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This article examines the common approaches of famous Rezafi and Farokhi Yazdi to the political and social freedom of expression, freedom of thought, press freedom, and the freedom of workers and peasants through an analytical descriptive method based on the American School of Comparative Literature. The most important results of this article are that both poets devote their poetry to the liberation and liberation of the people in the form of tyranny, and have followed ethical issues in this regard, although Farrokhi Yazdi's insistence on freedom is more than the famous one.

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I examine the characteristics and justifications of rational disagreement in science. It explores the relationship between the justification of rational disagreement in science and the justification of rational disagreement in the epistemology of disagreement, specifically religious disagreement. In this regard, I focus on the views of two famous philosophers of science from the second half of the 20th century, namely Thomas Kuhn and Paul Feyerabend. The views of these two philosophers on rational disagreement in science can be seen as significant, concrete, and tangible examples of the main approaches in the epistemology of (religious) disagreement, in which rational religious disagreement is justified. I bring together insights from both epistemology and philosophy of science and show reflection on disagreement in science can improve our intuitive understanding of rational disagreement in epistemology. To better understand the existing approaches in epistemology, I utilize intuitive ideas found in rational disagreement in science.
 

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Introduction
The subject of this research is corruption, which has been studied in 176 countries in 1996 to 2019. The problem of the this writing is that the scores of the control of corruption index in oil dependent countries are lower than non-oil dependent ones, and the variance of the control of corruption index among oil dependent countries is also significant. To explain these issues, two questions have been proposed: how the difference in corruption between oil dependent and non-oil dependent countries could be explained? How can the diversity of corruption be explained within the oil dependent countries?
Methodology & Conceptual framework
To answer this question, by adopting a unified approach, and using the theories of rentier state, neo-patrimonialism and neo-institutionalism, the research conceptual model was formulated. In response to the research questions and according to the requirements of the conceptual model, the research hypotheses were proposed in the form of four testable statements in the form of fuzzy logic. Fuzzy method was used to test research hypotheses in the field of data collection and assessment research hypotheses. Finally, the collected quantitative data was graded and the fuzzy membership was measured for every parameters. After measuring the fuzzy membership, the fuzzy relationship of these theoretical constructs was evaluated and tested in the form of individual and compound causal conditions. To theoretically explain the differences in corruption, the causal conditions of the rentier nature of the state, the quality of political institutions, the quality of economic institutions, the level of political freedom and the level of economic freedom have been used.
Results and discussion
The results of descriptive analysis show that rent dependency in the Caucasus and Central Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and South America is more significant in determining the variances of corruption and other parameters of the conceptual model. Also, the explanatory analysis of the results shows that rent incomes are more sufficient for systemic corruption and the low quality of political institutions is the most significant in determining the level of corruption among the 176 countries under investigation; the inefficiency of political institutions leads to systemic corruption in 90% of cases. Coverage index of Standard analysis shows the high importance of political institutions ineffectiveness for systemic corruption. So that 43% of corruption variances can be explained only through the inefficiency of political institutions. Another finding is the quality of economic institutions and economic freedoms do not control corruption alone. These factors together or by combining with one of the efficient political institutions or political freedoms are able to control corruption.

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The aim of this paper is to compare the concept of freedom from the point of view of Mowlana and the school of humanism. Both Mowlana and the theorists of the humanism school have a special vision about human freedom, but with different intellectual and social origins, their definition of freedom and the path to freedom is different, and sometimes they share points. The results of this research, which have been conducted in a descriptive and analytical way, indicate that Mowlana views the issue from a religious perspective and has a mystical view of freedom, and considers the best kind of freedom to be God's bondage and freedom from the attachments of internal prisons. Of course, social dimensions have also been noted. From the point of view of the mystics, including Mowlana, to mankind, there is no external freedom, unless he  achieves internal freedom.  humanists ,who have a human_oriented  look, believe that human freedom is achieved in nature by himself, not through super powers. Humanists believe in the unconditional freedom of humans in the intellectual, political, personal and artistic scopes, and do not accept anything as a barrier to this.
 

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Sparks of transformation in Persian and Russian literature centered on Nima Yoshij and Alexander Pushkin. Fascinated and loving poets, who firstly love their individuality and secondly love the society in which they live. Poets who cannot bear the suffering of the oppressed people and sit quietly, are looking for a way to sympathize with the people and awaken the mass of the people, Both poets spent a period of their lives in exile because of their liberating thoughts, they are still in exile in love with their homeland and the nature of their land, Sometimes they despair, but they don't let despair stop them from continuing on their way, They try again and find a way to express what needs to be expressed. With their constant presence in their poetry, Nima and Pushkin eliminate the distance between the poem and the poet, bring the poem closer to their time, and actually become one with their own poetry, Nima combines reality with nature, and Pushkin combines reality with history, and they express what needs to be expressed with a new language.
 

