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Some bacteria can survive in conditions in which even extremophiles cannot survive. In this study, the conditions of contamination of mine-waste extremophiles with other bacteria was studied on the laboratory scale. At the first step, the acid-producing extremophile bacteria were isolated from mine tailings and characterized using a biochemical protocol. The extremophiles survived at the pH from 0 to 8.5 and temperature from ‒ 70 °C to 90 °C. After the complete growth and isolation of active colonies of the acidophilic bacteria in solid medium, their pollution possibility were examined in the laboratory. The characterization of contaminating microorganisms was performed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 16s rRNA gene sequencing. The polluting bacteria were isolated from the acid-producing bacteria using a nutrient broth liquid medium in a sterilized condition for 1 week, which reached an anaerobic condition after a while. The significant growth of acidophilic bacteria in an anaerobic condition required the 9K medium containing Fe₂(SO₄)₃ and elemental sulphur. The results showed that the contaminating bacteria of extremophiles included Bacillus cereus (strain 1), Bacillus sp. (TS3) and Bacillus oryzaecorticis (WJB138), enduring the anaerobic conditions in a nutrient broth medium.
 

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Citric acid is one of the industrial products with extensive applications which are used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics and chemical industries. Although to 1965 Aspergillus niger was single strain to production of citric acid but yeasts are good candidate for citric acid production because growth on cheap and disposal substrates such as hydrocarbon and oils, low sensitive to trace elements in raw material. In this study, citric acid producing yeasts were isolated. Among 340 isolated yeast strains from dairy, meat and food products from Isfahan factories on screening media. 12 strains cultivated in citric acid production medium have been chosen for further study. Production of citric acid was determined by colorimetric method and Megazyme kit during 192 hours. One of the isolated yeasts with 55.5 g/g citric acid production along 144 hours after inoculation had the best yield. Biochemical and molecular tests showed that this strain belonged to the species Yarrowia lipolytica, molecular tests confirmed by sequencing; therefore it was named as Y. lipolytica M7 with accession number HM011048 in Genbank..

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Environmental factors mainly temperature are believed to determine the distribution and population dynamics of Fusarium species in a natural ecosystem. Species may be restricted in their distribution by adaptation to specific sets of soil environmental conditions. Population dynamics of five Fusarium species representative of different climatic conditions were studied at three levels of temperature (13-18 / 19-24 / 25-30°C) and constant water potential (field capacity). Temperature had a significant influence on the population level of all test Fusarium species. Fusarium sambucinum showed noticeable reduction of population at warm temperatures. The population of F. solani and F. compaction were higher at high temperatures. The population of cosmopolitan species, F. equiseli showed little change at all experimental conditions, Fusarium acuminalum did not compete well with other species in this experiment, its population being low at all treatments.

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Abstract Since proverbs are based on the life experiences of ethnics, by studying them the social, cultural and political structure of each ethnic can be reintroduced. The political structure of Iran until constitutionalism is known by despotism, in which the king was on top of the power and people were his slaves. Despotic power, popularity of deterministic ideas lack of intellectuality and philosophy in society, allegiance, and lack of individualism are examples that during the history have formed proverbs and words that has fainted the base of any kind of intellectuality, social movement, and progress. proverbs as a representative of human thought and the most important role model for common people’s life has formed a considerable portion of Iranian’s language and culture. Then it will be very helpful in studying and analyzing Iranian’s culture. The purpose of this article is to analyze several important backgrounds that have made people accept and grow despotism, and have been manifested in proverbs .It is concluded that despotism has cultural backgrounds rather than being the result of authority exercise and during the history has formed people’s language and thought.

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Aims: Covid-19 infected patients are necessarily treated under isolation procedures in health facilities. However, those who have clinically mild symptoms are recommended to self-isolate. This study aims to explore the experiences of Covid-19 survivors who underwent self-isolation from the beginning of infection until declared cured.
Participants & Methods: Phenomenological design study was used in this qualitative research to describe the experiences of Covid-19 survivors who were under self-isolation in Semarang, from the beginning of infection until declared cured. Data was collected using semi-structured in-depth interviews through offline and online methods.
Findings: Positive thinking and the support of family and companions motivated them to survive in self-isolation conditions. Environmental stigma was the most undesirable obstacle felt by the Covid-19 survivors during self-isolation at home. Covid-19 survivors experiencing clinically mild symptoms tended to distrust the media because the media provides frightening information about Covid-19.
Conclusion: Positive thinking and family support are the successful keys to self-isolation. Media can be used responsibly to reduce stigma and to support Covid-19 sufferers who are undergoing self-isolation.

