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Syntactic movement is one of the most attractive parts of the Universal Grammar which has conserved its importance from the starting models of this theory to its recent models; and there have been a lot of explanations for the operations of this syntactic process in the language structures of different languages. Despite many efforts of Persian linguists, many issues of Universal Grammar, especially in minimalist approach, are still unexplored in the Persian language.
In this paper, we will have a more detailed investigation of the syntax of Persian sentences and the complexities of this kind of movements, on the basis of Minimalism. Regarding this objective, we will introduce some unique and distinguishing properties of downward movements and will study four types of downward movements in Persian language, from which downward movements of the heads of Agreement, Tense and Negation projections can be mentioned.
It seems that, accepting the possibility of syntactic downward movements, there will be better explanations for the syntax of Persian sentences and the positions of functional nodes in the hierarchical organization of Persian sentences in their derivation.
 

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Adopting a theory and data-based research via introducing natural morphology theory, this article, tries to study inflectional system of Persian language on the basis of congruity –system principle which is one of the components of dependent-system theory. The authors have stated unique features of inflectional affixes. Then, on the basis of five properties of this principle (occurrence of categorical systems and categories, occurrence of base form inflection or stem inflection, separate or combined symbolization of categories, number and manner of formal distinctions in the paradigm, occurrence of marker types related to the categorical system involved, and presence or absence of inflectional classes), the congruity of inflectional affixes of the Persian language has been measured. For this purpose these affixes have been analyzed in three macro classes: noun, verb, and adjective. On the basis of this principle adjective affixes are more congruous and uniform, but noun affixes are less natural. 

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The aim of this study is to describe the inflectional structure of Persian verbs based on the theory of Words and Paradigm. We aim to clarify the nature of paradigm or verb inflectional patterns in Persian and the way the multiple roles of inflectional patterns such as person and number can be separated and transparently expressed. Therefore, we extracted sentences from Persian grammar books   and analyzed the structure of their verbs. These structures include Person and Number, Participle, Voice, Infinitive and Mood. Results showed that one-to-many or many-to-one correspondence of the inflectional properties of Persian verb can be described using Word and Paradigm model. This model is different from Item and arrangement or Item and Process models, due to the fact that words are considered as a totality for analysis .In the frame of the two mentioned models, words are divided into a sequence of discrete units. In addition, it became clear that the inflectional structures of the verb in Persian are of a morpho-syntactic nature and considering a layered structure for the verb helps to separate the multiple functions of the inflectional structure of Persian verb. Therefore it is possible to describe the characteristics of Persian Verb in the frame of Word and Paradigm model.
 
 