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This paper examines the economic, political and social determinants which influence foreign direct investment inflow among a set of 83 countries, member states of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, and selected countries of Mena region during the period 1996-2007. The panel data method has been applied to investigate the impact of governance indicators, human development index, environmental sustainability index, ICOR, GDP and economic freedom index, on foreign direct investment inflows. The results indicate that GDP as proxy for market size, governance and environmental sustainability in both OECD countries and the global model were respectively the most effective variables in attracting foreign direct investment. While in the MENA region the market size, ICOR and economic freedom index show a significant effect on attracting foreign direct investment respectively.

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In this paper, results of  inelastic displacement ratios based on earthquake ground motions of Iran are presented. These ratios are calculated for single degree of freedom systems with elastic perfectly plastic behavior model and various strength reduction factors subjected to 204 earthquake ground motion records. These records are recorded on firm soil sites of Iran and have following characteristics 1) Recorded in earthquakes with seismic moment magnitude larger than 5,  2) At least one of the two horizontal components of records has peak ground acceleration larger than 50 cm/s², 3) Recorded in free field stations so that potential soil-structure interaction effects omitted,  4) Records with hypo central distance larger than 15 km so that near fault effects omitted,  5) Recorded on soil conditions 1, 2 and 3 according to spectral ratio H/V of ground motions,  6) Records in which band pass range in correction process were at least between 0.33 to 20 Hz.  204 acceleration time histories including 70, 30 and 104 acceleration time histories related to soil condition 1, 2 and 3 respectively are used. In this statistical study, 422688 inelastic displacement ratios (related to 204 acceleration time histories, 296 period of vibration and 7 strength reduction factors) from response of SDOF systems with elastic perfectly plastic behavior model are calculated. Mean values of inelastic displacement ratios for each period of vibration and each strength reduction factor subjected to all 204 earthquake records and their dispersions are presented. The influence of period of vibration, strength reduction factor, soil condition, earthquake magnitude and hypocentral distance on inelastic displacement ratios are evaluated. This ratio in short period of vibration is larger than unit (maximum inelastic displacement larger than maximum elastic displacement) and for long period of vibration is close to unit (maximum inelastic displacement nearly equal to maximum elastic displacement). Soil condition effects on inelastic displacement ratio, for period of vibration larger than 1.5 second is very small and neglectable but neglecting of soil condition in periods between 0.4 and 1.5 second cause error up to 20 percent and for periods smaller than 0.4 second cause error up to 40 percent in estimation of inelastic displacement ratio. Neglecting of distance effects to focal of earthquakes in estimation of inelastic displacement ratio, for period of vibration smaller than 1 second, causes error up to maximum 20 percent. This error increase when strength reduction factor increases. For period of vibration larger than 1 second, neglecting of distance effect doesn’t make considerable error. Neglecting of magnitude effects of earthquakes in estimation of inelastic displacement ratio, for period of vibration smaller than 1 second, causes error up to maximum 60 percent. This error increase when strength reduction factor increases. For period of vibration larger than 1 second, neglecting of distance effect doesn’t make considerable error. By using of nonlinear regression analysis, a simplified equation based on mean results is calculated and Maximum inelastic displacement of single degree of freedom systems on Iran firm sites could be estimated using proposed equation and maximum elastic displacement demand. Finally, proposed equation is compared with C₁ coefficient of target displacement in FEMA440.

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Automotive crankshafts are subjected to fluctuating torques due to periodic strokes in the cylinder. The gas-forces and inertial-forces due to the reciprocating masses will contribute to the excitation forces on the crankshaft system. The forces cause alternative torque on the crankshaft and cause vibration on the motor which cause noise and shake in the vehicle. Therefore, it’s necessary that was determined crankshaft dynamic behaviour. Although most physical structures are continuous, their behaviour can usually be represented by a discrete parameter model. In this paper, torsional vibration was determined with theoretical, analytical and experimental analysis on the Peugeot and Renault vehicle. For Solution of theoretical analysis, was used of B.I.C.E.R.A formula [1] and natural frequency for analytical analysis obtained with ANSYS software. Then, theoretical and analytical procedure compared with the experimental model, to obtain optimization model and with the best model, influence of torsional vibration was determined on the engine speed.

