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Abstract
Aims: Today, due to a large change in economic, political, and other relations, the spatial structure of cities, especially metropolises, is subject to rapid changes. Regarding the influence of structural components, especially the component of politics (power), on space, on
one hand, and the existence of oil revenues and structural features of Iran on the other hand, consideration of the spatial transformations of metropolises is necessary in terms of politics and power. The aim of this study was to investigate the pattern of spatial transformations of Tehran and Tabriz metropolises in the context of Iranian oil economy.
Instruments and Methods: In this analytical-descriptive study, the required data, information, and concepts related to the indices explaining the spatial transformations of Tehran and Tabriz metropolises were collected directly with access to some information sources, including the Central Bank site and the Statistical Center. In the theoretical foundation, the most part of the study was done in library. Pearson correlation coefficient and Simultaneous regression test were used to determine the relationship between oil revenues of the country and building approval certificates issued by the municipality of Tehran and Tabriz.
Findings: The oil revenues had a direct correlation with the number of building approval certificates issued in Tabriz (r=0.5663; p=0.0025) and Tehran (r=0.7440; p=0.0005). The oil revenues could explain 56.63% of the building approval certificates issued in Tabriz and 74.44% of the building approval certificates issued in Tehran.
Conclusion: Production, spatial transformations, and construction activities in Tehran and Tabriz metropolises are directly affected by oil revenues.
 

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Aftekhari.S.A.
Abstract:
 
Various theories have been proposed to explain the differences which exist between the language of Persian Medieval Prose and standard Persian as well as between standard Persian and colloquial Persian.     What everyone seems to agree on though is that changes in language are caused by a yet unknown and seemingly uncontrollable phenomenon .Today , the gap which exists between standard and colloquial Persian is so deep, that in the eventuality that amendments were deemed necessary, it would be impossible to implement them and bring back colloquial Persian closer back to its standard form.
A deeper and more precise understanding of colloquial language, assessing the role and functions of language economy and identifying and isolating the elements which cause changes in the form and content of languages are all factors which need to be studied and taken into account to help reduce errors in language planning process.
In this article, we explain and classify the inclinations of Persian speakers to shorten and simplify language components, a phenomenon known as language economy, which we believe, is the main factor influencing the development of colloquial Persian.
 

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Rural economy is considered as an economic foundation due to providing food security and essential goods for a country. Therefore, any threat to this type of economy can have many negative consequences on other dimensions of economy. The spread of the Corona Virus has had various effects on the world economy, especially on the rural economy. This research tries to study and analyze the economic effects of the Corona Virus outbreak on the village of Upper Eshkevar. The present research is applied in terms of its goal and is descriptive-analytic in terms of method. The nature of data is quantitative and qualitative and the method of data collection is based on library and field findings. Data analysis is based on future study techniques including interaction analysis. The research findings show that, four main factors including unsustainable employment, unsustainable income, increasing rural poverty and decreasing in investment are in association with COVID-19 effects. Based on t-test and Pearson, it can be said that the economic effects of Corona Virus have averaged 4.44, which shows a significant difference (p> 0.05). It can be said that Corona Virus has had significant effects on the economy of Eshkor Alia village.

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Oil as the most important strategic commodity in Southwest Asian countries has a particular political and economic weight. Prior to the instability in oil prices which began in late 2013, the macroeconomic challenges were managed by the oil states. With the collection of systematic geopolitical rivalries in Southwest Asia, the emergence of alternative oils in the United States of America and turbulence in Geo-economic areas of the Middle East, major challenges in the political economy of oil-producing countries have been created. The Islamic Republic of Iran as one of the oil centers of Southwest Asia has experienced unstable oil prices in line with a set of challenges. Given the strategic importance of oil in Iran's political and economic basket, the present study examines the role of the structure-agency in political economy of oil in Iran. The research approach is based on the Structuration theory. The results indicate that the heterogeneity of structure-agency within the framework of the increased participation of government and interrupter factors with the economic-political background, are among the major challenges in Iran’s political economy of oil. Therefore, systematic management and integration of structure-agency can handle the challenges of Iran's income from oil prices.

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The subject of this paper is the development of national economy, with the main question of “How can we explain the political barriers of the development of national economy in Iran (1989-2004)? In order to solving the problem, we refered to the theories of development by categorizing and critically evaluating. Then we formulated the theoretic apparatus, which is synthesis of Left-witch theory of developmental state, Rentier state theory and short-term society of Katouzian. By operational definition of the concepts of theoretic apparatus, for the purpose of data collection, we used documentary analysis. As for the method as judgment, narrative analysis was applied to analyze the so-called phenomenon as a historical case and to consider it as a research exemplar with the purpose of causal explanation of underdevelopment in Iran. The resareh findings showed that in the case of Rentier state and short-term policy making, development of national economy is weak.  

