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Aim: Injury from needle is one of the main ways of transmitting blood diseases in the medical staff. Prevention and reduction of such diseases' side effects have been emphasized by the Health Ministry. This study aimed to investigate factors influencing the behavior of the Elam city medical staff when working with sharps instruments. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, using a census method, all healthcare staff working in the health centers of Abdanan Dehloran city (total n=66) after providing written informed consent were enrolled. Data were gathered by a questionnaire. After verifying the validity and reliability, the data were collected, and analyzed using SPSS19 and descriptive statistics, Chi-square and t-test. Findings: 59% of the participants were male; 80% were married; 62% had academic educations, and 47% worked in the nursing and injection sections. The mean scores of knowledge and attitude of the participants were 3.1±1.38 and 1.7±4.1, respectively, and just 13.4% of the subjects had not reported control tests and injury events. Conclusion: Knowledge, attitudes and practices of the medical staff of injuries from sharp objects are not desirable. it seems that empowering the staff through theoretical and practical training is proper solution in this regard.

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Mohammad Ebrahimpour namin
 
Abstract
The general structure and framework of the story of "The Old Harper" from "Massnavi" by Rumi (Moulavi), bears signs and traces of the minstrelsy art and tradition. That is obviously besides the different details of its narration and regardless of the functions and mystical inferences which has influenced it due to Sufi texts. The minstrelsy tradition is the pre-Islamic musical and literary tradition of Iran; traces of which can be found in sources up to the Maad period, while it has survived in all the next periods and even in the Islamic era as well. Although the "Old Harper" from "Massnavi" and other sources are fictional characters, his story in its various genres is a pattern taken from the characteristics of minstrelsy artists; while their story is a real depiction of life and living of the minstrels. In this article the bibliography and profound structure of this story and its variety of genres in the minstrelsy tradition and their social life is investigated.
 
 

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In this paper a neural network with a feed forward topology and a back propagation algorithm was used to investigate the effect of chemical composition on hardness and impact energy in API X65 microalloyed steel. Experimental data was obtained by cutting 100 specimens from pipes manufactured in industrial scale (with 1219 mm diameter, 14.3 mm wall thickness, with similar heats and manufacturing processes). The chemical analysis, Vickers hardness and Charpy impact tests were conducted then according to requirements specified by API 5L standard. The weight percent of C, Si, Mn, P, S, Ni, Cr, Mo, Al, Cu, V, Ti, Nb and Ca were considered as input parameters of the network; while Vickers hardness and Charpy impact energy were considered as output. Scatter diagrams and two statistical criteria: correlation coefficient and mean squared relative error were used to evaluate the prediction performance of developed ANN model. With regard to the exact performance of the developed neural network, it was used then to investigate the effect of chrome and vanadium on Vickers hardness and Charpy impact energy of tested steel.

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Three-point bend (TPB) specimen is an important test sample in fracture study of notched components made from brittle materials like rocks and ceramics. On the other hand, the notch stress intensity factors (NSIFs) are vital parameters in brittle fracture assessment of V-notched structures. Therefore, computation of NSIFs in TPB specimens is of practical interest to engineers and researchers. Since the available methods for calculating NSIFs are often cumbersome and need complicated calculations, it is preferred to show them as a set of dimensionless parameters. In this research, by using a finite element approach called FEOD method, the stress intensity factors are determined numerically for notched TPB specimens having different geometry and loading conditions. The obtained values of NSIF are then converted to dimensionless parameters called notch shape factors YIV and are illustrated in a number of discrete figures. It is shown that each of the three parameters of: the notch opening angle, the notch length and the distance between the two supports has direct relation with YIV. The results presented in this paper can be used by designers and engineers for performing the necessary fracture experiments through the TPB specimen without needing complicated and time-consuming calculations.

