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In this study, with the aim of improving the conditions for the formation and activity of biofilms on carriers in the moving bed biofilm process, the surface coating method with polydopamine was used. For this purpose, first, the conditions for the formation of polydopamine on Kaldness polymer beads and its effect on their hydrophilicity and roughness were investigated. Then, the growth rate of Acinetobacter Calcoaceticus bacteria, as one of the active species in the formation of biofilms in wastewater treatment, was investigated on the modified surfaces compared to the unmodified surfaces as a control sample. In the final stage, the improved K3 carrier were compared with the unmodified carrier during the MBBR reactor start-up process and the removal rate of chromium solution with a concentration of 50 mg/L. The results showed that polydopamine particles at a concentration of 2 mg/L and water and alcohol solution formed well on Kaldness polymer films, and coating with polydopamine solution increased the hydrophilicity and roughness of the Kaldness polymer films. The adhesion and growth test of Acinetobacter Calcoaceticus showed that more bacteria were formed and grown on the improved surface during 21 days. During the start-up process of MBBR reactors, the number of biofilms formed in 45 days of the modified carrier was higher and the efficiency of the system in removing chromium solution increased. Overall, the results showed that polydopamine coating can be used as a successful application method to improve the efficiency of Kaldness acnes.

 

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Aims: Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is part of human oral cavity microbiome and is known to be responsible of dental caries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effects of Punica granatum, Ricinus communis, and Allium sativum extracts on biofilm formation caused by S. mutans.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, the biofilm formation was carried out by broth dilution method with glucose -supplemented Tryptic Soy Agar (TSB) in 96-well microtiter plates. Seven serial dilutions from the aqueous extracts of the Punica granatum, Ricinus communis, and Allium sativum were prepared. Then, a suspension of S. mutans was added to the wells. The anti-biofilm effects of the extracts and turbidity were measured by an ELISA reader apparatus at OD₄₉₂nm. Experiments were completed in triplicate.
Findings: Ricinus communis was more active on S. mutans than other extracts. In comparison with others, the mean OD obtained in the presence of a concentration of 50mg of the plant extract (OD=0.083) was close to the negative control (OD=0.068). This plant was effective in higher concentrations (50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25mg/ml). Allium sativum extract has a moderate effect on S. mutans. The lowest activity belonged to Punica granatum extract.
Conclusion: The extract of Ricinus communis has strong anti-biofilm activity against Streptococcus mutans, when compared to other extracts, Allium sativum extract show moderate activity on the biofilm formation. Aqueous extract of Punica granatum peel isn’t very effective on S. mutans.

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  Due to the environmental hazards of using plastic films, studies on the development of plant based films such as soy protein films, are receiving more attention.  In this research, edible films were prepared from soy protein isolate and the effect of glycerol as a plasticizer at three concentration levels of 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 g/g of soy protein isolate on the properties of these films was investigated. Some Mechanical properties, i.e. tensile strength and extension, and physical properties, i.e. water vapor transmission rate, opacity, water adsorption and solubility were examined. Films prepared without glycerol were very brittle and could not be examined. Results showed that increasing the concentration of glycerol led to a significant (p<0.05) increase in extension rate and decrease in tensile strength of soy protein isolate films. Solubility percentage, water adsorption and water vapor transmission rate of the films were found to increase when the glycerol level increased.  Although glycerol addition reduced the opacity of the films, its concentration did not have a significant correlation with this parameter (p<0.05).

