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Z. Alami.PH.D
N. Shakibi Momtaz
 
Abstract
This article is about Siavash; one of the most important and  fundamental characters in Shahnameh. He has had the opportunity to encourage goodness and scorn badness in the Iranian national epic; Shahnameh.
The narration of Siavash's life does not merely belong to Shahnameh and Ferdowsi, but it is also seen in the legendary history of Iran before and after him too. Therefore the various stages of his life are reflected. Yet Ferdowsi's narration is more comprehensive and complete, compared to the other texts and it enjoys more fictional elements. As a result Siavash's fiction in Shahnameh has become the  fundamental point and other texts like "Tarikh Bale-Ami", "Mojmalo-Tavarikh", "Tarikhe Saa'ealabi", etc have been compared with it; relating both the diffences and common points.
 
 

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    Abstract The mysterious world of legend exists everywhere and every time with no source except the people’s belief. The Legend of Kaveh is linked with the thought and desires of Iran’s people, as well as their legends and fatherland. Iran legendary history is of great importance. For more cogitation, the legend of Kaveh will be investigated in the history and legend. Colloquial conveyance of a legend is rooted in the social behavior rather than in the individual one. In the present study, the legend of Kaveh has been considered as a victorious rebellion in the national history of Iran. Kaveh was not mentioned in the religious literature of Pahlavi at all and has no legendary antiquity. KavehAhangar (blacksmith) was first created in Shahnameh by Ferdowsi and later in the works of historians of Islamic era. It seems that this legend has been created after Ashkanid era and engraved in the legendary history of Sasaniid era. The Legend of Kaveh, as a symbol of a victorious rebellion, is reminder of those people who desire to change their destinies. Detailed description of this legend is mentioned in three chapters: A) History of the Legend of Kaveh Rebellion, B) Kaveh and Kaviani Banner, C) The Legend of Kaveh, Zahak, Fereidoun and Jamshid.    

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The objective of this article is to describe and classify the occasions on which martial musical instruments used to be employed throughout the history of Iran in post- Islamic eras. Should historical, musical and illustrated documents are investigated, it will be realized that, throughout the social history of Iran in post- Islamic eras, martial musical instruments not only were used in wars but also on other occasions on which the high intensity of sound was needed. Presently, the applications of these instruments are regarded as obsolete. Owing to the fact that the most significant reason behind abandoning martial musical instruments was drastic decrease of their usage, identification and descriptions of such occasions on which these instruments were applied, are of great importance. The situations in which martial musical instruments used to be employed, throughout the history of Iran, fall into the following categories: wars, spreading news, flexing military muscles, hunting, travelling, animals’ shows such as olden circuses, athletic competitions and mourning ceremonies. Among which, wars, spreading news and flexing military muscles of rulers were the most significant of all, in as much as playing martial music on such occasions used to play a crucial role. The rest of the occasions comparatively were of less importance, for they had little political and state consequence and sometimes, they were regarded as merely popular situations. The overall method in this research is descriptive – analytic and gathering data is based on library studies.

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In This article by reviewing some of the most important Orientalist theories about Eastern societies and Theory of some Iranian theorists who have attempted to provide an account of Iran's economic and political history, we show that although these theories have relatively high explanatory power, And there is a great deal of evidence in Iranian society to support these theories, But because of their metanarrative nature and influencing by the idea of ​​European orientation, they ignore Many of the historical details that have key role to understand some periods of Iranian history and Economic and political history of some parts of Iran, Therefore, their claims cannot be extended to all historical periods and all regions of Iran. For this purpose, while reviewing the economic and political history of Yazd, As one of the central plateau areas of Iran, We highlight Some features of the city's economic and political history are incompatible with these metanarratives and can be described as "exception to the rule". 

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The use of biological agents, also known as biological weapons in modern terms, to eliminate enemies and rivals, has been a critical issue in recent decades. The history of political developments in Iran during the Islamic Middle Ages has been witness to many instances of using weaponized biological agents for accomplishing political-military goals. This research employs a historical approach and attempts to identify the functions of biological agents in political and military developments of Iran during the Islamic Middle Ages. The results indicate that in addition to functioning as an instance of deterring propaganda, thus breaking the enemy's morale, biological weapons were able to alter the balance of military power in the battleground and determine the triumphs and defeats. Accordingly, biological agents have had other military and political implications, such as sabotaging enemies' weaponry and equipment and eliminating prominent figures. Iran's history has documented innumerable instances of such applications of biological weapons during the Middle Ages.