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Indo-european worldview has been reflected considerably in the formation of the Persian poem and prose, because of its literary and contextual grandeur. It has affected many works in various aspects, so that its mythology has been used in the prominent works such as Firdausi's Shahnameh and the Kyrgyz epic of Manas. However, the way of possessing such a worldview by Shahnameh and Manas is the subject of current research. In this regard, we have described and considered the behavior of heroes in the two works based on the George Dumezil's Three Functions Theory. Our study reveals that the tree functions of the theory have been applied all over the stories of these two epics. This theory is based on the two vises: coordination and contrast; meanwhile Shahnameh and Manas are based on goodness and evil, which are symbolized in heroes such as Siavash/Bakai as well as Rostam/Manas. The first section consists of the wisdom, intellect and calmness symbols, and the second section is related to the symbols of violence, stringency warmness, militancy, and self discipline; while ordering the Quadruplet elements system, provides the people with peace and self-coordination by its force. Moreover, there are invulnerable Demons and Personages in both epics such as Esfandiar (in Shahnameh) and Malgun and Mady Khan (in Manas). However, their only vulnerable spots are their eyes through which they must be killed and their dominance must be ended. This is the motif of “Killing the Demon by blinding him”, which forms one of the worldview's elements mentioned in Indo-european mythology.

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Ph.D. Student of Persian Language and Literature , Tehran University & Researcher of the Academy of Persian Language and Literature Romanticists have been the center of global attention for two decades by providing a new viewpoint in the fields of literal, cultural, social and political global studies. Romanticism as a live school of thought is a fundamental Part of modern culture more than being a real phenomenon of 19th century. Actually it is a new approach in global studies more than a mere literal school. The most important principle of this school is individualism, individual perfection and individual unlimitation,with emphasizing the role of imagination. From the literary aspect it is a new and ontological evaluation through poetry. Imagination has an important place in the aesthetics of Romanticism, actually the special approach of this school to Imagination, should have specified and distinguished it from the others. Modern art and literature in Iran comes from our familiarity with western thought which lead us to understand western culture and Philosophy. Definitely it is very important to understand different origins of this thought for a better understanding of it. In this article, we survey one of the Romanticism aesthetic features, i.e. "imagination" and its emergence in Persian poetry during the "constitutional time", as the earliest time of this style evolution.

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Although European integration was aimed at expanding regional co-operation and greater integration between member states, but the Corona Virus has threatened its main objectives. The purpose of this inquiry is to analyze the potential consequences of the spread of the Corona Virus on European co-operation and European strategic co-operation to manage this crisis. The present study was based on the hypothesis that weaknesses and failure of the EU members in the face of Corona Virus has intensified unilateralism among members of the European Union. The author using descriptive- analytic method looks consequences of Corona Virus in European countries. The research findings indicated that the Corona Virus triggered cracking of the gap between the states of the north and south and the emergence of populist movements. Also, hopelessness and mistrust, unemployment and poverty have been increased among EU members. In response to the crisis, the European Union has begun to strengthen its governance by looking at the previous experience and with investments in the health sector as a way to enhance the swing, flexibility and stability of the member countries economy.

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  The main problem of this article is Islamism as a social –political discourse. The hypothesis is that Islamism isa typical resistance against the hegemony of European modernity discourse. Islamism discourse, with political definition from Islam, attracts the forces of marginalized and excluded frommodernization discourse. This discourse suggests analternative model for communitymanagement through a new formation that offers from Islam. Islamism discourse challenges the European modernization in Islamic societies. With offering a political narrative from Islam, Islamists provide resistance forces against the hegemony of European modernity discourse.