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The present paper is about the syntactic verb movement in Sanandaji within the minimalist program. To achieve this goal, verb movement can be considered from two approaches: a) strong or weak agreement system based on Pollock (1989), Belletti (1991), and Chomsky (1995), B) the split inflectional system based on Bobaljik & Thráinsson(1998). The movement of the main verb based on the strong and weak agreement system in the Kurdish language has been investigated using the ellipsis of the verb phrase as diagnostic. In recent studies, however, the ellipsis of the verb phrase has been challenged in Persian languages. Having studied briefly linguistics’ view, we argue in favor of verb ellipsis in Sanandaji Kurdish and use it to show verb movement in this language. But verb movement in the Kurdish language has not been studied based on the second approach, which is the split inflectional system. Based on this approach in languages ​​that have a split inflectional system, there is an obligatory verb movement. Thus, not only do we review the previous view on the main verb movement, but we study from a new point of view. In this study, based on empirical evidence and theoretical considerations, we will show that there is verb movement in Sanandaji Kurdish and the structural position of the main verb in this language is the head of the tense phrase. 
Introduction
The present paper is about the syntactic verb movement in Sanandaji within the minimalist program. In Iranian languages, the verb appears at the end of the sentence; hence it is not easy to show verb movement. Before turn to the main topic, this question comes to mind why we should believe in verb movement? The answer seems to be, nothing, except that Chomsky (19995) argues that uninterpretable categorical features on a head are checked under the syntactic relation of sisterhood. Unlike English, In the Kurdish language, the valued tense feature of little v is strong, so it must be local to the feature it checks by. To achieve this goal, verb movement can be considered from two approaches: a) strong or weak agreement system based on Pollock (1989), Belletti (1991), and Chomsky (1995), B) the split inflectional system based on Bobaljik & Thráinsson(1998). We will show that there is verb movement in Sanandaji Kurdish and the structural position of the main verb in this language is the head of the tense phrase. 
Literature Review
There have been many studies on Kurdish. The majority of these studies are traditional descriptive studies on the language. The review of these studies on Kurdish shows that there is indeed a serious lack of theoretical analysis on verb movement. The only works devoted to the analysis of verb movement in Kurdish is Osmani (2015). He provides some empirical evidence, including the position of VP-ellipsis and confirmatory tag questions favoring verb movement out of vP in Kurdish. Darzi and Anooshe (2010) is an important work on this topic in Persian. To the extent that Iranian languages have had some close ancestors, we mention this work here. Darzi and Anooshe (2010) provide several empirical evidence, including the position of lower adverbials, VP-ellipsis, confirmatory tag questions, and the interaction between tense and perfect aspect, favoring verb movement out of vP in Persian.
Methodology
Approaching the question of verb movement in Kurdish from previous works will be the issue that I will take up and explore first. The rest of the research will be devoted to applying a novel approach in favor of the proposed analysis of verb movement in Kurdish. The data reported in this paper are drawn from Sanandaji Kurdish which is a variety of the Sorani Kurdish, spoken mainly in Sanandaj, Kurdistan Province of Iran. These data are also mentioned by the author whose native language is Kurdish as well. 
Result
The movement of the main verb based on the strong and weak agreement system in the Kurdish language has been investigated using the ellipsis of the verb phrase as diagnostic. These analyses in the Persian language including (1) the v-stranding verb phrase ellipsis, (2) the null argument, (3) the DP/NP Ellipsis. Considering the affinity between Persian and Kurdish languages, many of the generalization in the ellipsis of the verb phrase construction in the Persian language can be applied in Sanandaji Kurdish language. Therefore, in this article, we consider verb phrase ellipsis in Persian language and then, use the result in the analyses of Sanandaji Kurdish language data. Finally, it appears that based on empirical evidence and theoretical considerations, the findings of the research indicate that the ellipsis of the verb phrase construction exists in Sanandaji Kurdish language. However, verb movement in the Kurdish language has not been studied based on Bobaljik & Thráinsson(1998), which is the split inflectional system. Based on this approach languages with obligatory verb movement must have a split IP structure. Conversely, languages in which the verb remains in the VP must have a simple IP. Thus, the architecture of the IP complex correlates with the position of the finite verb. 
Bobaljik & Thráinsson(1998) support their claims by two types of empirical evidence. First, they predict that data showing that the split-IP languages have more specifier positions in the IP complex than languages with a simple IP. This is expected since the additional functional projections in the split IP languages provide additional specifiers. This prediction born out in Kurdish –Kurdish data is representative of object shift which is taken to mark the left edge of VP. This data has constituted one of the major empirical motivations for the existence of split IP. Second, they predict that the languages with only a simple IP are restricted to having maximally one inflectional morpheme attached to the inflected verb. Conversely, languages with a split IP will allow distinct markers of tense and agreement to co-occur on finite verbs. This prediction is correct in Kurdish. We provide some Kurdish data that allows the expression of both tense and agreement by discrete morphemes. Thus, not only do we review the previous view on the main verb movement, but we study from a new point of view. In this study, based on empirical evidence and theoretical considerations, we showed that there is verb movement in Sanandaji Kurdish language and the structural position of the main verb in Sannadaji Kurdish is the head of the tense phrase
 