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In this study two film-forming formulations were prepared. First one was prepared by slowly adding 5gr of sodium alginate & 45gr of dextrose monohydrate in 270ml of distilled water which constantly stirred. Second formulation was as the firs one, but we substituted dextrose monohydrate by maltodextrine and added 20gr glycerol in 210ml distilled water. 50cc film solutions were extended on the 30*40cm polexy glass plates which covered by polyethylene selofan. Films dried after 45h in 23±2˚c & RH50±5%. The dried film layers were immersed for 30" in second solution that was prepared by slowly adding 2.74gr of calcium choloride & 0.9gr of carboxy methylcellulose in 49ml of distilled water which constantly stirred. Film thickness was measured using a digital micrometer at a 0.001mm accuracy. Mechanical properties including tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (E) were evaluated by a Instron Machin (Zwick, ModelZ 2.5). Results had no statistical significant differences between 2 film formulations. Physical properties including WVP (Water Vapor Permeability) & OTR (Oxygen Transformation Rate) were measured. WVP results had no statistical significant differences between 2 film formulations but OTR in second formulation had a significant decrease. Finally, by all aspects like decrease moisture loss, lipid & myoglobin oxidation, volatile compounds loss and volatile compounds absorb during storage, we recognize second film formulation as a suitable one.

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Backgrounds: Listeria monocytogenes is an opportunistic pathogen causing listeriosis, its pathogenicity is due to the presence of virulence factors including InlA, InlB, PlcA, PlcB, ActA, Iap, and Hly. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the formation of biofilm and its association with serotypes and virulence factors in L. monocytogenes isolates.
Material and Methods: In this study, 51 L. monocytogenes isolates were collected from blood, urine, feces, placenta, rectum, and vagina samples as well as livestock and food samples. Biofilm production was measured using microtiter plate assay, and virulence genes were identified by PCR method.
Findings: Out of 51 isolates, 27 (52.9%) were non-biofilm producers, 17 (33.3%) were weak biofilm producers, four (7.8%) were medium biofilm producers, and three (5.9%) were strong biofilm producers. According to this study results, different L. monocytogenes strains could form biofilm with various intensities. The actA, flaA, inlJ, inlA, and plcB genes were observed in all the isolates. The frequency of the hlyA, plcA, iap, inlB, and inlC genes among the isolates was 90.2, 94.1, 98, 88.2, and 82.4%, respectively. There was no significant correlation between the presence/absence of virulence genes in biofilm producing and non-biofilm forming isolates, except for the inlC and iap genes, which showed a significant correlation with the ability to form biofilm.
Conclusion: Due to the high prevalence rate of biofilm formation among the isolates and the importance of biofilm production in medical surfaces and food industries, eradication of biofilm-forming isolates is important.
 

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Background: This study aimed to investigate the biofilm formation ability of K. pneumoniae clinical isolates using phenotypic and genotypic methods. Additionally, the association of biofilm formation with antibiotic resistance and the presence of biofilm-related genes was investigated.
Materials & Methods: In this research, a total of 52 clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae were collected from educational hospitals affiliated with Babol University of Medical Sciences from March to October 2023. K. pneumoniae isolates were identified through standard microbiological and biochemical tests. Disk diffusion, microtiter plate, and polymerase chain reaction assays were also performed to evaluate the biofilm formation ability of these isolates.
Findings: K. pneumoniae isolates were obtained from various clinical specimens. The isolates showed the highest resistance to ceftazidime (54%) and the lowest resistance to amikacin (17%). More than 48% of the isolates were multidrug resistant. Of the 52 K. pneumoniae isolates, 43 (82.69%) isolates produced biofilm, whereas the remaining nine (17.3%) did not. K. pneumoniae isolates harbored biofilm formation genes, including treC (78.84%), wcaG (71.15%), mrkD (65.38%), mrkA (63.46%), iutA (40.38%), and magA (15.38%).
Conclusion: This study demonstrates that K. pneumoniae isolates are highly pathogenic because of antibiotic resistance and carrying biofilm genes. Given the biofilm formation propensity of these strains, it is imperative to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of biofilm formation in K. pneumoniae. Developing strategies to inhibit this process is paramount in the effective management of infections caused by this pathogen.