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Because of high accuracy and low weight-to-force ratio, servo hydraulic systems are widely used in various branches of industry. Simultaneous improvement of accuracy and time response are among ever increasing needs for these systems. Rapid movement commands to hydraulic actuator excite attached mechanical components and consequently produce undesired vibrations. Recommended solution to overcome the above mentioned problem is to design and implement advanced controller which takes into consideration the high frequency uncertainties. In this research a two-degree-of–freedom (2DOF) position controller has been design and implemented for undesirable vibration regulation and robust performance achievement on a servo hydraulic table. In this regard various elements of the system are modeled and then the servo hydraulic table nominal system and uncertainty are identified using grey-box method. The 2DOF robust controller is designed using general H∞ framework and analyzed by structured singular value, Mu. The feedback block of controller is used to reduce the effect of uncertainty, measurement noises and reject disturbances, whereas the forward controller shapes the command signals to improve the performance. The designed controller has been implemented on the servo hydraulic test rig in order to track sine and trapezoid position command signals. It has been observed the controller has a more accurate performance and faster time response than the common robust controller with just one feedback block. Extensive experimental results of the developed controller indicate robust performance and acceptable response to disturbance and measurement noise rejection in the defined uncertainty range.

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In this paper, the effect of passengers on the chaotic vibrations of the full vehicle model is investigated. The vehicle system is modeled as a full nonlinear seven-degrees of freedom with an aditional one -degree of freedom for each passenger. Four passengers are added sequentially to the vehicle that produces eight, nine, ten and eleven degrees of freedom models, respectively. The effect of passengers on the chaotic vibrations of vehicle is studied for the above mentioned cases. The nonlinearities of the system is due to the nonlinear springs and dampers that are used in the suspension and tires. Roughness of the road surface is considered as sinusoidal waveforms with time delay for tires. The governing differential equations are extracted by Newton-Euler laws and are solved numerically via forth-order Runge-Kutta method. The analysis is conducted first by detecting the unstable regions of the system and then followed by a specific excitation frequency, where there is possibility of chaos. The dynamic behavior of the system is investigated by special nonlinear techniques such as bifurcation diagram, power spectrum, pioncare section and maximum lyapunov exponents. The obtained results represents different types of nonlinear dynamic absorbers in the vehicle with and without passengers. Consideration the passengers and increasing the mass of the system can resultes in a significant changes in the dynamic behavior where improves the chaotic vibration of the vehicle.

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Nowadays, the fundamental role of information in contracting process, particularly in consumer contracts, is persuaded the national legislators to protect the less informed contracting party. However, there are some controversial doctrinal views including positive, negative and neutral view, about imposing general duty to inform. England’s common law does not recognize any general duty to disclose material facts. However, dominant judicial doctrine of European countries imposes general duty to inform. This paper is trying to study and analyze the mainsprings of these controversial views. Our supposition here would be that positive view has more reasonable mainsprings comparison whit the negative and neutral view.

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Philosophical sketch of Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) on the primary conditions for Peace and co-existence between states is reflected in his Perpetual Peace. In Kant's view, three primary conditions of perpetual peace of a republican government in every country are based on a civil constitution, establishment of a federation of free states, and cosmopolitan right of individuals as world citizens. The foundations of republican system, i.e. freedom for all members of the society as human beings, belonging of each individual to a public code of law as subject, and equality before law as a citizen, are important in Kant's political philosophy. Two primary responsibilities for Kant's federation of free states, i.e. non-interference in the internal affairs of member states, and upholding of a unified front against extraterritorial aggression, suffer from ambiguity and inadequacy, and is therefore vulnerable. Kant's formulation of "a unified world government" is cautionary and conditional; for it can be ended to despotism and decline.

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The present study aims to implement an approach for trajectory control of a 3-RPR parallel manipulator over a path with obstacles in the workspace. For this purpose, using the spline curves approach and based on the cuckoo optimization algorithm, a smooth reference trajectory with minimum length is generated in the workspace to avoid robot collision with obstacles. The performance and accuracy of the cuckoo optimization algorithm in converging to the optimal solution is then compared with the Genetic algorithm. In the next step, the robust sliding mode control technique is adopted for trajectory control of the robot in the presence of some uncertainties. These uncertainties usually include the links length and links mass of the robot. The obtained results confirm the demanded level of performance and accuracy of the cuckoo optimization algorithm. It is also observed that the optimal trajectory with minimum length is generated using the spline curves approach. In addition, it is concluded that based on the sliding mode control technique, the robot can follow the desired trajectory very precisely in spite of the presence of the uncertainties in length and mass of the robot's links.