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The disappearance of bipolar system following the disintegration of the Soviet :union:, has also changed many strategic concepts. Central Asia, as a part of the Soviet empire, has become an arena for regional and global challenges after these transformations. The region, already faced with various political, economic, social and cultural problems, soon became a location for the activities of Islamic fundamentalists, which in turn intensified regional crisis. Different socio-political problems made the ground for these activities. The basic question of this paper is: What is the role of NATO enlargement and its effects on security provision in Central Asia? This paper tries to answer that, “what role can NATO play in Central Asia in order to provide security in this region specially after September 11th and the following events”. Based on current security issues in Central Asia, America has seriously emphasized on socio-economic reforms under the” Greater Middle East” framework. Central Asian leaders are obliged to control political, social and economic crisis to prevent terrorist acts and reduce public dissatisfaction. Political transformations following the Soviet :union: collapse have clearly revealed that the roots of threat and instability in Central Asia are essentially internal. Sooner or later, leaders of these states have to resolve these threats, based on a clear understanding of regional sociopolitical realities.

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 The European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana (Denis and Schiffermueller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is a significant pest causing economic damage to vineyards worldwide. In this research, the cold tolerance of the pupae and its relationship with diapause was investigated at 23 ± 0.5 °C, 70 ± 5% RH, and LD 12:12 h. One-day-old eggs were transferred to LD 12:12 h to induce diapause at the pupal stage. Diapausing pupae exhibited a mean supercooling point (SCP) of -24.35 °C, whereas in the non-diapausing pupae (23 ± 0.5 °C, 70 ± 5% RH, LD 16:8 h), it was -23.06 °C, with no significant difference between the two groups. Furthermore, diapausing pupae demonstrated significantly higher cold tolerance (LT₅₀ of -14.43 °C) than non-diapausing pupae (LT₅₀ of -3.33 °C). Diapausing pupae tolerated subzero temperatures without significant changes in the SCP, tolerating 11 °C lower than control pupae due to the short daylength alone. Our results suggest that the diapause state and cold hardiness of L. botrana are independent of changes after SCP, and the insect employs a freeze-intolerant strategy to overcome subzero temperatures. Cold acclimation at -5 and -10 °C for 72 h induced a significant decrease in the SCP of diapausing pupae, while a 72-h cold acclimation had no notable impact on the SCP of non-diapausing pupae. These findings provide valuable insights into the survival mechanisms of the European grapevine moth under cold conditions and diapause-related adaptations.


 

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Persian carpet weaving is one of Iran’s most famous industries that has attracted the world’s attention to Persian arts through the centuries. What above all, have given prominence to Persian carpet as a beautiful work of art are the pattern and its composition in a two-dimensional space. The diversity of patterns, use of deep and beautiful colors, good composition, harmony of colors, delicate and poetic composition are among the most outstanding features of Persian carpet. Industrial advancement and development of transportation in the 19th century led the western explorers to travel eastward making them acquainted with the cultural heritage of these civilizations. William Morris, the leading thinker and artist of the British Arts and Crafts Movement is among the first to conduct a research on Persian carpet’s patterns and designs. In this paper, we are proposing a semiotic approach to the transaction between Persian artists who made beautiful and ever-lasting carpet designs and William Morris as a pioneer of Pre-Modern Movements in Europe, who studied and recognized the underlying principles of Persian art (mostly carpet), and applied them in a creative way to his own remarkable hand-made designs.

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Foreign policy cooperation and coordination among the European Community member states and presenting Europe with a single voice, has long been an important challenge within the European Community/European :union:, especially since early 1970s. In the early 1990s, following the collapse of the USSR and the end of the Cold War, there was a general speculation in Europe that the EC may be able to play a new role in international system and fill the vacuum created by the the Soviet :union:. The Kuwait crisis, in the wake of Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990, was the first test for the European ambitions in the post-cold war era. Many European leaders saw it as an opportunity to present a European initiative and play an effective role towards the crisis. Then, the first reactions of the EC, unprecedentedly, were quick and unanimous. This unanimity continued during the first phase of the crisis, when the counter-measures to the crisis were mainly economic and to a lesser extent political. But with the appearance of the military dimension of the crisis, the EC was no longer able to maintain unanimous standand the member states were divided into two camps: Atlanticists and Europeanists. Britain, occasionally supported by Denmark and Netherlands, sided with the US which pursued a military solution to the crisis. While the Franco-German axe, followed by the rest of member states, preferred a diplomatic solution to the crisis in a longer span. As far as the military operation seemed imminent, the division became deeper. In practice, when military operation began, the Europeans have no choice except to follow the American lead. These developments were influential on formation of the common foreign and security policy (CFSP) as the second pillar of the EU in Maastricht in 1992.