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The aim of this study was production of chitosan from chitin of local shrimp shell and comparison its qualitative properties with commercial chitosan which has been produced by crab shell. In the first step, the shells of Persian Gulf   shrimps were prepared and chitin was produced from them by demineralization, deproteinization and discoloration treatments. Then, chitosan was obtained by deacetylation of the chitin. Film samples were prepared by the chitosan and their thickness and water vapor permeability (WVP) were determined and compared with the commercial chitosan. Also, chemical composition (moisture, ash and protein), degree of deacetylation, water binding capacity, fat binding capacity and color of  the produced chitosan samples were determined and compared with the commercial chitosan. The results showed that the chitosan production yield was acceptable (%19.43). In view of the chemical properties, the produced chitosan had lower protein and ash impurites, lower degree of deacetylation, higher water binding capacity and higher fat binding capacity than the commercial chitosan. The prepared film samples of the produced chitosan showed lower water vapor permeability (WVP) than the commercial ones. Also, the produced chitosan had more color lightness than the commercial chitosan. Overall, it can be concluded that it is possible to produce suitable quality chitosan by shells and waste of local shrimp, therefore, the shrimp production and shrimp packaging factories of Iran can be proposed to produce chitosan.  

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Dubbing is the dominant medium of broadcasting foreign audiovisual products in Iran. In addition, various Iranian streaming services and film-sharing websites use dubbed AV products to increase their audience and client base. Considering the vast audience of dubbed products in Iran, the necessity to conduct Persian-language and local culture-based research on dubbing is imperative. Therefore, the present exploratory study aimed to investigate the considerations in selecting the voice and voice actors in the Persian dubbing of foreign films and series. Accordingly, the views of seven professional dubbing directors and voice actors were collected through several sessions of in-depth interviews. The collected qualitative data were analyzed using grounded theory procedures. In the end, the obtained data were divided into four main categories of selection according to the character’s specifications and characterization, the actor’s physical features, the role, and the dubbing director’s experiential considerations. Furthermore, the practical strategies of dubbing directors in dealing with the issue of accents were explored. The first solution was neutralizing the accent, but in case the accent played an important role in the characterization or plot development, manipulating the grammar, shift in word choice, subtitling, and using pseudo-language were the compensating strategies to represent the accent verbally.

1. Introduction
Audiovisual translation (AVT), has enjoyed the attention it deserves in recent years both by the academic and professionals. Audiovisual translation includes various forms and modes, but the major ones include dubbing, subtitling. Dubbing is the dominant mode of the rendition of foreign audiovisual products on the national television networks in Iran. In addition, various Iranian streaming services and film-sharing websites offer dubbed AV products to their audience members. Given the large audience for dubbed products in Iran and the numerous unknown aspects of it, it has become clear that more local research is necessary. As a result, the current exploratory study sought to investigate the factors considered in the selection of voice and voice actors for dubbing foreign films and series.
 
2. Literature Review
Prolific academic inquiries have been conducted to investigate the different dubbing-related issues in Iran (e.g., Ameri, Khoshsaligheh, & Khazaee Farid, 2018; Hejazi and Hamidi, 2019; Mehdizadkhani and Khoshsaligheh, 2018). However, as far as the authors are aware, the present study is the first attempt to shed light on the active role of agents involved in the dubbing process by studying the selection criteria of voice actors in Iran. The current research attempts to find out how Iranian dubbing directors select the suitable voice actors for the dubbing process. More systematic research on dubbing would ultimately result in drawing a fairly comprehensive picture of the dubbing process in Iran.
 
3. Methodology
The present research sets out to explore the under-researched area of voice actor selection in the Iranian dubbing industry. It focuses on the role of dubbing directors, more especially on how they select the voice actors. This research is worth investigation since the result will be informative for AVT translators and researchers, young dubbing directors, voice actors, and people who are interested in dubbing and AVT translation.  In so doing, the views of seven professional dubbing actors in Tehran were collected through several sessions of in-depth face-to-face interviews. Subsequently, the obtained qualitative data was analyzed using grounded theory procedures.
 
4. Results and Conclusion
The collected data was divided into four main categories of selection according to the character’s specifications and characterization, the actor’s physical features, the role, and the dubbing director’s experiential considerations. Additionally, the practical strategies of dubbing directors in dealing with the issue of accent were explored. The first solution was neutralizing the accent, but in case the accent played an important role in the characterization or plot development, manipulating the grammar, shift in word choice, subtitling, and using pseudo-language were the compensating strategies to represent the accent verbally. The present research serves to pave the way for conducting further research in non-translational aspects of dubbing in Iran, expanding the understanding of the dubbing process and the role of the agents involved.

