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Purpose: This investigation was undertaken to evaluate the potency of Metarhizium anisoplea as a biological alternative to the biological control of German cockroaches. Materials & Methods: The fungal spores were applied against the male and female German cockroach, using two bioassay methods, viz the submerge application and the injection. The data was analysed and the mean mortality was calculated in both of the treatment and control groups. The values of LC50 for the submerge application and LD50 for the injection bioassays were calculated using the probit analysis. The regression lines of mortality resposes were also compared using the R square tests. Results & Discussion: In the submerge bioassay, the data showed that M.anisopliae with LC50=5/65×106 spore/ml for the male and LC50=7/65×106 spore/ml for the female cockroaches was the effective pathogen. In the injection bioassay the fungus M.anisopliae with LD50=2/5×106 spore/insect for the male and LD50=7/65×106 spore/insect for the female cockroaches was the most effective mycopathogen. However, the comparison of pathogenic perfomence of the fungus using LC50 and LD50 values from both of the submerge and injection bioassays showed that the fungus excerts different pathogenic activity before and after breaching the cuticular barrier. Conclusion: It seems, that the use of the fungus in cockroach habitats can contribute to the reduction of ecological competency of the German cockroaches in their regions.

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This article examines the syntactic function used to produce relative clauses. The article considers Keenan and Comrie (1977) as its point of departure, and provides examples from both German and Persian language to confirm the existence of a hierarchy in these languages. Moreover, by comparing examples of relative clauses in both languages, the article seeks to answer the following question: what are some of the available form of relative clauses in German and Persian language? And what are some of the differences?
In this research, by using a descriptive-analytic method, we show that the structure of relative clause from any position is not possible in relative clause. We also discuss that what strategies will benefit different languages to overcome obstacles?
 Additionally, the article will engage with a possible connection between relativisation strategy and noun phrase accessibility hierarchy. This study confirms that regardless of apparent differences between German and Persian, both languages have allowed for the formation of relative clauses as far as additional objects are concerned. The Persian language, the paper reveals, has gone one step beyond the German language in allowing for the formation of objects of comparison and coordination structure.
In addition, we showed that different languages ​​use different strategies to build relative clauses. In some languages, structure of active turn into passive for this purpose. In addition, we showed that the German language uses the relative pronoun strategy to make the position of additional object available for making relative clauses. Whereas the Persian language can make the most difficult hierarchical position which is comparison structure available for creating relative clauses by using Pronoun-retention strategy. Therefore, the German language is more like the French language and Persian language has abilities ​​as well as English language. We can conclude that languages which use more various strategies to create a relative clause individualize more syntactic positions for creating relative clauses. In addition, we demonstrated two of the generalizations that are visible in the table of Keenan and Comrie. Although, this subject has been studied in different languages, but an independent research which considers Persian and German languages from this point of view has never been done before. The results of this paper can be useful for teachers and learners of any of the two languages ​​considered in this research.
 

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German language has a subject–verb–object (SVO) word order in independent clauses and a subject–object–verb (SOV) order in dependent clauses. Despite this feature, which is totally different from Farsi and English (these two languages both use the same word in dependent and independent clauses), German has a flexible word order. That is to say each of the syntactic functions (e.g. subject, direct object, indirect object, and adverb) can occur before the conjugated verb (referred to as Vorfeld), between the conjugated verb and the second verb (known as Mittelfeld, in sentences with a modal or linking verb), or after the second verb or the infinitive (called Nachfeld position in German grammar). The present study focuses on the arrangement of elements in the Mittelfeld position according to the information structure rules and other factors, such as definiteness, animacy, and pronoun placement. The significance of the study comes from the fact that there is no limitation on the places words can take in the middle of the sentence, as opposed to the Vorfeld position in which only one element can be placed. A question that is often raised here and that many German learners struggle to answer is: What are the rules underlying placement of elements in different positions? The answer to this question lies in that feature of the German language pointed to earlier in the abstract, i.e. the flexible word order in German. Referring to the rules of information structure and introducing other factors affecting word order in the middle of the sentence, the present paper (through a descriptive-analytical approach) shows that in addition to the relative freedom in the arrangement of grammatical words, semantic and pragmatic factors can also influence Words’ order. The results indicate that a number of these factors are sometimes in contradiction to one another. After scrutinizing a few example sentences, some decisive examples are presented.