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In this research, 514 soil samples and dead larvae were collected from Khorassan, Lorestan, Tehran, Ghazvin, East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Mazandaran and Hamedan Provinces. B. thuringiensis was isolated from the samples using a heat-acetate method and the isolates were identified and classified using biochemical tests. The frequency of B. thuringiensis in soils with different plant communities was studied. According to results, 127 isolates were collected from the samples collected. Most isolates produced atypical and heterogenic and some bipyramidal crystals. Nearly all the isolates were able to hydrolyze starch and gelatin and ferment glucose and fructose, but could not produce indole and H2S or ferment galactose and lactose. The isolates were divided into 8 biochemical types, among which B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki was the most frequent type. Total Bt frequency, corresponding to the whole sampling areas, was calculated as being 3.1%; the highest frequency was recorded for Khorassan Province (5.1%) and the lowest for Lorestan Province (0%). No realtionship was found between B. thuringiensis frequency and vegetation status of the soils examined.

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  In this research, we studied  isolation of  the cellulolitic fungi from the persimmon tree, grapevine, pomegranate tree and walnut soils. Among of them, persimmon soil was selected because of maximum cellulolitic fungi. Seven fungi werw isolated from persimmon soil, which three of them had suitable cellulose activity and they were identificated by 18S rRNA and named:  Aspergillus niger MZM 89-a2, Penicillium decumbens ZHE 89-p3, Penicillium decumbens MMH 89-p1. Cellulase activities of these fungi were respectively (U/d): FPA 3.1671, 3.5740, 3.1812 and Avicelase 1.6605, 0.3869, 1.1451 and CMCase 2.950, 0.2644, 0.4604. Response surface activity (RSM) was studied to evaluate the effects of temperature, moisture content and particle size for FPA by Aspergillus niger MZM 89-a2. The optimum FPA was in temperature, moisture content and particle size respectively: 28.49ْC, 66.62٪ and 1.5-2 (mm). The maximum predicted FPA was 4.35(U/g) and obtained FPA under this condition was 4.42 (U/g), which indicates the efficacy of the model for prediction of FPA activity under different conditions of the medium.  

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Aims: Loneliness encompasses a range of emotions stemming from unmet personal and interpersonal needs, often arising from social isolation, a prevalent issue among older individuals. Existing research findings remain inconclusive regarding the precise relationship between loneliness, social isolation, and sleep patterns among the elderly. The present review aimed to explore the interconnection between loneliness, social isolation, and sleep.
Information & Methods: This review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The literature search covered databases, such as PubMed, Wiley Online Library, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest. The initial keywords were loneliness, social isolation, sleep, and elderly or older adults. These keywords were further expanded and refined using Medical Subject Headings provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information.
Findings: A systematic online search revealed 13,418 publications. Out of these, 88 articles did not meet the inclusion criteria during the full-text screening phase, leaving only 13 articles eligible for in-depth analysis. The results indicated a strong interconnection between loneliness and social isolation.
Conclusion: Feelings of loneliness and social isolation are associated with reduced sleep quality among the elderly.

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Fermentation is used for centuries to protect quality improvements or flavor modifications of cereals, fruits, vegetables, milk and meat. Yellow Zabol kashk (Sistani) is a grain-dairy fermented product, which is highly consumed in Sistan-Baluchistan province. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the Lactic Acid Bacteria involved in spontaneous fermentation of this product to introduce the native strains. These strains could be used in industry or some of them may be considered as probiotic strains. The cell morphology of each strain was investigated. Then gram-positive and catalase-negative isolates were selected. In order to classify 83 selected isolates that seemed Lactic Acid Bacteria according to preliminary experiments, physiological and biochemical tests, including growth at 10°C and 45°C, 6.5%  NaCl, pH=4.4 and pH=9.6, carbon dioxide production from Glucose and carbohydrates fermentation were performed. Twenty eight selected isolate identified genotypically based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results showed that the isolates belong to: Lactobacillus plantarum (24.09 %), Lactobacillus helveticus (13.25 %), Lactobacillus brevis (963 %), Lactobacillus delbrueckii (18.07 %), Lactococcus lactis (13.25 %), Leuconostoc mesenteroides (9.63 %), Leuconostoc citreum (2.40 %) and Pediococcus pentosaceus (9.63 %). To identify the bacteria, especially lactic acid bacteria it is suggested using both culture and molecular-based method.