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This paper studies the errors produced by Azari-Turkish/Persian bilinguals using the inflectional morphemes of Persian verb, on the basis of 4-M model. The data were collected from 50 primary bilingual students’ writings in Meshkinshahr villages. The inflectional morphemes of Persian verb were classified in two types: early system morphemes (negative, causative, imperative and passive morphemes) and late outside system morphemes (person/number, tense, aspect, subjunctive morphemes) according to 4-M model. The data Analysis indicates the late outside system morphemes of Persian verb are acquired harder and later than its early system morphemes by bilingual students. It seems there is a relation between different morpheme nature and their acquisition order. Late outside system morphemes are activated later in the production process as required by the grammatical frame of the target language. While early system morphemes are indirectly elected at the same time that content morphemes are directly elected by the speaker’s intentions. The results match Wei (2000) explanation of different morpheme acquisition order based on 4-M model.
 This paper studies the errors produced by Azerbaijani /Persian bilinguals using the inflectional morphemes of Persian verb, on the basis of 4-M model. The data were collected from 50 primary bilingual students’ writings in Meshkinshahr villages. 50 subjects were native speakers of Azerbaijani but they had learned Persian (language of instruction) as a second language.The inflectional morphemes of Persian verb were classified in two types: early system morphemes (negative, causative, imperative and passive morphemes) and late outside system morphemes (person/number, tense, aspect, subjunctive morphemes) according to 4-M model. The 4-M model specifies four types of morphemes: content morphemes, early system morphemes, and two  types  of late system morphemes. The model further subcategorizes late system morphemes into two types: bridges and outsiders. Early system morphemes are activated at the lemma level together with their content morpheme heads for their maximal projection. Unlike content morphemes and early system morphemes, late system morphemes depend on other types of information for their activation, and this information is only available at the level of the formulator, where language specific morphosyntactic patterns must be realized. Information about all types of morphemes is present in lemmas, information about content morphemes and early system morphemes is salient at the conceptual level, and information about late system morphemes becomes salient at the positional level of the formulator.
The data analyzing indicates the late outside system morphemes of Persian verb are acquired harder and later than its early system morphemes by bilingual students. The differences across abstract lexical entries in the mental lexicon cause different degrees of difficulty in acquiring different types of morphemes. The descriptive statistics of the data showed that not all morphemes are produced with equal accuracy. Learner errors with the late system morphemes (person/number) are more frequent than other system morphemes. Both third and 4^th grade learners had almost no difficulty in acquiring some early system morphemes (such as negative, causative, imperative and passive morphemes), but they had serious difficulty inaccurately producing the late system morphemes. So the late outside system morphemes of Persian (person/number) are acquired with more difficulty and later in comparison to early system morphemes. It seems there is a relation between different morpheme nature and their acquisition order. Late outside system morphemes are activated later in the production process as required by the grammatical frame of the target language. While early system morphemes are indirectly elected at the same time that content morphemes are directly elected by the speaker’s intentions. So it is the sources of morphemes that can effectively explain why certain learner errors are more frequent and common than others and thus determine the order of second language morpheme accuracy/frequency acquisition. This paper results match Wei (2000) explanation of different morpheme acquisition order based on 4-M model. Wei (2000) concluded that Interlanguage data from early adult Chinese and Japanese learners of Englishas a second language indicate an implicational hierarchy of morpheme acquisition: content morphemes areacquired before any system morphemes, and early system morphemes are acquired before late systemmorphemes
 

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The Realization Optimality Theory is a recent development in the original Optimality Theory which is proposed to deal with morphological issues especially the inflectional ones. Its main idea is to consider the morphological realization rules as ranked violable language-specific constraints that control the realization processes and provide phonological information of grammatical morphemes. This article deals with the investigation of some morphosyntactic (inflectional) features of modern Persian in Realization Optimality Theory, and shows among the other things that it is a better model for treating inflection than the original Optimality Theory, but it still faces some problems with regard to a language like Modern Persian in which some morphosyntactic features are treated differently in formal and informal varieties, hence separate tableaux with different rankings of constraints are sometimes needed in order to select the optimal candidates in each of those varieties.

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The present research aims to analyze the morphophonemic processes of present stem after adding inflectional affixes. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is base on Dehkhoda Dictionary (2011), and Sokhan Dictionary (2003). There are 159 present stem based on Tabataba'i (1997) which are uncusative affixes, undenominative and unborrowing stems. The data have been analyzed in the framework of Generative Phonological theory and then transcribed according to the International Phonetic Alphabet "I.P.A". Results show that in formal speaking "Hamza" or the glottal stop [ʔ] is added to verbs that begin with vowel. After adding the implication and command prefix /be-/ to the present stem of simple verbs in Persian Language, because of the hiatus and the initial vowel stems, the glide [j] is inserted and then the process of raising the vowel /e/ of the implication and command prefix will happen; therefore, the vowel shortening process in informal spoken Persian Language is not seen but only the process of gliding and raising the vowel happens. On the other hand after adding the continuance prefix / mi- /, "Hamza" is not inserted in informal spoken Persian Language and instead, the front vowel shortening process /i/ and gliding as short vowel sequence and gliding [-ej-] and then raising the front central vowel [e] before gliding [j] as vowel sequence and glide [-ij-] are observed. In such structures, there is no "Hamza" or the glottal stop [ʔ] in the hiatus in informal spoken. . The results of the present study show that a) in informal spoken, the weight of some syllables becomes lighter than its weight in formal spoken. b) The number of syllables of a word is in some cases less than the formal.