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Spur dike is one of the river training structures that is considered to deviate the river from critical and erodible areas and the flow from the sides and towards the central axis. As a result of flow is developing a circular area with high turbulence around the spur dike. The hydraulic process results development of the scour hole on the upstream of the spur dike and settlement of sediment in the downstream and sides of the river. While scouring in spur dike structures results a serious threat to the river so it is needed to be researches in this field. This paper describes triplex repellent shielded spur dikes (directed to the upstream) with a distance of 3.5 times of the effective length of the spur dike in the outer bank of the channel. The first spur dike is located at 30 degree from the start of bend. The experimental channel is a 90º channel with rectangular section. The radius of curvature to the channel width is 2, which is classified as a sharp bend. Materials used are sands with uniform grains and its mean diameter is 1.28mm and its standard deviation coefficient is 1.3 and the relative density of sediment is 2.35. The results of flow field on flat bed and a scouring experiment are presented. Discharge was 25 l/s and All scour tests were done in 24 hours and in the moving threshold conditions (U/Uc =0.98) and clear water condition. Flow field is recorded using the Vectrino II velocimeter that can profile water in a 3cm column. It was found that in the levels upstream of the first spur dike in an adjacent to bed, stream lines are deviated to the inner bank. While in the middle levels, flow lines upstream of the spur dike is almost parallel to the channel walls and approached the spur dike, resulting deviation in the separation zone. In the scouring experiment it was obvious that at the beginning of the experiment, thus creating the down flow upstream of the spur dikes scouring initiates near the wing of each spur dike and it develops by the horse shoe vortex. But with the time sediment had been washed from upstream of the first spur dike, and moved to the foot of the spur dike until it reaches upstream of the former to the latter. Then scour hole upstream of the second spur dike starts to form. Results showed that the amount of scour upstream of second spur dike is 33 % and upstream of third spur dike is 81 % the maximum amount of scour that occurs upstream of the first spur dike. Mechanism causing scour and flows occurring within this range detailed in this paper.

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Impact damage is one of the most important failure types for aircraft structures, which can come from variety of reasons. Such impacts can realistically be predictable for the duration of the life of the aerospace structure and can cause internal damage that is often challenging to identify and can produce rigorous drops in the strength and stability of the structure. By combination of monolithic Aluminum alloys with composites, structures will be achieved that has weight lighter than monolithic aluminum alloys and better fire and fatigue resistance. These structures, that called fiber metal laminates, are developed as a suitable alternative to monolithic aluminum in aerospace structures. In this research, impact resistance of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) /glass aluminum reinforced laminates (GLAREs) is investigated at variety concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 wt% of MWNTs. Here, anodizing method is used for preparation of aluminum surface. The results showed that by adding MWNTs to GLAREs, energy dissipation is increased in charpy impact test. Investigation showed maximum energy dissipation at 14.36% in 0.3 wt% of CNTs. Also different fracture modes observed for different concentration of carbon nanotubes.