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Electro-induced hydrophilicity of the Ag/TiO₂ nanostructure has been reported in this study. In this work hydrogen plasma bombarded Ag/TiO₂ nanostructure was created using a sequential process including chemical vapor deposition and plasma bombardment.  X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to analyze structure and chemical states of the sample. The prepared Ag/TiO₂ heterostructure has enhanced visible-light-induced hydrophilicity comparing to pure TiO₂. The electro-induced hydrophilicity of the samples was also examined by creating the comb like electrodes on the prepared Ag/TiO₂. A super-hydrophilic surface was achieved by applying an electric bias voltage on the electrodes.

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Volatile compounds generated from two types of polymeric laminated films, irradiated by gamma radiation at 8, 10 and 15 kGy, were investigated. Activated carbon was used as a dry food simulant to trace the migrating compounds by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS). The resulting data showed that the Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)/Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)/Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) film was more resistant to gamma radiation as compared to Biaxial Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP)/Cast Polypropylene (CPP) film. Toxic radiolysis products migrated through both laminated films at 8 and 15 kGy gamma irradiation. The toxic products originating from additives formulated in adhesive and in direct food contact layers may be considered as high risk against the safety of dry foodstuffs such as spices.

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Packaging films are one of the common ways to maintain the quality of food and agricultural products. The effect of PVC and HDPE packaging films, storage and temperature on some mechanical properties, including: the firmness force, yield strain, energy of rupture and modulus of elasticity and also, the viscoelastic behavior of the strawberry fruit was investigated. The mechanical test and relaxation test were done using a texture analyzer. In this study, the stress versus time graph was plotted and three-component Maxwell model coefficients were obtained. According to the results of this study, the use of these films had a positive impact on the yield strain. On the other hand, products in the packaging films were able to store products until the 40th day. In this study, the firmness force of HDPE packaging fruits in 4℃ and 20℃ from 2.17 to 1.10 N, 2.16 to 1.85 N, decrease respectively, during storage. The results show that Maxwell model (RMSE<0.6818 and R2 >0.9158) fits the experimental data. Also, with a retention time, the elastic component of the model is relatively reduced and the application of the packaging prevents the decrease in relaxation time.

 
 

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 The accumulation and composition of berry anthocyanin was measured in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Yatomi Rosa using various light qualities provided by polyethylene films (red, orange, green, blue, and white). The anthocyanin has been enhanced significantly by blue light filter film and suppressed by red, orange, and green films compared to white film (control), which suggests that Yatomi Rosa has adapted photoreceptors to UV-A/blue light. We also observed that Yatomi Rosa mainly accumulated glucosides of peonidin (Pn). Significant differences in composition of anthocyanin were observed in different light filter films. Despite the use of different light quality films, similar patterns were observed for phenylalanineammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumarate: coenzyme A ligase (4CL), and chalcone isomerase (CHI) activities, which are components of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. But the activities of PAL and CHI were induced significantly under blue light filter film, which shows that blue light may increase anthocyanin accumulation in V. vinifera L. by stimulating PAL and CHI activities. The present study confirmed the importance of blue irradiance spectrum in anthocyanin biosynthesis in Yatomi Rosa. The increase of blue light under enough effective transmission light conditions in greenhouses can improve the color of Yatomi Rosa and may be used as a solution to overcome poor berry colors in hot and humid regions of Southern China.