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                    Freedom of  religion and belief is one of the most fundamental human rights, and it can said that even the general idea of human rights was due to the protection of religious minorities. This right, which has been reflected in the first domestic laws on human rights, like “French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen” and “First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution", has also been under consideration from the outset of the world movement for human rights, and the most important international human rights instruments such as Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, European Convention on Human Rights, American Convention on Human Rights and African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights have emphasized on it.         

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        Although there is no doubt about the prohibition of defamation as one of the legitimate restrictions on the right to freedom of expression, but the boundaries of this prohibition are controversial, and one of the main controversies is about the kind and the nature of defamation's victim. In this case, a group of scholars believe that only human beings are the object of defamation, and the subjective values such as national identity, religion or national symbols cannot be the object of defamation. In contrast, some scholars believe that human beings are not the exclusive object of defamation. Ratification of a resolution entitled "Defamation of Religions" by the Human Rights Commission in 1999 and reiteration of such a resolution by the Commission and the Human Rights Council and even the UN General Assembly thereafter indicates the depth of the above difference. Despite that the above institutions, given the ratification of the above resolutions, have confirmed the possibility of defamation of religion, some scholars, especially the Thematic Rapporteurs of the above institutions have opposed these resolutions and thereby have rejected the concept of defamation of religion. This article, while reflecting the spread of opposition to the above resolutions, reviews the arguments of the oppositions to them. Overall, the author concluded that these resolutions have been actually codified to protect the rights and dignity of persons and religious groups; therefore, they are consistent with the International Standards of Human Rights.    

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In the present research, hydrodynamical and aerodynamical characteristics of a high-speed planning hull is studied using computational fluid dynamics. Simulations are three-dimensional with considering a two-phase turbulent flow. To obtain sinkage and trim of the hull, two degrees of freedom is assumed for it. Rigid body dynamic equations and governing equations of the fluid are coupled using 6DOF solver and dynamic mesh technique. Based on the available experimental results, simulations of the aimed high speed hull are performed in the linear velocity range of 0.9-8.31 m/s. Comparing the present numerical results with the experimental data, shows that maximum average error for resistance, trim and sinkage in different velocities does not exceed 10%. This shows the accuracy and proficiency of the current model. Mesh independency of solutions is studied for all velocities and the results are reported based on the most suitable mesh. At the end, the effect of applying steps on reducing the drag and improving stability of the hull is investigated for several states in one and two steps. Finally, the most optimized state is introduced and relating results are given. Results show that applying steps to the mentioned high speed hull reduce the overall resistance by 11%.

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In this paper, a robust linear quadratic regulator (LQR) based Reinforcement learning method is designed for a four degree of freedom inverted pendulum. The considered system contains a four degree of freedom inverted pendulum with a concentrated mass at the tip of it. The bottom of inverted pendulum is moved in x-y plane in x and y directions. For tracking control of two angles of inverted pendulum, two plane forces are applied in x and y directions at the bottom of pendulum. The governing equations of the system are derived using the Lagrange method and then a robust linear quadratic regulator (LQR) based Reinforcement learning controller is designed. The inverted pendulum is learned for a range of different angles, different lengths and different masses. The parametric uncertainties are defined as various lengths and masses of inverted pendulum and the disturbances are defined as impact and continuous forces which are applied on the inverted pendulum. After learning, the controller can learn online the system for any arbitrary angle, length, mass or disturbance which are not learned in the defined range. Numerical results show that the good performance of the reinforcement learning controller for the inverted pendulum in the presence of structural and parametric uncertainties, impact and continuous disturbances and sensor noises.

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         The relationship between the competition law and intellectual law might be considered from different directions. There are many discussions about the interaction or conflict between these fields of law. Some schollars are believe that the rules, which are applicable in these fields are in conflict; because one of them has formed for preventing the monopolies and supervising on the economic agents’ activities to prevent the harm that can be imposed to competition in the market, and the other supports the exclusive rights arising from the intellectual properties. On the other hand, but some scholars believe that there are no conflicts between these fields. But the evidence of the last theory might be challengeable, because some scholars consider the competition law over the intellectual property law due to its features, although others believe that there is an interaction between these fields. Assuming the interaction theory or conformance of intellectual property law from the competition law, some questions will arise, and we have to find suitable answers for them: "What is the effect of domination of competition law over the intellectual property law on the general rules of contracts and their principles?" Do the general rules of contracts follow the mentioned law? Is the interaction between intellectual property law and compeptition law considered as conspiracy against the last principles?" and If it was necessary for supporting the competition, can we force the owner of exclusive right to transfer the right or to accept other's usage, of it?      
*  Corresponding author’s E-mail: rkhoshnodi@yahoo.com