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Background: The importance of this research was to determine the prevalence of efflux pump genes among Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from hospitalized patients in Imam Reza hospital in Tabriz, Iran.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in the Imam Reza hospital, Tabriz, IR Iran during June 2013 to March 2014. Twenty-six strains were isolated from female patients (42.6%) and thirty-five from male patients (57.4%). Clinical specimens were cultured for isolation of the microbial agents of A. baumannii. The isolated bacteria were identified using biochemical tests. Disk diffusion susceptibility test was used to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility, and E-test methods were also used. The prevalence of efflux pump genes was detected by PCR and sequencing methods.
Results: The resistance of A. baumannii isolates against tested antibiotics was analyzed as follows: 51 (84%) to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 59 (98%) to ceftazidime, 60 (99%) to ciprofloxacin, 29 (48%) to amikacin, 46 (77%) to gentamicin, 30 (50%) to tobramicin, , 60 (99%) to imipenem,, 60 (99%) to meropenem,, 60 (99%) to ceftriaxon,, 60 (99%) to cefepime,, 60 (99%) to ofloxacin, 6 (11%) to colistin. By using E-test, 45 (73.3%) to imipenem, 57 (93.3%) to ciprofloxacin, 23 (38%) to amikacin were also analyzed. The prevalence of adeA, adeB, adeC, and abeMgenes was 54 (88.5%), 61 (100%), 57 (93.9%), and 60 (98.3%), respectively.
Conclusion: The result of this study showed high incidence of AdeABC efflux pump in MDR A. baumannii isolates and the growing number of nosocomial infections associated with XDR A. baumannii complex, leading to difficulties in antibiotic therapy.

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Urine production and excretion has been one of the intricate problems investigated in the field of biomechanics. However, the mechanism that transports urine from the kidney into the bladder has not been fully understood. Engineering analysis of peristalsis in the ureter can be helpful in better understanding of function and abnormalities of this organ of the urinary system and also aid in the design of flow aided devices such as valves and stents to remove these abnormalities. In this paper, urine isolated bolus transportation in the ureter was simulated using ureteral anatomical data during peristalsis. Urine pressure distribution in the ureter, shear stress of ureteral inner wall, bolus dynamic deformations during its propagation and the effect of pressure difference Abstract- Urine production and excretion has been one of the intricate problems investigated in the field of biomechanics. However, the mechanism that transports urine from the kidney into the bladder has not been fully understood. Realization of peristalsis in the ureter may be helpful in better understanding of function and abnormalities of this organ of the urinary system and also aid in the design of flow aided devices such as valves and stents to remove these abnormalities. In this paper, urine isolated bolus transportation in the ureter was simulated using ureteral anatomical data during peristalsis. Urine pressure distribution in the ureter, shear stress of ureteral inner wall, bolus dynamic deformations during its propagation and the effect of pressure difference between the kidney and the bladder on the quantity of reflux and efficiency of urine transportation as a result of peristalsis, were investigated. A computational model was presented that used the tools of computational fluid dynamics, Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations and adaptive mesh algorithm in the fluid domain. In the structure domain, it utilized Arruda-Boyce non-linear model and contact condition. The major benefits of this model comparing to previous studies were that the ureteral wall displacements were not pre-determined during peristalsis and luminal pressure variations influenced on it. Finite element equations of fluid and structure were solved using fluid-structure interaction method (FSI) and direct coupling. Results of this research showed that the proximal portions of ureter were under higher magnitudes of shear stress. Moreover, increase of the bladder pressure magnified the quantity of ureteropelvic reflux in the case of dysfunction of ureteropelvic junction, and resulted in a higher peristaltic efficiency transporting ureteral bolus into the bladder.