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In this study the effect of different concentrations of three gas mixture (carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen), vacuum conditions and also ordinary conditions as control and flexible multi-layer films for extending shelf life of dried kashk at 20 ⁰C were evaluated. Ordinary conditions as control packaging were compared with four type of modified atmosphere packaging: ((70% N₂ + 30% CO₂), (48% CO₂ +48% N₂ +4% O₂), (30% N₂ + 70% CO₂)), and vacuum conditions, in this project. These samples, (Dried Kashk) were packaged in different flexible multi-layer films under modified atmosphere packaging, 3-layer {PET(12)/ AL(12) (100)},4-layer {PET(12)/AL(7) /PET(12)/LLD (100) } and 3-layer {PET(12)/AL(7)/LLD(100)}. Experiments were performed on samples as follows (total aerobics count, total anaerobics count, pH ، organoleptical evaluations, and analyzed by SPSS. The shelf life , dried kashk were reported in 4-layer , under conditions (70% CO₂ + 30% N₂ ) & (vacuum) & (48% CO₂+ 48% N₂+ 4% O₂) 60, 55, 45 days in (30% CO₂ + 70% N₂ )  and in ordinary conditions were 40 , 30 days, in 3 layer (AL:12), under conditions (70% CO₂ + 30% N₂ ) & (vacuum) & (48% CO₂+ 48% N₂+ 4% O₂) 50, 45, 35 days and in (30% CO₂ + 70% N₂ ) and in ordinary conditions were about 30,25 days, with 3 layer (AL:7), under conditions (70% CO₂ + 30% N₂) & (vacuum) & (48% CO₂+ 48% N₂+ 4% O₂) 40, 35, 30 days, in (30% CO₂ + 70% N₂ ) conditions 25 days and in ordinary condition were 20 days.
So,the usage of 4-layer , under conditions (70% CO₂ + 30% N₂) for shelf life prolongation of dried kashk was evaluated better for long times.
 

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In this research, an antimicrobial bionanocomposites based on carboxymethyl chitosan biopolymer-montmorillonite nanoclay was synthesized in the presence of titanium oxide nanoparticles. Investigation of surface morphology images with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows the rough and heterogeneous surface of nanocomposites in comparison with pure carboxymethyl chitosan. The results of the XRD test showed that the diffusion of nanoclay in the presence of TiO₂ nanoparticles changed from full sheets to between layers sheets. The addition of TiO₂ nanoparticles caused a significant increase (p˂0.05) in turbidity in nanocomposites. The effect of TiO₂ nanoparticles on reducing the amount of Gram-positive bacteria of Staphylococcus aureus is more than the effect of TiO₂ nanoparticles on reducing the amount of gram-negative bacteria of Escherichia coli. By increasing the percentage of TiO₂ nanoparticles, its efficacy in removing colonies of both bacteria is increased. Water solubility and Vapor permeability of nanobiocomposite films decreased with increasing weight percentage of TiO₂. The tensile strength of the film containing TiO₂ nanoparticles is more than the tensile strength of neat carboxymethyl chitosan film, which is statistically significant (p˂0.05). The study demonstrated the high potential of bionanocomposites in preventing the growth of pathogenic bacteria and showed that such packages could be used to increase the shelf-life of food.
 

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Recently, the design and production of biodegradable films have received special attention than synthetic packaging due to the reduction of environmental pollution. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Persian gums (1%) and gellan gum (1%) on the physical, mechanical and morphological properties of composite films based on sodium caseinate (10%) as film reinforcing agents. The films were synthesized by solvent evaporation and the effect of each gum on the characteristics of the composite films was evaluated. The results showed that the addition of gums strengthened the composite films. So that the composite films showed mechanical resistance and good barrier properties versus moisture and light. The surface properties and morphology of the films also showed that the gums were well computability to the casein film and formed uniform and stiff films. In addition, composite films had acceptable transparency. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of composite films and the combination of different polysaccharides with protein matrices can improve the properties of the resulting films. On the other hand, by adding antimicrobial and antioxidant agents to biodegradable films, they can be considered as active packaging.

