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Abstract
Today, in the era of the domination of the virtual world over the real world, with the expansion of the Internet and social networks, social communication and subsequent elements of individual identity has undergone extensive quantitative and qualitative changes. Women, as the majority of social media users, are more exposed to threats and psychological harm than ever due to their physical and psychological characteristics. One of the types of harms that can be explained in the context of the knowledge of social psychology is "self-objectification".
     The present study is applied in terms of purpose, and descriptive-survey in terms of implementation. The statistical population of the study is 271 high school girls in Kashan. By distributing a standard questionnaire with closed-ended questions, the necessary information was collected. In the process of objectification, women under the influence of media advertisements, draw ideals for themselves and in the same direction, they constantly evaluate and review themselves, and if they see their appearance closer to current patterns at the media, they gain self-confidence; otherwise, they become involved in physical shame. As a result, their self-confidence appears to be conditioned by the fact that it puts their mental health at risk, and this type of risky behavior based on criminological theories such as the lifestyle theory of Gottfredson and Hindelang is likely Increases victimization; Because the more recreational activities and leisure a person has, and the more she interacts with criminals or in criminal or dangerous environments, the more likely she is to become a victim.
 
Key words: Women Victimization, Social Networks, Self- objectification, Social Prevention

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Urban spaces have been best place for public arts such as Tazieh science old ages. People can be gathered in urban spaces for sighting and social interactions. Iranian Traditional urban spaces have been had special characteristics such as pedestrian-orientation and physical proportion that Iranian and Islamic public arts have been done in its spaces. But these qualities were threatened by modern buildings, traffic and spaces that affected tradition urban space. The aim of this research is study relation between Iranian and Islamic public arts and physical and social dimensions of urban spaces. Tazieh is one of the most important types of Iranian and Islamic public arts that are done in urban spaces. These dramas need central public space which peoples can be gathered around and tazieh is done in center of place. Other ceremonies such as local games and competitions, religious ceremonies also need human conditions, physical proportion. Order of Tabriz historic bazaar in social and cultural, economic and physical Dimensions can be extended to explain the features of the identification and analysis, planning and decision-making will be used. Hojreh system based on Hojreh spatial and physical Tabriz, Iranian-Islamic culture; Tabriz cold climate, politics, growing gradually over time and tailored to the needs of his time and in harmony with its surrounding context etc.

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Aims: Drug abuse among college students continues as a major public-health concern. Theory-driven research is necessary to address and find causes. The current research investigates the utility of Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in designing and implementing a drug abuse educational prevention program among medical college students. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted among 120 college students in two groups: experimental and control, who were randomly enrolled at the baseline survey. We used a questionnaire, which included three sections of background data (11 questions), knowledge about the side effects of drug abuse questionnaire (16 questions), and TPB-based questionnaire (20 questions). Educational planning was based on active learning with using group discussion, printed leaflet, and audio-visual CD. The participants were followed up after 2-month intervention. Data were analyzed by the SPSS software version 16 using appropriate statistical tests such as stepwise multiple logistic regressions and t-test. Findings: Almost 6.7% of the participants had a history of drug abuse. The three predictors of 1) attitude, 2) subjective norms, and 3) perceived behavioral control accounted for 48 % of the variation in the outcome measure of the intention to drug abuse. There was a significant improvement in average response for knowledge about the side effects of drug abuse and TPB variables among the students who were under intervention (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Designing intervention to reduce positive attitude and subjective norms toward drug abuse among college students could be useful to substance abuse prevention.

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Different types of soil erosion including gully erosion occur in many parts of Iran. The west of Iran is further threatened by gully erosion due to its specific physical and climatic conditions. However, few studies have been carried out to study the sediment production of gully erosion in Iran. This research was therefore conducted to measure storm-wise sediment production of gully erosion in the west of Iran. To achieve the study objectives, 48 gullies located in three small watersheds viz. Darreh-Shahr, Abbas-Abad and Hollowsh in Ilam and Lorestan Provinces were monitored. The volumes of gullies were measured before and after 5 rainstorms for Darreh-Shahr and Abbas Abad watersheds and 6 rainstorms for Hollowsh watershed from 2005 to 2007. Sediment production was calculated on storm basis for each gully. The results revealed that the minimum and maximum volumes of gully erosion were 0.002 and 1.010 m³, respectively, for one millimeter of rainfall. The results indicated that soil moisture, percentage of silt and clay, amount and intensity of rainfall and drainage area were the most important factors on formation and sediment production of gully erosion.