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 The problem of the research is that what is the characteristic aspect of Goethe's attitude towards nature and the depiction of nature in the works of German romantic painters? Therefore, the specific aspect of their attitude towards nature is analyzed in a descriptive-comparative way. Goethe, especially in his youth, in addition to the influence he received from Rousseau, Herder and the stormy and stress pre-romantic movement, had a more romantic attitude towards nature, and in general, nature for him, in his poems and some works, means the life of primitive societies, simplicity and untouchedness in front of civilization. (Rousseau), the spontaneity and immediacy of perception of nature of nature related  to people's life and art, is beautiful nature and God, all of which are considered a kind of romantic perception of nature. Although he also defends classicism, Faust seems to be influenced by the visual point of view of romantic artists. This research comes to this conclusion from the study of Friedrich and Runge's attitude towards nature. It is more romantic. Friedrich moved from the conventionalistic symbolism of his early works to a more refined and poetic naturalism based on Goethe's mood and considered the perspective of the subject to nature in his paintings. Despite Goethe's advice, in his short life, Runge showed the romantic concept of "Hieroglyph of Nature" as an essential element of language and culture.

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Aims: Hasty urbanism resulted in large-scale derelict industrial sites in iner parts of the cities. The Tehran Silo in Nazi Abad of Tehran, is a famous shared-heritage of Iran and Germany which was designed by the German architects, was built by the companies during WWI and WWII, and was completed after WWII by the Russian companies. The article aims to discuss the role of ITC (information and communications technology) in green development of the context.
Methods: Highperformance architecture theory is selected for conceptual framework of the research in order to meet sustainable architecture prerequisites in the industrial site. The study is based on mixed method by SWOT matrix as a strategic planning and strategic management technique. The descriptive – analytical research method is selected to implement and interprete SWOT matrix.
Findings: The SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analytical model provides strategic solutions for sustainable development and green adaptive reuse of the Tehran Silo to become the main core for the development initiatives for a deteriorated adjacent context.
Conclusion: The results concluded that ITC palys a key role in green contemporization of the Tehran Silo site as a deteriorated brownfield. The research results emphasize the benefits of using new technologies and sustainable architecture in modernizing the abandoned area of Tehran Silo. Information and communication technology on the formation of a vibrant and dynamic social and cultural environment, will be an effective factor in creating new activities, as well as suitable for the economic conditions of the region.

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Aims: The main objective of this research is to establish a proper relationship between the Ray Cement Industrial Complex and the audience by defining sustainable activities to create a circular economy. According to the assumptions of the article, important capacities such as being included in the list of the shared-heritage of Iran and Germany, is s good opportunity for the green adaptive reuse of the site.
Methods: This research has a practical nature and uses qualitative-persuasive methods to explain the subject. The conceptual framework of the research is based on a combination of the highperformance architecture theory and circular economy, as well as by comparing the requirements of green contemporization.
Findings: The results of the analysis show that the knowledge of the factory processes, with a comprehensive view of the definition of sustainable activities with ten key indicators of circular economy are correlated to the green adaptive reuse Ray Cement industrial complex. In other words, the research findings emphasize the importance of a comprehensive approach based on circular economy.
Conclusion: The values of industrial architectural heritage in the three main areas of time, place and authenticity with strategies to reduce consumption, reuse and recycling can be increased. The contemporization of the Ray Cement industrial complex and its transformation into a Museum of Industrial Architectural Heritage and educating industry as a sustainable tourism destination is a key opportunity for green adaptive reuse of the shared-heritage of Iran and Germany, as an initiative for sustainable development.

