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Dispute over the succession of the Prophet Muhammad (Pbuh) is prelude to scatter that reached a peak with the murder of Uthman and the civil war in Imam Ali’ period. Accordingly, the research issue consists of identifying the sects of political thought throughout the history of Islam, which have theorized about the governing. Questions: 1 - In terms of textual, which sects were in cluded in the thought of Muslims about the caliphate, were? 2- Considering the political - social conditions (external fields), what periods has passed the political thought in the Muslim world? Hypothesis: using the historical - analytical approach and by adopting Skinner's methodology, the Muslims political thought can be divided into two periods: traditional and modern. In terms of textual, three main groups were distinguished in the traditional period: A- Kharijites, B- Shiite and C- Sunni. From the perspective of context, four stages can be identified: A) the stage of theological disputes, B) the stage of the genesis of jurisprudence-theological schools, C) the stage of the consolidation of jurisprudence-theological schools, D) the stage of post-Abbasid. This research attempts to identify the extesionaliy of Imam or Caliph befor each sect, and tasks of the Imam, as well as the concepts associated with that.    

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Simultaneous with the arrival of Arabs, Sistan in the southeastern part of Iran although conquered, still preserved some of the pre-Islamic elements that could survive for centuries. The study and analysis of historical texts and resources reflect religious freedom among the people who had settled in Sistan for centuries. In that area, pre-Islamic Iranian beliefs such as Zoroastrianism and other religions and sects such as Christianity and Judaism were prevalent. Islam had also sects in Sistan, such as Kharijites (or the Khavarij), Karamis and Ismailis. In the meantime, the Khavarij, who were formed after the adversarial process and disintegration of the supporters of Imam Ali (PBUH) and later settled in the eastern parts of Iran due to the pressure of the Umayyads and Abbasids with branches such as Ghali Arzagheh, Atvieh, and Ajardeh, played an effective role in the survival of other religions and sects. In this research, the authors try to use the descriptive-analytical method by referring to historical sources. The goal is to give more clarity to the role of the Khawarij in the life and persistence of different religions in Sistan during the Islamic period, proving its accuracy by providing clear evidences and solid documents.