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New telecommunications technologies as newest and most complicated part of electronic communications technologies, because of invisibility of flows and little dependence on physical place, have a unique nature comparing with other types of communications, especially transportation. In fact, these technologies provide transmission of information – as the most important factor in the new global economy- and capital in an unbelievable speed – almost the speed of light- by electronic networks like optic fibers and wireless systems, regardless of physical and geographical features. Therefore, it seems that the development of these communication technologies in today’s urban life may cause completely new changes. These changes may influence all economic, social, physical and spatial aspects and finally, shape the future of urban and regional life. Concentrating on spatial and geographical aspect, there are some notable researches, especially castells’ works on informational society, who has developed the theory of “space of flows” as the dominant logic of new geography in contrast with the “space of places”. He argues that an important part of these flows is bidirectional electronic communications. Now, based on this theory, the key question is that what are the main impacts of this dominant and the development of new telecommunications technologies on the spatial structure of the metropolitan areas? And what could be the future of metropolitan spatial structure? In this case, some argued that the development of this placeless and timeless kind of communication technologies leads to significant decrease in place and time constraints in inter-regional relations. This trend results in increasing functional relationships between metropolitan areas and so, blurring these area’s boundaries. Eventually, these areas integrate into one great spatial unit, named as “mega city-region”. In this research, we aim to examine the hypothesis of formation and evolution of “mega city-region” in Japan as one of the most important hubs of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the world, based on trend-analysis strategy and the canonical correlation method between transportation and telecommunications indicators In order to explore some of the new telecommunications technologies’ impact on the spatial structure of the metropolitan areas. The results indicate that there is a direct relationship between telecommunications and transportation. This relation not only shows a trend contrasts with usual expectations, which thinks that the telecommunications and virtual spaces can reduce the demand for spatial mobility and it’s infrastructures- but also means that the simultaneous increase in inter-regional functional relations (both electronic and physical communications) between Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya metropolitan areas. Following this, with developing the functional integration between these areas, the distinction of previous boundaries has been faced with many difficulties. Therefore, this situation can cause to the rise of Japanese Mega city-region, named as “TOKAIDO” the greatest spatial unit in the hurt of japan. This fact may signify the rising of new possible changes in the future of urban and regional spatial structure and provide a situation in which, the current urban planning and management methods -based on industrial age spatial principals- face with many challenges. So, the restructuring of urban policy and planning in the information age may be inevitable. This relation not only shows a trend contrasts with usual expectations, which thinks that the telecommunications and virtual spaces can reduce the demand for spatial mobility and it’s infrastructures- but also means that the simultaneous increase in inter-regional functional relations (both electronic and physical communications) between Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya metropolitan areas. Following this, with developing the functional integration between these areas, the distinction of previous boundaries has been faced with many difficulties. Therefore, this situation can cause to the rise of Japanese Mega city-region, named as “TOKAIDO” the greatest spatial unit in the hurt of japan. This fact may signify the rising of new possible changes in the future of urban and regional spatial structure and provide a situation in which, the current urban planning and management methods -based on industrial age spatial principals- face with many challenges. So, the restructuring of urban policy and planning in the information age may be inevitable. This fact may signify the rising of new possible changes in the future of urban and regional spatial structure andprovide a situation in which, the current urban planning and management methods -based on industrial age spatial principals- face with many challenges. So, the restructuring of urban policy and planning in the information age may be inevitable. This relation not only shows a trend contrasts with usual expectations, which thinks that the telecommunications and virtual spaces can reduce the demand for spatial mobility and it’s infrastructures- but also means that the simultaneous increase in inter-regional functional relations (both electronic and physical communications) between Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya metropolitan areas. Following this, with developing the functional integration between these areas, the distinction of previous boundaries has been faced with many difficulties. Therefore, this situation can cause to the rise of Japanese Mega city-region, named as “TOKAIDO” the greatest spatial unit in the hurt of japan. This fact may signify the rising of new possible changes in the future of urban and regional spatial structure and provide a situation in which, the current urban planning and management methods -based on industrial age spatial principals- face with many challenges. So, the restructuring of urban policy and planning in the information age may be inevitable

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The article investigates the adaptive method of Hayao Miyazaki in using Japanese narratives through his animation filmmaking based on James Dudley Andrew’s theory. Qualitative research method has been applied owing to the nature of the content and the type of analysis. In line with the research aim, the main question is how Miyazaki has adopted Japanese narrative literature in making his animated films (the case). Miyazaki’s admired animated movies were adopted from Japanese narratives. Accordingly, among which Spirited Away was analyzed as the case of the study. The results consist of fundamental points revealing his method of adaptation. Miyazaki has considered the full capacity of Japanese narrative literature and other adaptative approaches in developing drama, characterization, visual and audio elements of his films perfectly. Bringing up the ideas in this way, Miyazaki has created the main elements of narrative aligned with his cinematic expression. Not only did he adapt the texts of Japanese literature, but also benefited from the illustrations of the literary works. Miyazaki's style uncovers the various potentials of narrative sources for idea generation in storytelling, characterization as well as it reveals how to create successfully hit animated feature films. His method can be an effective strategy in making superior and adaptation Iranian filmmakers may consider in animation film production.