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Aims: The purpose of the research is to identify strategies for green adaptive reuse of the shared-heritage of Iran and Germany which were built during WWI and WWII in Mazandaran, and to identify the role of green adaptive reuse in the sustainable development of local communities. The research is to identify the effective components in green contemporization of Mazandaran industrial heritage buildings, and the impact of each criterion on the sustainable development of local communities.
Methods: The AHP method is adopted to evaluate the opinions of the experts by combination of questionnaire and the Delphi method. By examining the industrial heritage of Mazandaran and comparing its position with similar cases, the effective components of the green contemporization process were prioritized.
Findings: The industrial heritage of Mazandaran including the Babol cotton factory with 26.6%, the GhaemShahr textile factory with 21%, the Naseri-way with 20.6%, the Chalous-Metal-Bridge with 16.8% and Lar-Stone-Bridge with 15.5% will be effective in development of the local communities of Mazandaran by means of development of tourism.
Conclusion: The development of industrial heritage with the priority of sustainable social development leads to the development of local communities. The conclusion emphasizes on the priority of tourism development by creating access security, possibility of sale, public and private arena, optimal use of the ruined area, creating a multi-purpose use and organizing commercial units, as well as cultural development with protection of works, integrated development, holding cultural activities will play an effective role in the development of local communities in Mazandaran.

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Aims: In recent years, the increase in the number of construction projects in cities has led to an increase in the demolition of buildings that still have a useful life. Early demolition causes various damages in all dimensions and as a result reduces stability, especially in developing countries. The present study has tried to explain the modernization and adaptation of a system based on sustainable architecture in the Karaj Iron Foundry.
Methods: This research is a qualitative type with an inductive strategy that uses documentary studies and field collection in data collection and uses coding methods to reduce and analyze data. The potential of the Karaj Melting iron factory has been determined based on the ARP method. In the last step, the Shannon coefficient is used to verify the results for each dimension.
Results: According to the results, the highest Shannon coefficient is related to rules, regulations, and the lowest is related to decorations. The contemporization of an industrial space is something that will occur in the context of its design. But this emphasis is caused by placing collective and human spaces in the background of industrial spaces.
Conclusion: The visitor should draw a clear and appropriate picture of the site in the past. Finally, this study has provided solutions to improve the current situation of construction and prevent the demolition of buildings that have a useful life in the Karaj Iron Foundry, which has considered maintenance, adaptation, and modernization as an important cause of these demolitions.

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Aims: The arrival of European architects and the return of the Iranians students were the root of modern architecture in Iran. Roofing with truss structures is one of the architectural achievements of this period. In many buildings, and even for covering industrial buildings, trusses were used to cover large spans. The present study tries to address the differences between Iranian and non-Iranian truss structures in industrial heritage buildings.

Methods: The first step of the research is documentation. The second part is based on the field study and structural analysis. Six samples were selected from among from the shared-heritage of Iran and Germany in the late Qajar and beginning Pahlavi era in the Gilan and the Mazandaran provinces. The methodology was set to explain the difference between Iranian and non-Iranian truss structures.

Findings: Among the six selected samples of sloping structures, the two were made with Iranian truss systems and in the four other samples non-Iranian truss systems. The first group is only pretending to be sloping structures but the second group could be categorized as real truss structures.

Conclusion: Investigating the two different groups of sloped roof structures suggests that Iranian truss systems are different from the western truss due to deployment of elements, cut of the wood, joints and distribution of forces. It shows that what we name as Iranian systems of truss structure is only similar in face with the western truss systems; and in statics point of view, those are different obviously.