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Assessment of Evapo-Transpiration (ET) in the cases such as Irrigation programming, water basin evaporation determination, water balance calculation, water runoff estimation and climatological studies are important. It is possible to determine ET by field measurements. However these methods only can determine ET for the regions with the limited areas. This limitation has made the use of remote sensing techniques reliable for assessment of ET in a vast area. In this work, the amount of ET has been evaluated in an army wheat field located in the Golestan Province (North of the Iran) for May 5th and June 7th, 2003 using MODIS images. Surface albedo affects in the outcome of SEBAL that we estimate it using two methods, one using 1 and 2 bands of MODIS image (old method) and the other using 1 to 5 and 7 bands of MODIS image (new method). The comparison of the results of SEBAL to the results of other works showed the accuracy of the estimation of surface albedo using the new method is better than the old method. Also, the accuracy of SEBAL outcomes are relatively satisfactory and can be improved by further detailed studies.

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Sugar beet press water is one of the main wastewater in the sugar industry, which presently returned to the diffuser with no further treatment. Some form of treatment, such as pretreatment with membrane may however, improved the output efficiency of sugar plants. In this study, nanofiltration membrane (AFC80) were used to investigate the permeate flux, fouling percent and rejection percent of most important molassogenic ions (sodium and potassium) and sucrose. Sugar beet press water was provided by Abkoh sugar beet factory. The effect of operating parameters such as temperature (at levels of 25,40and 55ºC), trans membrane pressure (at levels of 10,15and 20 bar) on nanofiltration performance (permeate flux, fouling and rejection) were investigated. The results show that maximum permeate flux is obtained at 55 ºC and 20 bar, while the average value is 49.27 kgm-2h-1. The minimum permeate flux is obtained at 25 ºC and 10 bar, and the average value in this conditions is 14.63 kgm-2h-1. Maximum and minimum fouling are reached at 55 ºC and 20 bar and 25 ºC and 15 bar, respectively. Furthermore maximum rejection of sodium and potassium (84.3% and 72.5% respectively) is obtained at 25 ºC and 20 bar, and minimum of rejection of sodium and potassium (74.3% and 69.05% respectively) is obtained on 55 ºC and 10 bar. For all operating conditions, sucrose rejection was exceeded 95%. Variation in operating conditions had no significant effect on sucrose rejection.  

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In this paper, in order to recognizing of moisture resources of western part of Iran and water vapor transport quality from surrounded around areas to this region were selected. The study of specific moisture distribution and precipitable water in the study area indicate that the moisture from two days before precipitation start on the Iran, in lower levels of troposphere from southern region of Red sea and Aden gulf, to north of middle east and then from precipitation start day to east (west of Iran) were replaced. Calculated moisture flux values have indicated that Arab and Oman seas in study period have the heights divergence of moisture flux specifically in lower levels of troposphere. But the role of Red sea in middle levels is clear. The result of this study indicates that eastern Mediterranean Sea not only has not moisture sending but also from Oman, Arab, Red Seas and theirs central part moisture received. The highest moisture in precipitation days on the Iran observed in the lower levels of troposphere that are equal only in northwest region, moisture transition rate in lower levels and middle of troposphere. Also the result indicates that Oman Sea and Arab sea are the most important resources of moisture supply of occurred precipitation on the west of Iran.

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In March 2004, a fluxgate gradiometer survey was conducted over Tepe Ghabristan, covering approximately 6ha of ground. It identified further areas of the Iron Age cemetery with possible grave pits (Areas B and C). In addition, an irrigation channel was discovered which could be contemporary to these Iron Age graves (Area D). The anomalies in Area E can be interpreted as buried structural remains, possibly linked to metalworking.

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In rocket systems, the re-entry speed to atmosphere is very high which leads to compression of air molecules and appearance of strong bow shock waves in the leading edge; consequently, this yields aerodynamic heating. Using ablating-dispensing materials on the leading edge surfaces, it is important to accurately determine heat flux on these moving boundaries. Measuring heat flux directly is very difficult or impossible in some situations. In the present study, the online Kalman filtering is used to determine heat flux accurately. Since the heat flux is estimated in online (non-iterative) fashion, the optimum location of temperature sensors can be effectively determined. In addition, the results of this study can be used to design heat flux sensors. In this paper, the optimum locations of three temperature sensors are calculated on the basis that the disturbances occur due to burning of sensors are reduced. More robust solutions are obtained for heat flux on the ablating surfaces.