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One of the demands of our society after the Islamic Revolution was establishment of Islamic values in all aspects of society, especially in area of management decisions. A review of literature teaches about management and its principles shows the resource for Japanese and western teachings of this area. In Iran, in most cases in practice, priority is placed on executives Islamic society organizations. This research was qualitative approach using content analysis to compare the management principles of Islam and Japan. As a result of studying the Quran and the Prophet (pbuh) and the infallible Imams (AS), especially Nahj al-Amiralmomenin, points raised in the principles of management, including planning, decision making, organizing, coordinating, monitoring and communication requirements, which applying by introducing them to the Muslim community organizations provide assistance in policy.

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To aim health risk assessment and determination of consumption rate limit of King soldier bream (Argyrops spinifer), Pickhandle Barracuda (Sphyraena jello), and Japanese threadfin bream (Nemipteru japonicus), 33 fish specimen was harvest from Jofre fishing area. After transport fish to the laboratory, was prepared and concentration of heavy metal iron, manganese, and cobalt was measured by Inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectrometry, (ICP-OES). The Concentration of heavy metal in the muscle of fish compared with international standards.  For health risk assessment Target Hazard Quotients (THQ) and Total Target Hazard Quotients (TTHQ), for determination of consumption rate limit estimated daily intake (EDI) and estimated weekly intake (EWI), Consumption Rate Limit (CRlim) and Consumption Rate Limit meal month (CRmm) in two groups include adults and children were calculated.  The Results showed that manganese content in all three fish species (36.59 to 55.48 µgr/gr) more than the world health organization (WHO) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Also Cobalt content in Argyrops spinifer and Sphyraena jello (66.62 and 0.38 µgr/gr) more than WHO. According to THQ, TTHQ, EDI, and EWI, the Consumption of none of the three fish species had not health risk for the consumer. Additional to the highest CRlim in adults and children determinate as in Argyrops spinifer and Sphyraena jello was manganese, respectively (10.12 and 2.17 µgr/gr), (29.36 and 6.29 µgr/gr) and in Nemipteru japonicus (184.25 and 39.48 µgr/gr) Cobalt determinate.
 

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Although indirect translation (translating a translated text) has always been a common practice in literary translations and other types of translation, it has only recently gained attention as a subject of study in the field of translation studies. The present paper attempts to shed light on the differences between direct and indirect literary translation by analyzing translations of the Japanese novel, Black Rain as a case study. There are two different translations of this novel into Persian; a direct one from Japanese and an indirect one from Russian. Juliane House’s translation quality assessment model (House, 1997; 2001; 2015) was used to compare the two translations. The main findings show that the direct translation was a relatively overt translation, transferring cultural elements from the source language (SL) to the target language (TL), while the indirect translation used “cultural filters” to make cultural compensations for SL cultural phenomena in TL. Furthermore, House divides translation errors into two groups, namely, overt and covert errors. The analysis revealed that there were no covert errors in the direct translation, while the indirect translation contained a covert error. House further divides overt errors into ‘mismatches of the denotative meanings of elements of the source and translation texts’ and ‘breach of the target language system’. The former were much more frequent in the indirect translation, while the latter were slightly more frequent in the direct translation.
 
1. Introduction
Indirect translation is one of the least-studied areas in translation studies. Some authors do not discriminate between direct and indirect translations in their works, and some consider indirect translation as unacceptable and doomed to failure. This paper tries to elaborate on the differences between direct and indirect literary translation by comparing two translations of the Japanese novel, Black Rain as a case study. There are two different translations of this novel into Persian; a direct one from Japanese and an indirect one from Russian. The present study employs Juliane House’s translation quality assessment model to compare the two translations and to highlight their differences.
 
2. Literature Review
This study applies Juliane House's Translation Quality Assessment (TQA) model (House, 1997; 2001; 2015) to two available translations of the Japanese novel Black Rain (a direct one and an indirect one) in order to evaluate the quality of these translations. House's assessment model provides the means for the analysis and comparison of an original text and its translation on three different levels: Language/Text, Register (Field, Mode and Tenor) and Genre. House categorizes the translation errors into two groups, namely, covert and overt errors. House further divides overt errors into two categories: A) mismatches of the denotative meanings of elements of the source and translation texts  which includes omissions, additions and substitutions (i.e. wrong selections or wrong combinations of elements) and B) breach of the target language system which includes cases of ungrammaticality and cases of dubious acceptability. This model has frequently been employed to compare two or more existing translations of a text (e.g. Seyed-Jalali et al, 2017).
 