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Aim: Recently, prevention of osteoporosis has become the goal of many health professionals. Behavior change is one of the most powerful strategies for osteoporosis prevention. This study aimed to determine calcium intake in order to identify osteoporosis preventive behavior in women aged 30-50 years in Khorramabad city, Iran. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study included 269 women aged 30-50 years who were selected from all the health centers of Khorramabad city according to the inclusion criteria of the study and by cluster and systematic sampling. The tools for data collection were valid and reliable questionnaires of demographic information, stages of change, decisional balance, self-efficacy, and calcium intake. Chi-square test and logistic regression were applied to analyze the data. Findings: The mean age of the subjects was 38.72±7.003, and the mean total calcium weekly intake was 3191.03±3869.24. The results also showed that self-efficacy among the constructs of the Trans-theoretical Model (TTM) was a significant predictive of dietary calcium intake for the behavior. Conclusion: The results showed that the weekly intake calcium in women was low. Self-efficacy among the constructs of the TTM was the only significant predictive for osteoporosis prevention behavior. Therefore, the findings of this study can be considered when designing educational interventions for prevention of osteoporosis by health authorities.

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Background: Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin and is essential nutrient for metabolic and physiological processes in the human body. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of educational program regarding vitamin D deficiency preventive behaviors and vitamin D supplement amongmiddle-aged women living in Karaj, Iran.
Methods and Materials: Two hundred forty middle-aged women (30-60 years old) with vitamin D deficiency were randomly selected from referrers to comprehensive health centers after blood test. The selected individuals were randomly divided into three equal interventional groups of preventive behaviors education, supplemental consumption, combination of preventive behavior education and supplemental vitamin D consumption, and one control group with sample size of 60 individuals in each group. Six months after intervention, the level of vitamin D in serum of all subjects was measured and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) was used to determine the subjects' general health.
Results: The results showed that the group which were educated to improve preventive behaviors and also were prescribed supplemental vitamin D was significantly better than the other groups regarding vitamin D deficiency improvement and general health score (P < 0.05). Combination of complementary and education was more effective than the other methods and significantly improved the general health (PV < 0.0001)
Conclusion: This study showed the simultaneous supplementary prescription and preventive behavior education was the most effective to prevent vitamin D deficiency.

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Volunteers are an organization's most complete human resource to hold a successful sporting event. Maintaining a volunteer workforce and motivating volunteers to continue their activities is one of the most important tasks of sporting event managers. This study aimed to investigate how volunteers' involvement in the 14th Sports Olympiad for University Students in Iran affected their behavior. For this purpose, 157 volunteers present at the 14th Sports Olympiad for University Students in Iran were randomly selected as the research sample. Researchers collected data using the Zitsmal et al. (1996) Modified Scale of Behavioral Intentions, Doherty's community involvement scale (2009), and Zaichkowsky's Event Involvement Questionnaire (1994). In order to test the hypotheses, structural equation modeling was used. The results showed that the measurement model has appropriate internal consistency, convergent validity and Discriminant validity. It was confirmed that all variables used in the study were accurate. In the structural model results, the index for determining the coefficient of behavioral intentions was 0.44. Showed that social participation and event participation had a moderate and positive correlation with each other (0.40), and community involvement and event involvement, respectively, with path coefficients of 0.45 and 0.34, had an effect on behavioral intentions, so it can be concluded that understanding the psychological and behavioral aspects of volunteers, such as types of involvement, helps sports organizations in attracting volunteers. In this way, they can maximize the willingness of volunteers to involvement in the future.

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Today, sports are an essential part of the diplomatic tools of countries. As a desirable tool, the sport can shape the preferences of others through soft power. Therefore, the researcher decided to identify the political functions of public diplomacy and soft power in sports and tourism in Iran. This research was conducted in the framework of a qualitative approach, and data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The statistical population of the study was experts in the field of politics, sports and tourism, including five sports faculty members, five tourism faculty members, seven political science faculty members, and five people with executive work experience in the tourism and cultural heritage organization, and athletes with a history of participating in international competitions. The data collection method was a previous research study and an in-depth and open interview. In order to measure the reliability of the research, an intra-subject agreement was used. The average level of intra-subject agreement was reported as 89%. Based on the findings of the semi-structured interview, the most important political functions of public diplomacy and soft power in Iran's sports and tourism were six components: political character, foreign policy, domestic policy, political awareness, combating isolation, information and communication. According to the results of the research, it is suggested to use the advantage of sports, which is a common language between nations, to increase international communication and political awareness of sports ambassadors because of the benefits of the negotiations of athletes and coaches in sports events compared to official politicians; Diplomacy and communication are spontaneous and will face fewer restrictions.
 