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In this work, A 3-dimensional model is developed to investigate fluid flow in a magneto-hydrodynamic micropump. The equations are numerically solved using the finite volume method and the SIMPLE algorithm. This study analyzes the performance of the magnetohydrodynamic micropump. For this purpose, a magnetohydrodynamic micropump built in 2000, is simulated. The micropump has a channel with 20mm length, width of 800 , height of 380 and an electrode with 4mm length. The applied magnetic flux density was 13mT and the electric current was different for various solution (10-140 mA). The results show that the intensity of the magnetic field, the electric current and the geometry has an effect on the magnetohyrodynamic micropump performance. By increasing the amount of magnetic flux and electric current the average velocity increases. decreasing the channel length would increase the mean flow velocity. by increasing the channel depth, the mean flow velocity initially increases and then decreases, while at a depth of approximately 700-800 the maximum averaged velocity will be resulted. The velocity increases by Increasing the channel width to 1500 , however the velocity remained unchanged for larger values.

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Phet Tropical Storm is an emerging sign of climate change in the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea regions. Intensity of this storms for the first time in days between June 1, 2010 within the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea were calving, day 3 June 2010 to four degrees in level Super Cyclone is reached. This storm occurred during the process of its unpredictable day June 4, 2010 (against the Persian date 14 Khordad 1389) in Chabahar near the southern shores of Iran, in which the dangerous part of the half circle on the coast was Chabahar. The integration of seas with Oman, Arabian Sea and Red Sea moisture convergence region and the Gulf of Aden (the level of 850 hp at hours 9.30 in 4 June 2010) forms thunderstorm, severe convective storms and heavy rains on the coasts of Chabahar. The area was attacked by high sea waves and a heavy 109.5 mm rain, and brought along severe damages. Convergence of moisture flow can be regarded as the most important requirement of occurrence of rainfall from tropical storms being resulted from Phet Tropical stormy rainfall off the coast of Chabahar. The exception to the rule was wind mixture with precipitation and atmospheric moisture that created the convergence of moisture flow at different levels of atmosphere. Using the thermodynamic equations for the Moisture Flux Convergence (MFC) of atmospheric, along with route maps and related atmospheric moisture blowing winds on the western flow mapping, the analysis was carried out. Results of drawing and analysis of maps showed that the supply source and moisture injection to the Phet Tropical Cyclone moving towards the coast of Chabahar made losses except wind and moisture convergence during the balance of 850 hp 9.30 hours that injected moisture from the Gulf of Aden and Red Sea while the South West regional convergence took place. Other atmospheric levels on 4 June 2010 were through the resource injection and feeding of heavy rainfall and coastal moisture from Chabahar, Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman. Also drawing maps of the location and position of convergent core moisture during storm in activity days showed that Phet in that date in most cases on or near the Chabahar coast were deployed as the core storage and moisture content aggregation with injection which have strengthened tropical Cyclone moisture into a heavy rain 109.5 mm.

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The subcooled flow boiling occurs when the bulk temperature is less than saturation temperature of the liquid at that pressure while the surface temperature is higher. The most importance of boiling phenomenon is related to the high latent heat of fluid which could removes high heat flux at relatively low temperature difference between liquid and the hot surface. In this study, the impact of velocity and roughness on the subcooled flow boiling were investigated experimentally for pure water. An experimental setup was designed and manufactured. The experimental setup consists of a plexiglass channel with cross section 20×30 mm and the length of 120 cm. A cylindrical heater with diameter 12 mm made of copper is located on the bottom surface of the plexiglass channel. All the experiments were conducted for the surface roughness of 0.65, 2.5 and 4.4 µm at velocities of 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 m/s. The experimental results show that the surface heat flux increases as the surface roughness and velocity increases. However, this affect of velocity enhancement was only observed for lower boiling surface temperature and opposite trend has taken place for higher boiling surface temperature. This is due to the simultaneous consideration of the convection and boiling terms along with the interaction between them which has not been presented experimentally yet. It appears that this kind of experimental study has not been carried out for copper type surfaces.