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In today’s markets, production systems must satisfy simultaneously productivity, quality, and cost requirements. In these systems managers should focus on managing the flow of production through all the steps that add value to the final product. Lean production as an efficient approach has been presented in the literature of production management for increasing the level of products' quality and decreasing the cost of production. Although this approach is introduced and studied in many of works, but there are still some challenges in applying it. It means that there is not a comprehensive model for assessing and analyzing the lean production in manufacturing firms. This paper tries to present a model that is able to accurately analyze and measure the leanness degree of firms. At first step a hierarchical model for measuring the degree of leanness has been designed. The proposed model applied at the Yazd Tile and Ceramic Industries and the degree of leanness of these industries was measured. Finally, some suggestions for improving the degree of leanness in these industries have been presented.

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        Assessment of inventive step is one of the difficult and challengeable steps of registering a subject in the patent offices. For the establishment of this condition, different tests are used. In America, Europe and Japan patent offices, it is dividable into main and secondary criteria. Studies indicate that assessments in America compared with Europe, and especially Japan, are of lower level, because in Europe and Japan, assessment of inventive step is done in subtle form. In Iran, unlike the abave patent offices, assessment is not performed intensively in patent office and by experts; rather, it is performed via inquiry from the experts of collegiate institutes and science and technology parks. However, due to lack of skilled experted fully aware of the literature of patent, assessment of inventive step is not performed in subtle form, indicating the alloy of oneness of novelty and inventive step. The present paper tries to recognized the assessments tests of inventive step requirement, and then study Iran’s situation in this respect.                    
 

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Using HPLC, the seasonal changes in the phenolic compound content of the leaves of the Gemlik olive cultivar (Olea europaea L) has been investigated with respect to the effects on the alternate bearing of the cultivar. For this purpose, the leaf concentrations of oleuropein, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, 3-hydroxycinnamic acid, scopolin and pcoumaric acid were analyzed at 10 day intervals around the years. The quantity and distribution of these phenolics in the leaves showed significant differences in 2008 (off year) and 2009 (on year). In the “on” year, the levels of chlorogenic and p-coumaric acids were high, whereas the abundance of other phenolic compounds was low. In contrast, during the “off” year, the chlorogenic and p-coumaric acid levels were at low levels, whereas the levels of the other phenolics were high. We found a negative relationship between the chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid concentrations in the “on” and “off” years: the amount of caffeic acid in the leaves was high, and the chlorogenic acid level was low. The contents of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, 3-hydroxycinnamic acid and p-coumaric acid were significantly different in the “on” and “off” years. These findings indicated that these compounds and the other phenolics examined in this study were related to alternate bearing. Interestingly, the levels of all of the phenolic compounds examined in this study were at their highest during the dormant season.