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Construction of inclined piers has been observed in a great number of bridges worldwide today. With installation of the bridge piers on river path, the simple and steady flow pattern reaching the pier undergoes intense and complicated changes. Complicated vortex systems created around the pier dig around the pier a hole called a scour hole. Expansion of such a hole around the piers empties the foundations from beneath, leading to consequent destruction of the foundations and the bridge. Whereas, few studies have been conducted to address scour at inclined piers. This issue was investigated in light of the significance of severe damages caused by the scouring phenomenon, the construction of vertical-inclined piers and their untold effects specifically in meandering paths. In this study, the effect of different arrangements of inclined and vertical bridge piers (in convergent and divergent fashions), installed at the vane vertical to the flow, was analyzed along with the effect of flow conditions and the position of the pier groups at the 180 degree sharp bend on parameters such as the maximum scour depth, the maximum sedimentation level, the scour hole dimensions, etc. in the laboratory. To conduct the experiments, a channel consisting of a 180 degree sharp bend was utilized. Due to its 2-meter-long central curvature radius, it is classified as a sharp bend. The channel contains upstream and downstream straight ends respectively as long as 5 and 6.5 meters. The experiments were carried out under clear water (where u/uc is equal to 0.87), incipient motion (u/uc = 0.98), and mobile bed (u/uc = 1.03) conditions. Two vertical and four inclined piers formed the pier group. The diameter of the piers was selected 5 cm and their inclination angle was 21 degrees. The pier groups were placed at the 60, 90, and 120 degree positions of the bend. Results indicated that the maximum scour depth and level of sedimentation occurred at the 60 degree position under live bed conditions. These values were measured equal to 4.2 and 3.2 times the pier diameter. In every three position of the installation of the piers at the bend, the maximum scour depth occurred due to position of the convergent-vertical pier group. However, the maximum sedimentation level occurred in the case of positioning the divergent-vertical pier group. In both pier groups, the maximum scour depth occurred in the vicinity of the inclined pier near the outer bank in the first row. Changing the position of the piers from the 60 to 90 and 120 degree angles leads the maximum sedimentation level to occur at a distance closer to the vicinity of the pier group. Such a distance was obtained in those three positions to be respectively 42, 28, and 22 times the pier diameter on the average. In both pier groups, the minimum area of the scour hole occurred at the 120 degree position. Further, the maximum area was observed in the experiments on the 60 degree position. Shifting the flow regime from the clear flow to incipient motion resulted in an increase in the area of the scour hole. Such an increase is observed in every three position per both pier groups.

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In this study investigated the effects of momentum variations on fracture energy in Charpy impact testing of API X65 steel by experimental and numerical methods. Experimental analysis was conducted in the various speed of impact about 3.50 to 5.72 m/s and impact energy varied about 450 to 1200 J. The experimental results showed that increase of about 63% in impact speed increased the fracture energy about 15%, because of material properties dependence on loading rate. Numeral studies were performed in two categories with ABAQUS software. First mass variation in constant velocity assumed standard quantity about 5.5 m/s in which impact energy varied about 300 to 1200 J and the second, velocity variation with constant mass assumed 50 kg that impact energy varied about 625 to 1600 J. The simulation results showed the variations in mass had not any effect in fracture energy and in all analyses, it was about 265 J. However, increasing the velocity variations with constant mass, caused a slight reduction of about 5% in the fracture energy. The reason for the difference between experimental and numerical results is the lack of consideration of the effect of strain rate on mechanical properties of tested steel in numerical analysis.

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In the present study, the usability of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) based composites in medical applications under impact loads was investigated. Due to the importance of biocompatibility of composites in the medical applications and body environment, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) were selected as reinforcements. ZnO nanoparticles are generally safe and have superior antibacterial properties. A finite element simulation process with a new approach were used to study the impact properties of the composites in the standard Charpy impact test; moreover, in the experimental procedure, a new method was introduced for the production of HDPE/ZnO composites without use of the compatibilizers. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) test was used to check the diffusion of particles in composites. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was utilized to examine the presence of particles in composites. The results of the simulation showed that the HDPE/1%ZnO composites have the best impact resistance in comparison to other composites. Experimental results also showed that HDPE/1%ZnO composites have the best performance in terms of impact strength with an error of about 11% compared to simulation results and are economical. Moreover, the results of antibacterial test of HDPE/1%ZnO composites confirm the excellent performance of this composites against gram-positive and negative strains.

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To use higher capacities in Iran's energy transmission systems, API standardized pipes made of API X65 steel have been utilized (made of thermo-mechanically controlled rolling process, TMCR steels). The TMCR inherently increases the anisotropic properties of steel coils and plates used for pipe manufacturing. In addition, the production of helical welded pipe involves steps that can lead to different mechanical properties in different directions. The aim of the present study is to measure the orientation dependence of the Charpy fracture energy. Therefore, the effect of changing the angle of specimens relative to the rolling direction and also the effect of changing the notch orientation (three notch A, B and C in total) on the fracture energy in API X65 steel has been experimentally determined. The maximum change in the average Charpy fracture energy at different angles relative to the rolling direction is a maximum of 13% (in notch B), but the largest change in the average Charpy fracture energy between different notches is a maximum of 12.2% (at an angle of 0 °). As a result, the effect of changing the angle of the specimen relative to the rolling direction is greater than the effect of changing the notch orientation on the Charpy fracture energy. Also, at an angle of 67.5 degrees to the direction of rolling (equivalent to the diagonal direction (D-D)), the most fracture energy for all notches was obtained. To quantitatively compare the fracture energy changes in different notches, an index called anisotropy index has been presented