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Samuel Taylor Coleridge is the most symbolic of all Romantic poets. Through his creative imagination, Coleridge creates symbols that disguise the philosophical ideas, and something fresh and unsullied out of the chaos of different images and associations. It is simply imagination that enables the romantic poet to present spiritually perceived things, and resolves his conflict by returning to “dynamic organicism.” In Coleridge’s masterpiece entitled The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, the emphasis is placed on “negative romanticism” or the poet’s “period of doubt and despair” when he fails to perceive the truth, imaginatively. In isolation and with the help of imagination, the poet sees the benevolence of the universe and the beauty of all the creatures. Besides, he finds the potentiality to grasp the truth. What follows is an attempt to see to what extent the Mariner is symbolic of a romantic poet, or a true romantic poet according to Peckham. This study traces the different states the Mariner goes through changing from a negative romanticist to a positive one. The changes are accompanied by change in attitude towards the universe and unity with it. Furthermore, projections of Coleridge as a romantic poet, on his imaginatively created character help reveal more about the Mariner.

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Hydraulic engine mounts isolate the structure of the vehicle from powertrain vibrations and also prevent excess motions of the powertrain due to shock excitations. In this paper, dynamic stiffness of a hydraulic engine mount in low frequency range (shock frequency range) is predicted using modal test data and three-dimensional finite element model through an iterative model updating procedure. The implemented model encompasses elastomeric material’s nonlinearity, fluid-structure-interaction and internal resonances of mount. Mesh morphing technique is used to model the fluid-structure-interaction. The results showed that the introduced procedure can successfully predict the shock isolation behaviour of the hydraulic engine mount.

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Aerospace Launch Vehicles (ALVs), used for launching artificial satellites and space stations to Earth orbits, usually encounter with failure in navigation systems . In these cases, survival of an ALV during accurate payloads injection in orbits is one of the most critical issues for Guidance and Control systems.An important challenge for safety of Aerospace Launch Vehicle (ALV) is their reliability against all types of faults. There is a requirement for on-board fault detection without deteriorating the performance of ALV. In this paper, a new software sensor is proposed for fault detection and compensation based on symmetrical behavior of the yaw and pitch channels of an ALV. For this purpose, using identification techniques on the yaw channel, a new software sensor is developed as an online rigid dynamic predictor for the pitch channel. The proposed software sensor is employed to generate the residual of estimation error as an indicator of predefined faults. The main novelty of this software sensor is online tuning of the virtual sensor against unforeseen variations in the parameters of the vehicle. Robustness of the new control system in the presence of asymmetric behavior is investigated. The efficiency of the proposed fault tolerant method is illustrated through simulations.

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The Stewart platform with six degree of freedom (three translational and three rotational motions) consists of two rigid bodies, lower plate (base) and upper one (mobile). These two bodies are connected together by six extensible legs between three pairs of joints on each of the bodies. This platform can be used to isolate the top plate of the platform and its payload from the applied motions to the base. Since the passive isolation methods are not effective in elimination of the high amplitude (and usually) low frequency motions, this paper practically investigates the possibility of using the 6DOF Stewart platform as an active vibration isolator. In this study, a Stewart platform was designed and constructed based on electric actuators (servo-motors). And then it was practically utilized to isolate its top plate from the applied pitch and roll rotations to the base plate. MEMS sensors including two accelerometers and one rate gyro along with Kalman filter and kinematic relations were utilized for measuring the pitch and roll motions. A PI controller was implemented to keep the top plate at level position using the MEMS sensors installed on the bottom plate. The experimental results indicated that the platform can effectively isolate the pitch and roll motions while the frequency of these motions is in the working speed range of the electric actuators.