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"Fairy tales" are considered one of the popular narrative and literary genres in the world. The global spread of these stories is such that reaching a convinced and comprehensive theory about the origin of fairy tales has been associated with many challenges and difficulties, as well as the views expressed in this field also face many challenges and problems. The widespread popularity of these stories in Indo-European cultures, and the existence of similar narrative patterns, elements and functions in these stories are other issues that show the necessity of research to explain the narrative and historical origins of fairy tales. In this article, in order to analyze the narrative and historical origins of the formation of fairy tales; the problem of the ancient spread and dissemination of these stories in Indo-European cultures; ritual and epistemic functions of these stories in these cultures and its connection with the cultural and ritual foundations of the Indo-European peoples, relying on the narrative, ritual and mythological evidence, we investigate and analyze the origins of the formation of fairy tales. The results of the research show that the primary origin of the formation of fairy tales goes to "the second millennium BC"; That is, it goes back to the period of confrontation between the Indo-European peoples in Iran, Asia Minor and Europe with the native cultures and rituals of the lands they migrated to, as a common narrative and epistemological system can be seen in these stories, which had an educational function with a political-ideological approach for their audience and in connection with the young or adult audience, they have had their own special narrative and cultural form and function. Also, the long-term and ancient continuation of these stories has been the source of the formation of some narratives such as exogamy.
Extended Abstract
Fairy tales are among the important literary genres in Indo-European cultures. Similar meanings and derivations of the concept 'fairy' in Indo-European languages, as well as the presence of relatively common narrative elements, motifs, functions, and narrative structures in these tales, indicate a common narrative and epistemological system in these stories. Given the global spread of these tales in Indo-European cultures, this indicates the very old age of this narrative and epistemological system in these stories. One of the significant challenges in the field of fairy tale studies is understanding the narrative and historical origins of these stories. In this article, relying on various narrative, historical and mythological evidences, the narrative and historical origins of the formation of fairy tales are investigated and analyzed. In this study, we try to find out the reason for the ancient spread of fairy tales in Indo-European cultures; the relation between the intellectual and epistemological system of these stories with the cultural and ritual foundations of Indo-European peoples; and the ritual and epistemological functions of these narratives in these cultures, so that finally a historical and narrative origin can be considered as the origin of the formation of fairy tales.
Before the dominance of Indo-European immigrant tribes in the regions of Greece, Asia Minor and Iran, the Mesopotamia civilization with a history of five thousand years BC, as one of the oldest origins of human civilization and one of the most important origins of the systematic rituals of goddesses in the ancient world, had significant effects on religious systems in Iran, Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt and even Central Asia and parts of Europe. Archaeological evidence shows that in Iranian societies before the Aryans (under the influence of Mesopotamian rituals) there have been rituals of worshiping female gods. The dominance of Indo-European peoples over Greece and Asia Minor in the second millennium BC and later Iran in the first millennium BC played an important role in the evolutions of the ancient world, especially in Iran and its surrounding lands. The belief of the Indo-European peoples in gods with the characteristics of order, treaty and militarism with male characteristics; their tendency towards social centralism and descentism based on their own cultural-ideological characteristics, gave them different cultural and ritual characteristics, which was in conflict with the cultural and ritual foundations of the natives of their migration destination. On the other hand, close to the age of arrival of the first branches of the Aryan peoples in the Asia Minor, significant political and ideological developments had also begun in the Mesopotamia, as parallel to the concentration and consolidation of powers in the Mesopotamian states, and the transformation of city-states into larger states and the rise of the powerful states of Assyria and Babylon, a gradual transformation from subjectivity to objectivity and centralism occurred in ancient discourses and ideologies, which altogether, it was accompanied by the increasing decline of matrilineal rituals and cultures related to goddesses and the predominance of rituals and cultures related to male gods. One of the oldest forms of these cultural developments can be seen in the Sumerian narrative "The Tale of Gilgamesh" (which is the oldest surviving written epic from about 4175 years ago). This story is one of the primary forms of cultural transformation of an ancient goddess (i.e. Ishtar: the powerful goddess of Mesopotamia and Syria).