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The Charpy impact test is an experimental method for determination of materials dynamic properties at different temperatures to investigate the ductile to brittle transition behavior of tested materials. The percentages of ductile and brittle fractures can be evaluated based on fracture area of Charpy specimen (according to API E23 standard) by visual techniques which do not provide exact percentages of these fractures. In this study, a method is proposed to calculate the exact percentage of ductile fractures using image processing, which makes it possible to quantitatively examine different parts of the fracture surface with high accuracy. All steps of image processing are described for eleven Charpy standard specimens of API X70 steel, tested at temperatures between +20 to -80 °C with a temperature increment of 10 °C. In this research, converting a qualitative image of fracture surface to a quantitative matrix is described for the first time. Prediction of the shape of ductile and brittle parts of the fracture surface at temperatures between +20 and -80 °C is one of the results of this study. The percentages of ductile fractures using image processing for temperatures of +20, 0, -20, -40, -40, -60 and -80 °C were obtained as 100, 100, 86, 53, 36 and 0, respectively. The transition temperature was -45 °C for this steel, corresponding of 50% ductile fracture.
 

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In this research, comparison of piano key weir with sharp crested weir and ogee spillway is addressed. The experimentally measured values of discharge of piano key weir were compared with their corresponding computed values for ogee spillway and sharp crested weir.
By using the dimensional analysis technique, dimensionless equation was obtained for discharge coefficient of rectangular piano key weir. Experiments were conducted in a rectangular channel with 10 m length, 0.75 m width and 0.9 m height. Experiments were conducted for various discharges and flow depths. All the experiments were conducted under free flow conditions at weir outlet. The discharge coefficients for the rectangular piano key weir were obtained based on the measured discharges and flow depth. The discharge of ogee spillway and sharp crested weir were estimated by using conventional weir equations.
The variations of discharge versus total upstream head showed almost linear increasing trend of discharge with total head. The plotted data showed a decreasing trend of discharge coefficient with increasing relative total head. The obtained discharge coefficients for the rectangular piano key weir varied between 0.3 and 0.55. The average discharge coefficient for this weir was 0.4.
At H_t/P = 0.28, the discharge through the rectangular piano key is almost 4 times the discharge of the ogee spillway. The average discharge of the piano key weir is about 2.5 times of the ogee spillway and about 3 times that of the sharp crest weir. The energy dissipation of the piano key weir is about 0.3.
According to the results, the piano key weir performs better than the ogee spillway and the sharp crest weir. Therefore, in the circumstances that the design discharge of the dams has increased due to climate changes, the piano key weir is a better alternative to ogee spillway, due to its higher efficiency.
 

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The archaeological excavation of ancient Elam has led to the recovery of remnants, showing the rise and fall of a Persian civilization as well as reflecting how music and instruments (musicianship) were popular in those eras. Such archeological findings have mostly been portrayed on rock and pottery. A series of pictograms have depicted musical instruments while the majority of depicted string instruments are harps and tanburs. Wrapped in the Elamite culture, these instruments were passed on to the next civilizations, experiencing transformation over time. This descriptive-analytical research attempts to explore the string instruments in ancient Elam, thereby to review the historical roots of Iranian string instruments. The paper first provides an overview of music in ancient Elam. Then, several pictograms depicting string instruments are examined to determine their diversity and significance. The results indicate that harp and tanbur were the most frequent and diverse string instruments depicted in the paintings of ancient Elam.