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Nariman Tirgar Fagheri Mohammad Hossein Najafi Abarand Abadi The restriction of custodial sentences is the importance subject which suggested in the criminal policy of the most pencl system. In this article we dislussed the global efforts and criminal legislation policy of Iran for restriction of custeidal sentence. The main motives to notice of such policy are tbe unsuccesfully costoidal sentence in socialre reintegration of offenders goals of decreasing prison over crowching and preventional recidivism decreasing of expenditure that resulting enforcement of custoidal sentence. Also the efforts for restrictional custoidal sentence in global level has as effects on national legislation with the guiding rules. At this fundation we discussed regional international activities for restriction of custiodal sentence of finally the changes of Iranian criminal legislation policies in before ofter islamic revolution. Consequencely ofter considering the global efforts to criminal legistation policy of iran we needs to supply certain practical method. It also suggsted that to be supply certain practical method with vespect of accepted principal for sentences and with consideveing the international practical method to guiding rules in ordered to suitable used of adjustment to atieration to suspention policy of cuntiodal sentence.

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Aim: This is a cross- sectional study to assess low back pain preventive behaviors among Iranians nursing aides who provide direct patient care in hospitals. Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) comprise significant occupational injuries and disabilities within the nursing profession. Studies show that implementing a safe patient handling can prevent low back pain among nursing aides. Methods: This study was conducted in Qom (Iran) in 2015 with a sample of 452 eligible nursing aides working in six educational hospitals affiliated with Qom University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected by a researcher-developed questionnaire with 29 questions in two sections of demographic questions (17 items), and low back pain preventive behaviors were adopted from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) guidelines for nurses (12 items). Findings: Totally, 452 nursing aides suffering from chronic low back pain participated in the study, which included 289 males (63.9%) and 163 females (36.6%) with mean age of 37.71 (SD = 8.3) years. The mean score of applying low back pain preventive behaviors was 32.9 ± 7.7. Fifty nine participants (13.1%) had poor behavior scores, 251 participants (55.5 %) obtained average scores, and 142 participants (31.4 %) achieved acceptable scores due to their preventive behaviors. The majority of the studied nursing aides (68.6%) did not consistently perform safe patient handling. Conclusion: This study showed that most nursing aides had low preventive behaviors regarding maintaining their body mechanics. Thus, evaluating the causes of failing to do safe behaviors /safe patient handling  is strongly recommended in Iran.

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Aim: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main contributor to disability and the leading cause of death in Iran and worldwide. This study was done to determine the effect of education on behaviors related to CVDs among Yazd city restaurants` chefs.
Method: In an experimental study, the intervention factor for case group was education through lectures, pamphlets, and videos. All the restaurant and hotel chefs of Yazd were divided into two groups: intervention and control (each group 39). Data were gathered through a researcher-made questionnaire with confirmed validity and reliability. All registered data were transformed to the SPSS program and analyzed under Mann-Whitney's U, Wilcoxon's, McNemar's, Marginal homogeneity, Spearman's correlation, and Chi-square tests.
Findings: Before training, the average scores of knowledge, attitude and practice had no significant differences between the case and control groups (p≥0/05), but this difference was significant immediately and three months after education (p>0/05). Significant differences were observed in the scores of the knowledge and attitude of the intervention group between prior and immediately and three months after education (p>0/05). Also three months after the intervention, the mean score of practice was increased in the intervention group. The main information source of the subjects was media (63.5%) with physicians being their preferred source (62.2%).
Conclusion: According to the average knowledge of chefs before the intervention and significant role of chefs on cardiovascular health, improving their information through regular training programs (in consultation and health education centers), posters, pamphlets, and media is suggested.