The continuation of these developments has played an important role in the political (and later cultural) domination of Indo-European peoples in the lands of their immigration destination. In fact, the secret of the gradual dominance of the less advanced Indo-Europeans over the advanced and long-lasting civilizations of the lands of their migration destination lies in the deep political-social-cultural changes in the ancient world and the increasing decline of the cultural and civilizational energy of the cultures related to the goddesses and the alignment of these changes with the cultural-ideological foundations of the Aryans. In total, factors such as: the ritual and cultural confrontations of the Indo-European peoples with the native rituals around the goddesses in the local communities of their migration destination; Trying to overcome the native communities (especially considering the specific descentism and authoritarianism that was hidden in the culture and ideology of the Aryans) and also the effort to preserve own ritual and cultural foundations in the face of the ancient and influential rituals of goddesses, provided the ground for ritual and ideological confrontations with the cultures and rituals of the natives in the Indo-European narratives. In these narratives, the nature of goddesses (through conceptual and ideological transformation) was transformed into a demonic and harmful nature (in the form of the concept of "fairy"). Among these, Zoroastrian texts have a special place. Iran's proximity to Mesopotamia caused that religion and culture of the Aryan immigrants in Iran to be directly confronted with the influential Mesopotamian rituals. In Zoroastrian texts (such as Yashthā, Vandidād, Bondahesh, and Dinkard) in many cases the name of fairy appears in the ranks of demonic creatures and enemies of Minavī creations. According to their ideological basis, these religious and ritual narratives have played a very important role in the formation of the narrative and epistemological system of fairy tales, such as the origin of the functions, main elements and identity components (such as: the demonic nature of the fairy) in fairy tales (and their changed forms in epic narratives and romances) can be found in these religious and ritual narratives.
Based on this, the historical origin of the narrating fairy tales' date backs to the "Second Millennium BC"; which means to the period of the beginning of the encounter between the Indo-European peoples in Iran, Asia Minor and Europe with the native cultures and customs of their destination lands of migration. In fact, the secret of the common structures and motifs of fairy tales in Indo-European cultures, on the one hand, goes back to the cultural and ritual foundations of the Indo-European peoples and on the other hand, to the confrontation of these peoples with the cultures and rituals of the natives of the lands they migrated to, which have been in opposition to the religion and culture of the Indo-European peoples, especially in the regions of Iran, Asia Minor and Europe, which faced the influence of Mesopotamian religions from far or near. Therefore, the Indo-European branches that immigrated to Iran (which were adjacent to the Mesopotamia) played an important role in the creation and expansion of these stories, as well as among the ritual narratives of the Indo-European cultures, the highest frequency of confrontation and enmity with fairies is seen in Zoroastrian texts.
The narrative pattern of fairy tales is based on a "fundamental educational doctrine". It has been an organized and widespread effort in Indo-European cultures based on their political-ideological tendencies and interests in dealing with indigenous peoples. The ideological basis of all these narratives is the "alienization" of fairies (=Goddesses) and then describing and defining them as alien and demonic beings that distance the hero from the traditions and religious and moral teachings of his society and culture, and one should stay away from them, as the Avestan word "Pairïkä", which Bartholomew considered to be the main root of the concept of "Fairy" in Indo-European languages, in addition to meaning "female procreative and fertile", also means "alien and foreigner". These narratives functioned as an effective educational media in the ancient world and were a way to moral and ritual education to children, teenagers and young audiences. The popularity and wide spread of these stories and their various appearances in religious and literary narratives shows the wide-ranging effort of the ancient narrators to confrontation the very old and influential rituals of the goddesses.
In transformed narratives of fairies such as the stories of Zāl & Rudābeh, Rostam & Tahmineh, and Kaikāvus & Sudābeh the role of fairy as a "woman from a foreign land" (and in a more completely transformed form: from a society or a class opposite to the society or class of the hero, even with an ideology opposite to the hero's ideology) is another form of the fairy's belonging to the "other" and rejected world, which is strange to the self-conscious "I" of the hero. This category is one of the old patterns in the narrative structure of stories based on exogamy in literary works.
 