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Objectives: The main goal of the research is to introduce tea factories and to recognize their architectural patterns, which are considered to be an exclusive example of industrial architecture in northern Iran. Therefore, the research takes into account 6 components and analyzes 4 selected examples of factories, and separates the architectural pattern of each one.
Methods: This research is based on quantitative-qualitative method, relying on descriptive-analytical strategies and studying the architectural features of tea factories built in Northern Iran, during the Pahlavi period. Historical studies have been done by referring to historical documents or referring to the archives of Iran Tea Organization and Tea Research Institute.
Findings: The analysis of the architecture of tea factories based on 6 components shows the plan, volume, roof structure and type of covering, materials, facade, openings and decorations.  In the 4 examples of tea factories, two are the first Pahlavi examples built by European architects, and in the other two examples from the second Pahlavi period, a combination of modern and traditional architecture is evident in the body of the buildings.
Conclusion: The predominant pattern of tea factories in Iran is an axial plan with a central projection, a sloping roof, row openings and a simple view. It was first performed by German architects in Iran. In the examples of the second side, with the presence of traditional architects and the use of materials such as bricks, the facade was reduced.

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Aims: Sustainability assessment systems are an important tool for measuring and managing actions taken in architectural works. The main goal of the research is to measure the efficiency of the DGNB system in management and programming the architectural interventions in the Karaj Iron Foundry.

Methods: descriptive-analytical research method is adopted in the article. The method of data collection is archieve documentary. the Karaj Iron Foundry as a shared heritage of Iran and Germany is selected as case study of the reserch. The monument was built by famous German, Austrian, Italian, Swiss, etc. architects between World War I and World War II, and it is worth considering as a world heritage site.

Findings: The findings of the research in the Karaj Iron Foundry based on the DGNB system indicate that the environmental quality with 20% influence on the sustainability is in the first place, the economic quality is in the second place with 17.9%, and the social quality is in the second place. Cultural and functional quality with 16.7% stand in third place, technological quality with 15.3% stands in fourth place, process quality with 15.2% stands in fifth place and finally site quality with 15% stands in sixth place.

Conclusion: The results indicate the efficiency of the DGNB rating system in programming an action framework for the Karaj Iron Foundry. Therefore, it is possible to recommend the adoption of this sustainability evaluation system in managing the action process in other valuable works of contemporary heritage and industrial architectural heritage.

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The present study seeks to investigate noun phrase structures and the ordering of their constituents in German. In German, noun phrase dependents can be placed on both sides of the head. This feature adds to the complexity of the order of the noun phrase structure. One of the aims of this study, which is descriptive, is to find out whether the ordering of the constituents on both sides of a noun phrase follows any rules or that such ordering is arbitrary. The results indicate that the constituents which are placed on the left side of the head agree with it, while such agreement does not exist in the constituents on the right side of the head.  The paper also gives some examples of noun phrase structures that are in contrast with the existing categories and determines why these contrasts exist. Finally, we will argue that the reason for some inconsistencies in adjective inflection in a noun phrase is the syntactic order of constituents in the noun phrase. 

1.  Introduction

A noun phrase is a phrase that has a noun or pronoun as its head. It is deemed to be one word (i.e., a noun or a pronoun) or expand through the words placed on the right or left side of the head. What further complicates the noun phrases in German is the fact that they can be expended from both sides of the head, which is not observed in most languages. This feature raises the question about which constituents stand on the right side of the head and which ones stand on the left side. This study sought to investigate whether the ordering of the constituents of a noun phrase follows a pattern or it is arbitrary, and if there is a pattern, what rules apply to the ordering of the constituents. It also aimed at finding out if there is a pattern for the arrangement of adjectives on the left side of the head. The assumption was that while there exist a hierarchy and rules in the arrangement of the constituents/structures in both sides of a noun phrase, these rules are sometimes violated. It was also assumed that the inconsistencies declension of adjective in a noun phrase are due to the different syntactic positions of the constituents of a noun phrase.

2.  Literature Review

Dürscheid (2012), in his book entitled "The Syntax of German", has devoted a section to the introduction of the noun phrase in German. In addition to enumerating the constituents placed on the right and left side of the head of a noun phrase, he discusses the internal structure of a noun phrase. Musan (2013), in a book titled "Analysis of the Functional Components of a Sentence", in the section related to descriptors, refers to the noun phrase in this syntactic role and provides examples in this respect. Sahel (2018) also discusses the noun phrase and its characteristics in his book, titled “Grammatical Case”, in the section related to case markers.