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In the present research, the high-order DG-ADER method is used to solve governing equations of two-phase drift flux model. The drift flux model is suitable for studying two-phase flows where the phases are strongly coupled. This model is composed of three differential equations including two continuity equations for two phases and a mixture momentum equation. The mixture model uses also an algebraic relation to link the velocity of the phases. The high-order DG-ADER numerical method, which is a new scheme to get high order accuracy of results, is used to solve the governing equations. The DG-ADER is a nonlinear method in which the reconstruction process is performed using WENO method and the time evolution part is achieved by discontinues Galerkine approach. The results are compared with those reported by other researchers. Three problems including two two-phase shock tubes and a pure rarefaction test problem are solved using this method. The results show that DG-ADER method can solve the two-phase flow problems with a very good accuracy even on a coarse grid. The drawback of this method is presenting numerical fluctuations with limited domain at the position of shock waves.

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Inlet performance is an important field in aerodynamic design of aerial vehicle engines. This study has been focused on numerical investigation of Mach number effects on a supersonic axisymmetric mixed compression inlet performance. For this purpose, a density based finite volume CFD code has been developed. A structured multi-block grid and an explicit time discretization of Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations have been used. Furthermore, Roe’s approximated Riemann solver has been utilized for computing inviscid flux vectors. Also, the monotone upstream centered schemes for conservation laws (MUSCL) extrapolation with Van Albada limiter has been used to obtain second order accuracy. In addition, Spalart-Allmaras one-equation turbulence model has been used to close the governing equations. The code is validated in three test cases by comparing numerical results against experimental data. Finally, the code has been utilized for numerically simulation of a specific supersonic mixed compression inlet. The effects of free stream Mach number on performance parameters, including mass flow ratio (MFR), drag coefficient, total pressure recovery (TPR), and flow distortion (FD) have been discussed and investigated. Results show that Mach number increase, leads to TPR and drag coefficient decrease; however, MFR and FD increase. Also, FD variations with respect to other performance parameters are significant, such that Mach number increase from 1.8 to 2.2 leads to more than 100% FD increment while MFR has been increase less than 10%. By using this code, it will be possible to design, parametric study, and geometrical optimization of axisymmetric supersonic inlet.

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Inertial navigation system has drift error in underwater applications. Use of DVL with Kalman filter for position and attitude correction is common. Using velocity data decreases drift error in position estimation but this error exists and increases linearity with time. In this article the navigation system consists of inertial measurement unit (IMU) and a Doppler velocity log (DVL) along with depth sensor. With use of magnetic field measurement and earth magnetic field map a new measurement is generated. Discrete extended Kalman filter with indirect feedback is used for tightly coupled integrated navigation algorithm. This algorithm is based on inertial navigation error dynamics. This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of algorithm through simulation. The procedure of simulation is done by sensor data generation. Arbitrary trajectory with specific kinematic characteristic (linear and angular velocity and acceleration) is generated. Sensor data by adding noise and bias to kinematic characteristic of trajectory is produced. Simulation results reveal that the new algorithm with use of magnetic data and earth magnetic field map decreases the drift error with comparison to conventional INS-DVL integrated navigation algorithm.