3. Methodology
There are two different translations of Ibuse Masuji's 1966 novel (Black Rain) into Persian. This novel was first translated into Persian by Karim Keshavarz in 1978  from a Russian translation of the book. Keshavarz in the translator's preface indicates that he has also refered to an English translation of the book where necessary. More than three decades later Ghodratollah Zakeri translated this novel into Persian again, this time directly from Japanese. This novel is set immediately after WWII and is divided into 20 chapters. The first page of each chapter was marked in the source (Japanese) text, then based on Juliane House's model, the corresponding pages in the two translations were investigated for all kinds of covert and overt errors.
 
4. Results
The investigation of the two translations revealed that there were no covert errors in the direct translation, while the indirect translation contained a covert error. The results also showed that the mismatches of the denotative meanings of elements of the source and translation texts were much more frequent in the indirect translation, while the breaches of the target language system were slightly more frequent in the direct translation. Table 1 summarizes the main findings of this study.
 
Table 1: The frequency of overtly erroneous errors in the two translations[R1] 

Error type		Indirect	Direct
Mismatches of the denotative meanings of elements of the source and translation texts	Omissions	356	13
	Additions	44	6
	Substitutions	31	3
Sum:		431	22
Breaches of the target language system	Ungrammaticality	0	4
	Dubious acceptability	1	12
Sum:		1	16

 
5. Discussion and  Conclusion
This study revealed that the direct translation was a relatively overt translation, transferring cultural elements from the source language (SL) to the target language (TL), while the indirect translation used “cultural filters” frequently to make cultural compensations for SL cultural phenomena in TL. The number of omissions, additions and substitutions in the indirect translation was far beyond the expectations. On the other hand, the indirect translation was a more natural and fluent writing due to fewer cases of ungrammaticality and dubious acceptability. Therefore, a reader who does not have access to the original Japanese text may find the indirect translation more pleasant to read. The findings of this study may not be applicable to all indirect translations, but it more or less shows the characteristics and tendencies of the two types of translations.

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        Assessment of inventive step is one of the difficult and challengeable steps of registering a subject in the patent offices. For the establishment of this condition, different tests are used. In America, Europe and Japan patent offices, it is dividable into main and secondary criteria. Studies indicate that assessments in America compared with Europe, and especially Japan, are of lower level, because in Europe and Japan, assessment of inventive step is done in subtle form. In Iran, unlike the abave patent offices, assessment is not performed intensively in patent office and by experts; rather, it is performed via inquiry from the experts of collegiate institutes and science and technology parks. However, due to lack of skilled experted fully aware of the literature of patent, assessment of inventive step is not performed in subtle form, indicating the alloy of oneness of novelty and inventive step. The present paper tries to recognized the assessments tests of inventive step requirement, and then study Iran’s situation in this respect.                    
 

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A begomovirus, tentatively named Tobacco leaf curl Japan virus-JpU (TbLCJV-JpU), was isolated from Lonicera japonica (Honeysuckle) Plants Grown in Utsunomiya showing veinal chlorosis symptoms. The TbLCJV-JpU genome with 2,761 nt showed a highest identity with TbLCJV-Jp3 and was also close to TbLCJV and as well to TbLCJV-Jp2. The overall nt identity with TbLCJV-Jp3 amounted to 92.94%, while the identities in encoded amino acid (aa) sequence of Coat Protein (CP) and putative products of AC1 and AV2 ORFs were as high as 98.05, 92.54 and 93.96%, respectively. Low sequence identities were observed in the Intergenic Region (IR) of TbLCJV-JpU as compared with TbLCJV, Ageratum yellow vein Taiwan virus-Kochi isolate and Honeysuckle yellow vein virus-Kagoshima isolates. Recombinations were detected in the 5´end (2650 to 2761) and extreme 3´ portion of the genome (220 to 350). Both regions demonstrated high identities with AYVTV-Kochi and HSYVV-Kagoshima. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of isolation of TbLCJV from L. japonica.

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Japan was an important and influential trade partner of Iran during the Pahlavi II era. However, no studies have been conducted on the effects of this country and its trade relations with Iran. The present study attempts to deal with the ups and downs in Japan’s trade relations with Iran during that era and evaluate its political impacts based on available documents. Furthermore, the discussions also include the types of cargo, their amount, their value and the dimensions of the trade between the two countries. According to the results of the study, the ideological affiliation of Iran and Japan to the Western bloc was effective in the development of trade relations between the two countries. Thus, Japan became the main importer of Iran’s oil and Iran employed Japanese experts for its economical and industrial activities. Therefore, several contracts were signed between the two nations. Nevertheless, the trade balance was in Japan's favor. The Iranian government’s efforts to balance the scales were successful in a few instances; however it failed in the long run. In conclusion, Japan became Iran’s third trade partner in this era.