3.  Methodology

In the present study, using the descriptive-analytical approach, in addition to introducing the expanding constituents on both sides of the head in a noun phrase, we discuss the characteristics of each of these constituents. Moreover, we will show that the ordering of adjectives on the left side of the head is regular and follows a hierarchy. We will also discuss the factors which affect the marking of the grammatical case in the noun phrase. In this regard, an attempt is made to resolve some of the contradictions that can be observed in grammatical case marking. It is worth mentioning that the present paper comprises the selective collection of examples from reference and educational books in the field of German Linguistics and German Language Teaching. In the final part of this paper, the results of a test conducted with the participants in the two experimental and control groups will demonstrate that the awareness of language learners about the complex structures of the noun phrase in German and the explanation of the expanding constituents before and after the head will lead to the construction of grammatical sentences by the learners.

4.  Results

In the first part of this article, the structure of the noun phrase and the order of its constituents on both sides of the head was shown. It was observed that according to Behagel's law, shorter structures and constituents are placed before longer ones on both sides of the head. Also, the hypothesis stating that the constituents that agree with the head are placed on the left side of the head while those without agreement are put on the right side of the head of the noun phrase was confirmed. Some examples contradicting with the hierarchies and patterns presented in the past were also listed. The possibility of placing restrictive appositive as well as adjectives on both sides of the head are some of the notable examples. It was observed that although adjectives agree with the head, they are also located on the right side of it. In the section related to the order of different types of adjectives on the left side of the head, it was shown that the more limited the use of the adjective, the closer the adjective is to the noun and its definite article, and the more comprehensive the use of the adjective (including predicative, adverbial, attributive), the further its distance from the noun and its definitive article will be. In the final part of the article, in addition to the issue of singularity, which is rooted in the principle of linguistic economy, it was demonstrated that while declension applies to the noun phrase as a phrase, it is only one constituent that marks the grammatical case. Also, this section provided reasons for the cases in which there were contradictions in the declension of adjectives. It was found that the reason for the different declension observed in some noun phrases is the different syntactic position of their constituent elements. In the final part of the article, through a test conducted with participants in two experimental and control groups, the assumption stating that the learners' awareness of the complex structures of the noun phrases in German and the explanation of the expanding constituents before and after the head will lead to the construction of grammatical sentences by learners was confirmed.
 

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Mespilus germanica as a valuable medicinal plants used in traditional medicine. Aim of this study, investigated effect of combination various ratio of solvents (Glycerin, Ethanol, Methanol and Water) on the efficiency of Mespilus extract by mixture optimal design. Numerical optimization was used to obtain the optimal formulation of solvent. At the end of the day, the antimicrobial effect of Mespilus extracts based on three methods (agar diffusion Method, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration) on the three microorganisms managing infectious diseases was investigated in vitro. In this study, investigated effect water, ethanol, methanol and glycerin on the five levels (0, 31.25, 83.33, 125,250 mm) on efficiency of Mespilusextracts by mixture optimal design. Diffusion agar test, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, Minimum Bactericidal Concentration by microbroth dilution method was used to determination Susceptibility of bacterial isolate. The Result indicated that Scheffe polynomial model was highly significant for efficiency of Mespilusextracts. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Staphylococcusaureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/ml, respectively. The optimum condition has been found as following: glycerin (0 ml), water (23.7 ml), methanol (100.2ml) and ethanol (126.1 ml) respectively.  It’s worth to mention that there was no significant difference between experimental and predicted value in optimum condition. Mespilus extract was highly significant for reduce of Infectious bacteria. Mixture methodology based on the D-optimal design was able to statistical assessment extraction process with the minimum experiment.