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Aim: Nowadays, life is endangering women’s health, so that without organizational support, women are engaged in unhealthy life styles. Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease that increases the risk of bone fracture by creating a structural abnormality in the bone. Osteoporosis is a common disease among middle-age and older persons, especially women. Therefore, the necessity of implementing strategic plans to prevent osteoporosis is significantly important. This study was designed to determine the prediction of osteoporosis preventive behaviors using the Health Belief Model (HBM).
Methods: This cross-sectional study was done among 200 women referred to the health centers in Taft in 2016. A stage simple random sampling was used. In order to gather the data a questionnaire consistent with the structures of HBM was used. Data were analyzed using the SPSS v16 and descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, and mean±SD) and analysis (Linear regression). The significance level was 0.5.
Findings: The mean age of the participants was 53 years. Linear regression analysis showed the perceived awareness among the participants (p> 0.001).
Conclusion: The results showed that HBM is able to predict well the osteoporosis preventive behaviors in women. The findings of this survey confirm the efficiency of HBM in adopting preventive actions of osteoporosis.

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Aim: Nursing has obtained the second rank regarding Work – Related MusculoSkeletal Disorders (WRMSDs). This study aimed to assess if self –efficacy could be the best predictor for back Pain Prevention Behavior among health care workers.
Method and Instruments:
In this cross-sectional study, 452 healthcare workers who were working in different wards of the 6 general hospitals affiliated to Qom University of Medical Sciences were randomly selected through convenience sampling method. Data were collected through 3 scales such as demographic questionnaire, Work Related Low Back Pain Predictors Questionnaire (WRLBPPQ) and a checklist for assessing the preventive behaviors of spinal damage and analyzed through descriptive and analytic tests through SPSS version 16.
Finding: A total of 452 individuals participated in the study (289 males and 163 females) with a mean age of 37± 8.3 years. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that self-efficacy was the most important predictor for back Pain Prevention Behavior (Standardized Coefficients: 0.218, P value < 0.0001)
Conclusion: The results of this study can be used to develop an education program based on self-efficacy training/promoting among healthcare workers.
 

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Story is one of the ancient forms of literature which has an old history among the nations. India among the eastern nations is also a mystical land whose numerous narrative masterpieces such as Mehabeharata and Ramayana are of importance. Nal and Daman is an episode of this narrative work which was translated from Sanskrit to Persian by Feizi Dakani, Malek-Al- Shoara of the court of the king Akbar in tenth century and then it was rendered in verse by him! Translation of various Indian stories to Persian in king Akbar period until the extinction of the rule of Teimourian predominantly influenced the Persian story-telling in the interim between the tenth to twelfth century. The present study represents an attempt to structurally analyze the Nal and Daman story based on the constituents of a story such as plot, character, point of view and so on. The achieved result is that the mentioned story simply has all the constituent elements of the modern story but it lacks the complexity of these kinds of stories.

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Chronic MusculoSkeletal Disorders (MSD) affects about 20% of adults, yielding significant functional, professional and mood disabilities, resulting in surprising economic burden annually worldwide . Low Back Pain (LBP) and chronic cervical pain are the most common and catastrophic ones leading in disability and work absenteeism . Despite wide coverage of researches and literature regarding chronic MSD pain and developing evidence-based guidelines to help patients and physicians , the high proportion of such patients suggests shortage of present strategies. Studies showed neglected acute pains could cause neuroplasticity processes in Central Nerve System (CNS) which stimulate pain centers without stimulants leading to chronic pain that is difficult to manage . Therefore, prevention of pain chronicity might have large effects in terms of patients’ quality of life and costs for health care system. We need to know: factors influencing pain chronicity, recognizing tools to detect these factors and using strategies to target factors for further changes.

 

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Based on Talmy’s (2000) lexicalization patterns, languages are considered either verb-framed or satellite-framed in terms of the language unit (either verb roots or satellites) that encodes Path of motion.  According to Talmy’s hypothesis Indo-European languages except for Post Hellenic and Romans fall into satellite-framed class, since speakers of these languages conflate Manner of motion in the verb roots, while Path appears in satellites. This paper investigates the pervasive pattern Persian pre-school speaker children use to express motion components, namely Manner and Path in elicited narratives based on ten short animated clips simultaneously demonstrating Manner and path of motion. The Children’s narratives have further been compared to those of adults in order to highlight differences and similarities in mapping two semantic components onto language units. In the end, it has been discussed whether or not Persian, as an Indo-European language fits into Talmy’s binary typology. The analysis in this study illustrates that when narrating motion pictures, children follow the same pattern as adults do to encode Manner and Path; both groups employ path verbs with or without path satellites for vertical displacements, and prepositional phrases for horizontal trajectories where boundary crossing occurs. Manner of motion is either conflated in verb roots or not mentioned. Therefore as far as Path of motion is concerned, Persian language within the scope of the present study fits into verb-framed class of languages

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