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The application of carriers is a proper means of improving the transfer and increasing the bioavailability of bioactive compounds. α-lactalbumin is the second major component of whey protein nutritionally consisted of Trp, Lys and Cys residues which can be employed as nutraceutical carriers. Oleuropein is a bioactive compound with pharmaceutical and antioxidant properties which is found abundantly in olive leaves and at lower levels in olive oil. The current study was undertaken to explore the interaction of α-lactalbumin-oleuropein complex at 25, 50 and 72 ˚C at pH 7 by using fluorescent, UV and circular dichroism spectroscopy techniques together with molecular docking. The results from UV and fluorescent studies demonstrate that site and binding constant are increased as the temperature increased due to the change in conformation and rearrangement of protein structure. Moreover, circular dichroism results depicted that α-helix and β-sheet structures are decreased and increased respectively as a result of temperature increase up to 72 ˚C. Ultimately, the molecular docking findings revealed that the best binding energy for complex formation was about -6.3 kCal/mol and the best binding site was between the α-helix and β-sheet cleft. The findings give us useful information regarding the interaction of oleuropein and α-lactalbumin which can be further used to produce functional foods.
Key words: α-lactalbumin; oleuropein; spectroscopy; molecular docking, functional products

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Correction of wrong practices or thoughts by the producer or the adoption of a new production technique shows the success of rural development studies. This study was conducted to assess the effect of Integrated Dairy Farming Project on the Çakmak and Ekinciler villages before and after implementing the European funded “Integrated Dairy Cattle Project” carried out by the Diyarbakır Commercial Exchange in southeastern Anatolia region of Turkey, in 2006. Project villages have enough arable lands and dry farming is performed. The number of cattle is increasing compared to the other villages in the province. In order to make a comparison between the years, three surveys were conducted in 2006, 2007, and 2009 by using questionnaires. The findings of the research show that a considerable portion of the respondents (37%) stated that they did not trust the analysis of this kind of project that had not taken into consideration the rural needs. While 54.4% of the farmers wanted to sell their milk to cooperatives in 2007, the same farmers in 2009 stated that they would not sell to cooperatives. In addition, 47.8% of the farmers trusted and benefitted from Europe (EU) project training programmes in 2007, while selling rate decreased to 35.6% in 2009. Furthermore, 30% of the participants mentioned that they could not trust the project staff since the project duration was short. Because of the reasons mentioned, participation in the project was realized at low level.

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Abstract:    The implementation of justice in a reasonable time is a fundamental principle of penal procedure. It is necessary to note that it is reasonableness can be considered as an important criterion in the fairness of the proceedings. The concept of reasonableness of trial time is that dealing with the case can be done within the reasonable period of time and by this way, justice can be satisfied. But determining what period of time, it is fair and reasonable, is not easy. In this paper, three criteria (objective) and subjective (personal) and mixed (intermediate) as a benchmark to determine the reasonableness of the trial period were analyzed. It means that hearing the deadline is set by the legislator's emphasis on objective criteria. The subjective criteria is proportionate to the circumstances of each case that determines a reasonable deadline set according to the case, and can vary from case to case. Finally, the complex criterion makes benefit of both of the above mentioned factors. The mentioned principle has been considered in the statute of the International Criminal Court and the European Convention on Human Rights as a right, especially to plaintiff, and as a duty for International Criminal Court. The importance of this principle has caused that, in addition to breaking out the issued decision- as far as its noncompliance makes disrupt the safety or health of the procedure- compensation from the convicted should be ruled too.      
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: m.saber@modares.ac.ir

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This paper describes an evaluation of the drivers of the duration of grain competitiveness in the European :union: (EU-27) member states on global markets from 2000 to 2011. Results indicate that most of the EU-27 member states were competitive with at least one segment of grain chain products. The long-term competitiveness of grain products differs between the EU-27 member states and across grain chain product groups. Trade costs reduce, while agricultural endowments, the level of economic development, export differentiation for final consumer grain products, EU enlargement and recent EU membership increase the duration of grain competitiveness. Competitiveness may be increased through sustainable grain trade specialization with a focus either on entering the market for diversified niche products, or on developing a competitive, global, integrated supply chain management system.

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According to the preamble of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (which entered into force on February 1, 1998) minority rights are an integral part of fundamental human rights. universal level that taken on great importance in addressing the challenges of minority protection in evolving and increasingly diverse societies. So, this survey has an analytical approach to the protection of minorities within the Council of Europe and for this, especially, focuses on the Framework Convention: namely its content, its rights-holders, and also- the most important point of view- the problems, challenges and tasks that this legally instrument faces with it in practice. One must take into account that the Framework Convention has passed 13 years of its born and the authors aim to analyze its achievements and in the same time, its challenges as well. Thus, we reiterate once more that our method is analytic to examine the topic.