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Nitrous oxide (N₂O) has significant impact on global warming and leads to the depletion of ozone in the stratosphere. Agricultural soil is regarded as a major source of N₂O emissions. In recent years, greenhouse grown vegetables have rapidly developed in China. Although excessive fertilizer application in greenhouse vegetable production can result in increased N₂O emissions, research data on such emissions from greenhouse vegetables, such as cucumber, remains limited. In this study, four nitrogen (N) fertilizer treatments including 1,200 (N₁₂₀₀, traditional N amount), 900 (N₉₀₀), and 600 kg N ha^-1 (N₆₀₀) and the control (N₀) were carried out on cucumber in a greenhouse in the North China Plain. Results showed that N₂O emissions mainly occurred in the first five days after topdressing, and accounted for 75.8%-95.2% of total N₂O emissions produced in the whole interval (10 days). Significant exponential correlations were observed between N₂O flux and nitrification or denitrification rates (P< 0.01). The results also indicated that nitrification dominated and played a more important role in N₂O emissions than denitrification under the irrigation conditions of the study (water-filled pore spacewas 40.0 to 66.6%). Cumulative N₂O emissions were 0.48-5.01 kg N ha^-1 in the cucumber growing season, accounting for 0.28-0.38% of nitrogen input. Compared to N₁₂₀₀, treatment N₆₀₀ significantly reduced the rate of N₂O emissions by 53.4%, and also maintained cucumber yield. Based on this study, 50% of the traditional N fertilizer rate (N₆₀₀) was considered sustainable for greenhouse cucumber production in the North China Plain.

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In this research, the electrothermal characteristics of anode have been analytically investigated by considering two subzones including the quasi-neutral and non-neutral plasma flow near the anode surface. A correlation between current density and anode fall voltage has been derived by using the continuity and momentum equations for electron in the non-neutral plasma subzone. Also, two relations have been deduced from the magnetic field induction equation and Ohm’s law to determine the current densities and voltage drops in the quasi-neutral plasma subzone. The suggested solution algorithm has been based on the satisfaction of current continuity condition to be converged by a trial and error method. The Princeton benchmark thruster has been investigated for the discharge current of 8 kA with mass flow rates of 4 and 24 gr/s to evaluate the developed algorithm. The obtained analytical results show that under operating conditions with mass flow rates of 4 and 24 g/s, the heat flux values are respectively in the range of 480 to1350 and 400 to1490 W/cm2, the current densities vary from 24 to 90 and from 33 to 140 A/cm2, and also the anode falls change from 5.8 to 11 and 4.9 to 6 V. The analytical algorithm has predicted the heat fluxes, current densities, and anode falls along the anode face in good agreement with measurements. It has been seen that the heat flux and current density around the anode mid-lip, where the anode fall has its minimum value, have been maximized. By using the second thermodynamic law, it has been shown that the probability density function of effective velocity has a Gaussian distribution. Therefore, under this circumstance, entropy has been maximized, and consequently the heat flux and current density profiles have been taken the summit form.

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In this paper, a new immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method (IB-LBM) is developed to simulate heat transfer problems with constant heat flux boundary condition. In this method, the no-slip boundary condition is enforced via implicit velocity correction method and the constant heat flux boundary condition is implied considering the difference between the desired heat flux and the estimated one. The velocity correction represented as a forcing term is added to Boltzmann equation and for temperature correction, a heat source/sink term is introduced to energy equation. Elimination of sophisticated grid generation process, simplicity and effectiveness while keeping the accuracy, are the main advantages of the proposed method. Using the developed method, natural convection around a hot circular cylinder with constant heat flux in an enclosure with cold walls has been simulated at Rayleigh numbers of 103–106. Moreover, effects of diagonal position of cylinder on the flow and heat transfer patterns and local Nusselt number distribution on the surface of cylinder and walls of enclosure have been investigated. The obtained results show that the location of maximum local Nusset number is extremely depended on the diagonal position of the cylinder. According to the results of this simulation, it can be said that the present method is able to imply accurately the constant heat flux boundary condition.