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Hydraulic engine mounts are widely used in aerospace and automotive applications for vibration isolation. Here in this paper an active engine mounting system is proposed which not only acts like an isolator in a wide range of frequencies, but also performs as a damper when shock inputs and engine resonances are present. The proposed new design consists of a conventional passive fluid mount, an electromagnetic actuator (voice coil) and a capacitive circuit. The voice coil is placed in the lower chamber of the passive fluid mount and it can change the volumetric stiffness of the bottom chamber actively such that the mount has low dynamic stiffness in a wide range of frequencies. The capacitive circuit is paralleled with the voice coil and in situations when large shock inputs are present; it adds capacitance to the electromagnetic circuit and changes the characteristics of the mount from an isolator to a damper. Here in this paper the physical and mathematical models of the new mounting system are presented, the simulation results are shown and the performances of the proposed design in all active, passive and damper conditions are demonstrated.

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One of the important aspects which may affect the seismic response of gravity dams is dam-reservoir-foundation interaction. The dam-reservoir interaction must be taken into account, since the dam undergoes deformation which influences the motion of water in the reservoir. Due to the complexity of a dam­reservoir-foundation system, the finite element method is an efficient tool for studying the dynamic response of such a system not only due to the complicated geometry of the dam-reservoir-foundation system but also due to the mechanism of incident earthquake waves and different boundary conditions which can be simulated more appropriately. In order to seismic analysis of gravity dams, a computational procedure for two-dimensional finite-element analysis of dam­reservoir­foundation systems subjected to seismic excitations is developed using Ansys software in this research. Water is assumed as a compressible, inviscid fluid with small amplitude displacements and the dam is modeled as an elastic solid. The analysis is carried out in time domain considering dynamic excitations. Newmark time integration scheme is developed to solve the time­discretized equations which are an unconditionally stable implicit method. An application of the procedure to a study of the seismic optimization of concrete gravity dams using hydrodynamic isolation layer under horizontal and vertical ground motions is presented and discussed. In this study, the hydrodynamic isolation layer is used for the geometry and seismic optimization of concrete gravity dams. For this purpose, the volume of dam body is considered as the objective function and constraints of various geometrical and structural behaviors in order to optimize the concrete gravity dam under seismic loading. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed numerical model, the response of Koyna dam in India due to Taft ground motion is presented as a case study to show the hydrodynamic isolation effects on seismic optimization of concrete gravity dams. The model was analyzed and compared for the cases in which the isolation layer attached along the upstream face of dam for different conditions. Consider to obtained results, it is revealed that the isolation layer can have the reducing effect on responses of dam model because of damping the induced hydrodynamic pressure due to earthquake. The layer reduces the dam response due to the hydrodynamics effect of the reservoir in essentially two different ways: (a) the layer serves as a boundary for the reservoir with a low reflection coefficient which results in reduction in the developed hydrodynamic pressure in the reservoir compared with the case of a completely reflective boundary. This effect was addressed in the previous part of the theoretical solution excluding the layer's isolation effects. (b) the isolation of the dam from the hydrodynamic pressure is the result of the layer thickness as well as its material properties which alter the amplitude of the transmitted pressure wave across the layer.

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Base isolation systems may be considered as one of the most powerful tools of earthquake engineering pertaining to the passive structural vibration control technologies. It may enable a building or non-building structure to survive a potentially devastating seismic impact. Generally, it is thought that application of seismic isolation is limited to low- and medium-rise structures, and the use of isolation for high-rise buildings considered as impractical or unfeasible. However, existing examples of isolated high-rise buildings in Japan, also in Iran, suggest that these viewpoints clearly disagrees with the real state-of-practice that exists there. Since the 1995 Kobe earthquake, just fewer than 200 isolated high-rise buildings, ranging from 60 to 180 meters height, have been constructed in Japan. However, this strategy is still uncommon in most countries of the world. Implementation of base isolation can greatly decrease inter-story drifts and floor accelerations, which results in protection of building’s contents. As a result, high-rise buildings can be kept fully operational during the earthquake and also immediately occupiable just after the event. In other words, isolation can be adopted for the improved performance of high-rise buildings. To maintain the efficiency, the period of isolation system has to be considered between 4 and 7 seconds. Clearly, structures like this will be vulnerable to long period ground motions. Therefore, it is necessary to study the behavior of these structures under such earthquakes. Long-period ground motions can be divided into far-source and near-fault classes. Most far-source long-period ground motions were generated by large earthquakes and effective propagation paths. Therefore, far-source long-period ground motions are generally associated with offshore earthquakes in subduction zones. Near-fault long-period ground motions are generated mainly by rupture directivity effects in the vicinity of earthquake source faults,. They consist primarily of rupture directivity pulses, which can be damaging, especially when combined with site effects and basin edge effects. In this paper, three base isolated models of 8-, 14-, and 20-story shear buildings using isolator type of lead-rubber bearing (LRB) and friction pendulum system (FPS), under long-period ground motions are studied. A set of 14 long-period ground motions – 5 far-source long-period motions and 9 near-fault long-period motions – as well as 14 short-period ground motions were selected. Total earthquake input energy per unit mas was used as a measure to distinguish long-period motions so that those which had a significant input energy over the periods of 2 seconds were considered as long-period motions. For each model two isolators – LRB and FPS – were designed so that the design displacement and the period of systems were exactly the same. The isolators were designed carefully and all dimensions and parameters were checked to insure practicality of the design. Then nonlinear dynamic analysis was implemented to evaluate the response of the structures. Results show that in the cases that input motions are short-period, increasing the height of the structure doesn’t significantly affect the structure response and the isolation displacement are nearly the same. On the other hand, as the height of the structure is increased, its response due to the long-period ground motions becomes more significant, and these motions impose a great displacement demand in the isolation system.

