistance of the building. As previously mentioned glass layers will provide natural light and suitable perspective and even if walls need to clean, these layers will allow washing. According to descriptions, Variable Building Layers System can be use in many buildings such as houses, offices, greenhouse, museums, galleries, libraries and etc., because of varying color of walls, controlling heat and light and moving thermal insulation and generally compatible with each climate.

---

Taq-Bostan Boulevard (Shahid Shiroudi) in Kermanshah city, due to the very rich history and culture of this city, has become one of the most important tourist and recreational destinations. However, the lighting conditions in this boulevard are still not ideal in a way that can add more beauty and charm to the urban space. As a result, the intelligent lighting design of Taq-Bostan Boulevard by using neural network algorithms and providing the appropriate algorithm can improve the lighting and visual conditions of this boulevard, and add more attractiveness to the urban space of Kermanshah city. In this article, first of all, the challenges of lighting sidewalks and implementation points in the design of urban street lighting have been examined. Then, considering the two factors of citizens’ satisfaction and visual beauty as outputs, as well as color temperature, illuminance, lamp type and luminance as model inputs, the MLP neural network algorithm was used for Taq-Bostan Boulevard in Kermanshah. is to design a smart and suitable lighting system for it. The proposed design has the most optimal conditions because the MRE and MAE errors obtained from the neural which is very ideal. Therefore, the designed lighting system ,%0.035 network are less than.aims for the psychological comfort and security of the citizens.

---

---

Literary nonsense is a genre in children literature which is neither devalued nor forgotten in the course of history. Rather it has always been delightful and enjoyable never forgotten. This study introduces Persian literary nonsense and analyzes the characteristics and techniques of this genre which make it constant, interesting and pervasive among children.
This research is done within the qualitative paradigm utilizing the methodology of Mayring's (2000) deductive-inductive content analysis. The samples are divided in to poetries and stories. For poetry the contemporary nonsense poems in the book of Iranian Folklores (1346) are selected. As for the stories a group of folkloric legends categorized by Khosronejad. (1389) were selected. The criteria for the researcher was correspondence with nonsense characteristics.
It is concluded that Persian nonsense works are mostly engaged with form and language structure. It also demonstrated that nonsense works--both poetry and story-- enjoy the most fundamental and primary elements of children poetries characteristics which are implied in language constructs and rhyme, since the best way for language communication with children is through rhythm. The remarkable feature of nonsense stories is an approximation and amalgamation with poetic language of this genre. Nonsense acts as the alphabet of children poetry.
Regarding the quality of being nonsense, the studied poems and stories can be categorized into these classes: syntax nonsense, semantic nonsense and pure nonsense.

---

 
M. Sarrafi.PH.D.
 
Abstract:
The present essay is written through a referential method for the analysis of bird symbols in Rumi’s work; Massnavi. Once the author derived all the functions of birds, he categorized, described, and also explained the symbolic concepts of each through context analysis as the major technique. On the basis of these findings, there are about 30 birds mentioned by their names, while about 100 birds are mentioned without referring to their actual names. These create merely a part of Rumi’s creativity in symbolism. One of the most significant findings of this paper is; regarding the final analysis of birds; they are actually a symbol and sign of fate of the human soul within the prison of body and the materialistic world.
The meanings and symbolic concepts of birds hold an inseparable connection with their natural characteristics. Furthermore, the religious, cultural, and mythological teachings, which have been created about each of them throughout time, all enjoy a stunning role in the particular concepts given to them by Rumi. In overall it can be said that some of Rumi’s interpretations and understandings on the birds are quite new and innovative; while some of the others are rooted within the cultural traditions. The construction of symbolic concepts regarding birds in Massnavi derives from Rumi’s unique and special approach on one hand, while it is the result of his personal findings and understandings added to his potentiality and talent on the other hand.
 
 

---

Focusing on the argument alternation of some Light Verb Constructions (LVCs) in Persian, we will show how a frame-based description of verbal polysemy may be used to answer some questions about syntactic behavior and argument structures associated with such verbs. In Persian, a number of LVCs consisting of a light verb and a preverb (PV) participate in causative alternation. The causative variant is formed with the LV ændaxtæn 'cause to fall', and the anti-causative variant is formed with oftadæn 'fall'. But in some cases, the anti-causative variant is not acceptable by native speakers of Persian, whereas the causative variant is acceptable. The peculiar behavior of these verbs in different contexts is explained in the framework of Frame Semantics (Fillmore & Atkins, 1992). We will argue that these verbs are associated with two semantic frames. Contrary to Karimi-Doostan (2005) who claims that the argument structure of LVCs is determined by PVs, and Folli, Harley & Karimi (2005) who propose that both PVs and LVs compositionally contribute to the A-structure of LVCs, using the notion of Frames (Fillmore & Baker, 2010), we propose that the whole construction including the LVC determines its A-structure.