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In this study, the inverse heat transfer problem of the estimation of unknown heat flux imposed on the boundary of a one-dimensional slab is solved by the genetic algorithm and two modified versions of this algorithm and the results obtained from different versions of the genetic algorithm are compared with each other. These two modified versions are developed based upon genes rearrangement approach. In this approach, an additional cost function is added to the conventional genetic algorithm to increase its computational efficiency. The results obtained by using errorless simulated temperature measurements show that modified genetic algorithms can improve the convergence and accuracy of the inverse solution in comparison with the conventional genetic algorithm and they give accurate estimations for the supposed heat flux even by using a small number of generations and moderate population size. The results show that modified genetic algorithm (2) provides better response to all the parameters of the solution evaluation in comparison with the conventional genetic algorithm and other modified version. In addition, in this study, the effect of adding Tikhonov regularization term to the objective function on the stability of the solution is investigated. Although only a simple one-dimensional problem has been solved in this study to demonstrate the approach of genes rearrangement, but this approach is expected to succeed in the inverse solution of complicated multidimensional problems.

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Pool boiling has the ability to remove large heat flux at low difference temperature of wall and this can be further enhanced by using surface modification methods. This article investigates pool boiling heat transfer on 4 levels with different orientations. For this purpose, a laboratory device was designed and built. The main goal of providing a simple and cost-effective manner with high durability in industrial applications, to having the highest amount of critical heat flux at the lowest level of super-heated temperature difference. The results show that surface roughness factor causing a delay in connecting the bubbles and heat flux increased slightly. In addition to roughness factor, two factors separating bubbles from the fluid in the heat dissipation and more power nucleation sites and micro-bubble layer can be more important than the surface roughness. The surface polished in one direction with lower roughness has higher critical heat flux than circular rough surface. Ultimately to combine bubble separation and more feed the micro layer with made micro channel. With this method it could be increased 131% critical heat flux and 211% heat transfer coefficient.

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This study aimed to determine the effects of different shading ratio and covers on “Sultana Seedless” table grape quality and storability. Grapevines were covered at the veraison stage with 3 shading nets (0, 35, and 75% shading), which were then replaced with covering materials including Polypropylene Cross-stitch (PC), Life Pack (LP) and Mogul (MG), just before harvest. Harvested grapes in all treatments were then kept for 90 days under cold storage (-0.5°C). Postharvest decay development and decreases in sensory quality were observed in unshaded grapes and in those covered with 35% shading net and later covered with life pack. Total soluble solids content, maturity index, and color value (C* and h^o) were found lower in 75% shaded grapes compared to unshaded plots. Effects of the tested applications on quality attributes either decreased or vanished during storage. All tested cover materials following shading nets could delay harvest for 50 days. Consequently, in addition to delaying harvest time, PC or MG covers used after 35 % shading allowed higher quality and successful storage of grapes for an additional 90 days.

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In submerged-arc welding, flux is produced through bonding so that alloying element can be added to Weld Metal. In this method, mineral ingredients and alloying elements are milled and mixed with glue in appropriate proportions. Once the drying of the pellets is complete in air, they are baked at 350 degree centigrade and broken up by using a sieve to attain the desired particle size (0.3-1 mm). The various content of Cr, Mo and Cr-Mo was added to bonded flux. Addition of alloying elements was done through flux and slag-weld metal reactions. Mechanical properties were studied by means of Longitudinal Tensile, Hardness and Charpy V-notch tests. Microstructure was studied by means of Optical and Scanning Electron Microscope. The addition of 0.4 wt. % Mo increased the volume fraction of Acicular Ferrite (AF) to 87%. The Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) increased by 20% and Impact Toughness (IT) decreased by 25%. Cr affected AF content less than Mo. The addition of 0.4 wt. % Cr increased the volume fraction of AF to 57%. The UTS almost did not change and IT decreased by 35%. Further increase in Cr content led to increase of Ferrite with Second Alloyed phase that strongly impaired IT (60%). The highest proportion of AF (95%) obtained in 0.28 wt. %Cr and 0.35 wt. % Mo. In this specimen UTS increased by 20% (100 Mpa) and Impact Toughness was decreased by 15% (20 j).