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One of the problems with the processed meat products shelf life is the formation of yellow spots in sausages. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the microbial agents causing yellow stain from sausage by molecular- and culture-based methods. For this purpose, 15 samples from yellow spot and separation areas of chicken sausages were sampled. A total of 44 colonies grown on the MRS, M17, YGC, and PDB culture medium were inoculated into pre-packaged cutting sausages to induce the yellow spot. Yellow spots appearance9 samples and they were characterized by both culture-based methods and sequencing of a 350 bp fragment from 16S rRNA V3 region and a 800bp fragment from 18S rRNA ITS4 region. The results of the culture-based and molecular assay showed that the main causes of the yellow spots in the chicken sausage packaged under vacuum were Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus faecium and Candida saitoana. In addition, one species of Enterococcus and one species of Candida were also identified at the genus level. Examination of yellow spotted samples also showed that the microorganisms that cause yellow spotting cause changes in pH, color indices L*, a* and b*, and syneresis compared to the control sample but the rate of change is only in the syneresis quantity and a* was significant.

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Cheese is one of the valuable dairy products that has a significant role in feeding most people in society. During or after the production process, cheeses may become contaminated with moulds, which can endanger the health of the product and reduce its marketability. Cheese is one of the foods that has the suitable conditions for the growth of fungi. The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify the contaminants of ultrafiltration (UF) cheeses offered in Fasa city. For this purpose, 110 samples of cheese cans from different factories were randomly collected from the market and kept both open and closed. After growth, moulds were identified morphologically and molecularly. The results showed that the highest contamination of open cheeses was related to Penicillium, followed by Aspergillus, Paecilomyces and Trichoderma. In closed cheeses, Byssochlamys spectabilis was the most contaminated mould. During this study, for the first time in Iran, this type of fungus was isolated and identified.

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Lactobacilli are the most well-known strains with probiotic properties that have a great effect on promoting gastrointestinal health. The purpose of this study was to isolate and evaluate the probiotic properties of local Lactobacillus in dairy products in Fars province. Gram-positive and catalase-negative bacilli were isolated and analyzed from dairy samples by chemical methods. To evaluate the probiotic properties of the isolates, their growth rate was measured at different acidic and alkaline pHs, different concentrations of bile salt and NaCl salt. The antimicrobial activity of the isolates on pathogenic bacteria was investigated by agar well diffusion method and also susceptibility testing to common antibiotics was performed by disk diffusion method. Optimal strains were identified molecularly by 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. Out of 36 gram-positive and catalase-negative strains, 10 strains were biochemically similar to Lactobacilli that 5 strains being able to grow at pH 3 to 9 and different concentrations of bile salt and NaCl salt. These bacteria had antimicrobial activity against common pathogens and were resistant to the antibiotics Clindamycin, Ampicillin, Erythromycin, and Tetracycline. Strains M3 and Y4 had better probiotic properties. Molecular evaluation showed that these two strains are 100% and 99.98% similar to Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus casei strains, respectively. As a result, it was found that these two strains of Lactobacillus with approved probiotic properties are available in traditional dairy products in Fars province, which can be used in the dairy food industry to improve the quality of livestock and poultry feed.