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This paper aims at describing the mechanism of German loanwords adaptation with respect to constraints of Persian language and within OT framework. Consequently the adaptation of consonant clusters and diphthongs as well as the phonemes substituted in loanwords will be examined. Prince and Smolensky’s (1993) Optimality Theory with its key notions of faithfulness and markedness constraints is suited to model this aspect of linguistic competence. So in this research a number of 30 German loanwords were selected as research data of which some were collected through the library method from written resources and the rest are the trade names of German Products that are collected through a field work. Descriptive analysis of the mentioned data within Optimality Theory comes into valuable linguistic conclusions such as: “In Persian, initial consonant clusters of German loanwords are broken up through vowel epenthesis which is mostly identical to the vowel of the second syllable.”

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German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) is a well-known medicinal plant that is distributed worldwide and is widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. In this study, the essential oil of M. chamomilla was extracted by water distillation method and its total phenol content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial effect were investigated. The total phenol content of the essential oil was 39.70 mg GAE/g and its total flavonoid content was 18.80 mg QE/g. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil was evaluated based on two methods of inhibiting free radicals DPPH and ABTS; the essential oil was able to inhibit free radicals DPPH (58.60 %) and ABTS (61.60 %). The antimicrobial effect of the essential oil against Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteriae, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Salmonella typhimurium was investigated by disk diffusion agar, well diffusion agar, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal concentration. The findings of the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil by the disk diffusion agar and well diffusion agar, showed that S. pyogenes and E. aerogenes were the most sensitive and resistant microbial strains to M. chamomilla essential oil, respectively. The results of this study showed that the essential oil of M. chamomilla has shown strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, which can be a potential candidate for the preparation of antioxidant and antimicrobial drugs.
 

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Immigration to Europe has significantly increased over the past several years and Afghan refugees are the second largest displaced group entering European borders after Syrians. Germany has been a preferred destination for many refugees and in 2015 the country welcomed over one million asylum seekers from around the globe which made it as some called it “Kabul of Europe". Immigration, both voluntary and forced, is driven by social, political and economic factors. Urban life in Europe, especially in a developed country like Germany, is completely different from traditional life in Afghanistan. After spending times in the camp, Afghan women gradually enter the urban life of the destination country which impacts the function of a traditional Afghan family. This article tries to seek the notion of "change" amongst Afghan families while they encounter migratory experiences in urban life in German societies. The main aim of the research is to analyze the process of acculturation of immigrant Afghan women in Germany in terms of educational attainments, language proficiency and entering to the workplace which will empower and enable them to redefine their identity in their new urban setup. This research is based on a qualitative method which consists of 51 in-depth interviews with Afghan (Hazara) migrant girls and women in refugee camps, as well as the city of Hamburg and Bremen in Germany.
 

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The genus Stachys L., (Lamiaceae family) has several spicy and aromatic species. In order to investigate the diversity of aerial biomass, morphological traits, and essential oil yield, 47 populations out of five species including S. lavandulifolia, S. laxa, S. inflata, S. germanica and S. byzantina were evaluated during two years, at a research farm in Khorramabad, Iran. The traits such as plant height, leaf length, leaf width, stem number, stem diameter, vegetation cover, 1,000 seed weight, and aerial dry (DM) yield in all 47 populations were measured. The essential oil was extracted using the hydrodistillation method with a Clevenger-type apparatus. The essential oil compounds were detected using GC and GC/MS. Data were analyzed using nested ANOVA with Minitab₁₆ software. The results showed that both S. germanica and S. byzantina had higher aerial biomass than the other species. The Saveh and Tehran populations of S. inflata, the populations of Qazvin and Qorveh in S. lavandulifolia, and the populations of Ardebil and Semirom in S. Byzantine were superior to the others for the measured traits. For essential oil yields (w/w), the highest and lowest values were 2.0 and 0.8%, obtained in S. byzantina and S. lavandulifolia, respectively. Phytochemical analyses of S. lavandulifolia identified 43 compounds. The main compounds were β-eudesmol (3.48%), germacrene-D (4.59%), δ-cadinol (4.69%), bicyclogermacrene (6.85%), δ-cadinene (9.69%), spathulenol (10.08%) and α-cadinol (12.86%). S. lavandulifolia, with early maturity and higher essential oil, was recommended for domestication and breeding of improved varieties.