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In this study, different concentrations of aqueous extract of Chubak root (at levels of zero, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2%) with different concentrations of rosemary essential oil nanoemulsion (zero, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2%) was used to optimize the production of biodegradable gelatin-based film. Test responses were statistically significant for all fitted regression models at 99% confidence level. To optimize film production, maximum transparency, contact angle, tensile strength, Elongation at Brake to the point of rupture and minimum solubility, swelling and vapor permeability were evaluating. After fitting the models, the results showed that the effect of aqueous extract of Chubak root and rosemary essential oil nanoemulsion on all responses was significant (P <0.05). Increasing the aqueous extract of Chubak root and nanoemulsion of rosemary essential oil increased the thickness, contact angle and Elongation at Brake to the point of rupture and decreased moisture content, vapor permeability, transparency, solubility, tensile strength and swelling. Based on the results of model prediction and comparison with experimental values, aqueous extract of Chubak root at a concentration of 2% and nanoemulsion of rosemary essential oil with a concentration of 0.77% were obtained as optimal values.

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In the present research, gelatin-sodium alginate films incorporated with various concentrations of yarrow essential oil were prepared. The release of yarrow essential oil from gelatin-sodium alginate films into watery (distillated water), acidic (acetic acid 3%), alcoholic (ethanol 10%) and fatty (ethanol 85%) food simulants was measured at 25 ºC. In each simulant, all films had similar release profiles with an initial fast release followed by a sustained slow release. Results indicated that yarrow essential oil released faster from film in watery food stimulant due to the swelling in water. Films maintained their structures in fatty food simulant after 240 h. The artificial neural network (ANN) and mathematical (first order, Kopcha, Higuchi, Korsmeyer-Peppas, Weibull function and Hixson-crowell) models were applied to describing essential oil release from film. Mathematical modeling results indicated that Weibull model could satisfactorily describe the release kinetics of essential oil for all food simulant (minimal correlation coefficient (R²) and mean square error (MSE) of 0.991 and 10.22, respectively). The ANN model with 3-17-15-1 topology accurately predicted the kinetic release of yarrow essential oil from gelatin-sodium alginate film in all food simulant with R² = 0.999 and MSE = 0.56.

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The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most popular and widely consumed vegetables in the world, being also the most common vegetable within the Mediterranean diet. The last few years have seen the appearance on the market of several types of agricultural plastic developed to alter the spectrum of radiation that enters the greenhouse, sometimes filtering it and, in other cases, intensifying certain wavelength bands. The objective of this study was to evaluate the production of tomato cultivated under different covers and to analyze the profitability of the yield, under each of them. A study was carried out in six tunnel greenhouses, with an area of 100 m² each, to evaluate the effect of different types of plastic roof, with different radiation properties. The yield of tomatoes was recorded and valued economically as a function of the mean prices of the Consejería de Agricultura de la Región de Murcia (CARM) (Department of Agriculture of the Region of Murcia) of the last years and one survey of the wholesale markets network (Mercas) and farmers, in order to know the weekly prices according to the caliber. The production costs of each of the alternatives were determined and the net present value of the yield and the annualized value were obtained. The highest annualized value was obtained with the UVA100%e cover (€24,856.04 per year), followed by UV90%e and PeTc (€18,931.49 and €16,205.53 per year, respectively). The LDe and Anti NIR covers provided the poorest results (€3,954.93 and €10,480.40 per year, respectively).
 

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of storage conditions “relative humidity”, “temperature” and “light”, each one at two levels (high and low), on the weight and color of dried seedless barberry after 120 days' storage. The effect of conditions was statistically analyzed in a completely randomized design experiment based on factorial. After adjusting the moisture content barberry color were measured for both samples. The samples in weights of 100g in the bags made of low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene cast (CPP) were packaged and coded. Then samples were placed in a given storage conditions. Based on the results, all the hue angle and a/b ratio have not changed in all the packaging samples of films in the condition of “high relative humidity, low temperature and darkness” and “high relative humidity, low temperature and brightness” after 120 days of storage. The lowest difference in weight was observed in both samples packaged in bags of LDPE and HDPE films, at the same conditions. Also, in all the packaging samples at the “high relative humidity × low temperature” state, the lowest hue angle, lowest chroma and highest a/b ratio were observed, whilst at the similar state, the lowest difference in weight in samples packaged in polypropylene cast film bags was observed.