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In developing countries, innovation is less than expectation, so these countries require to consider a different development paradigm such as learning economy that focus on active learning and the “doing, using and interacting” innovation approach for introducing the required context for creating and diffusing informal interaction that may result to technical knowledge acquisition. In this paper, the effective factors on Iran’s transition to learning economy have been identified. Research approach is inductive and qualitative and themes and components have been identifies based on grounded theory. By considering the importance and role of organization in relation with determined themes and components, organizational implications for Iran’s transition to learning economy include learning organization, organizational unlearning, policy learning and organizational capacity, and absorptive capacity and organizational capability have been investigated.    
 

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The contribution of internal and external factors on the operation of democracies is one of the most controversial debates in democratization studies. General rules about the role of internal and external variables on democracies, due to their distinctiveness and specific identities, are hard to be established. However, historical examination could result in analyzing effective mechanisms of the variables’ effects, and knowing that mechanisms can pave the way for providing statements that are more general. Through analyzing the effects of dependency and the world system of economy on Iran, Turkey and Korea in a historical span of 1800 to 1961, this article attempts to explain the conditions of economic instability and failure of democratic consolidation in them from 1941 to 1961. The paper shows evidences on how the operation of democracies is shaped by the historical structure of the world system, their own path of history, and the interaction of internal and external factors.

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Introduction
Since the early 1970s, religious fundamentalism has become very widespread. From this time, different researchers have applied a single approach, namely the "cultural" approach to religious fundamentalism. But this approach with a one-dimensional view, in addition to hiding many angles of religious fundamentalism, has resulted in an intangible and domineering downward view. But on the other hand, the economic approach, as the approach of this article, away from issues such as identity, ideology, has focused on a more objective level, which is the economic level, and has replaced a global view with a limited and regional view.
Therefore, in this research, the flow of religious fundamentalism is investigated and studied with an economic approach, focused on the performance and role of the global economy in relation to countries. Of course, two broad views have been proposed regarding the performance of the global economy. The first point of view is called the convergence point of view, which believes that the global economy will definitely bring relative prosperity and development to the world, and the supporters of this point of view have a completely positive view of the performance of the global economy. The second point of view is known as the divergence point of view. The supporters of this point of view emphasize the inequality that the global economy creates deep economic gaps between the two parts of the world, the poor and the rich, and consequently provides the basis for religious fundamentalism. Of course, in addition to these two views, the global economy can be examined from another perspective. That is, the performance and role of the global economy are not absolutely positive or negative; rather, the performance of the world economy in different countries has different effects and results, and the indicators of the world economy, according to the type of economic and development structure of the countries, have different effects. In fact, the effects of the global economy in economically underdeveloped countries can provide the necessary platform for the formation of religious fundamentalism.
With these premises, this research seeks to show that due to the mutual dependence of economies on each other and the necessity of the convergence of the national economy in the global economic system, governments, especially weak governments in terms of economic development, have entered international markets to advance their development strategies and engaged in participation and competition, and they are forced to join other national governments and establish a new order of transnational government in order to restore power in the world; But the inappropriate entry of these governments into the global economy has led to their inability to control some of the negative results and effects in their national economy; Because in the new conditions, power is no longer concentrated in the institution of the nation state, but has been spread and transformed in the global networks of wealth and information. This new power is placed in the codes of information and in representational images, but it has moved in the direction of conflict with the dominant logic of the networked world and has been involved in defensive and offensive conflicts of resistance at individual, national and transnational levels, leading to the formation of religious fundamentalism. In other words, the process of the global economy has gained extraordinary momentum and a current with such a huge scope has had many effects in various societies, especially underdeveloped societies, and has provided many reactions, such as the growth of religious fundamentalist currents. For this purpose, this research seeks to investigate religious fundamentalism in Egypt by focusing on the economic approach because, so far, previous research and sources have used the cultural approach to investigate religious fundamentalism in Egypt and by focusing on issues such as identity, nationality, etc. have investigated this issue. But with a global view, this thesis deals with the more objective level of life, which is the economic level. What effect has the global economy had on the establishment of religious fundamentalism in Egypt between the years (1974-1985)?
Methodology
This research has used the descriptive-analytical method and library sources to investigate this issue.
Results
The findings showed that the performance of the world economy in relation to Egypt's economic development had a destructive aspect and became a platform for the formation of religious fundamentalism. In fact, Egypt, which did not have a legitimate and developmental national government until the 1970s, was involved in internal conflicts, economic instability, and class divisions. In such a situation, the national government of Egypt enters the world economy under the title of opening policy to improve its status, but it becomes weaker than in the past because the indicators of the global economy, on the one hand, lead to the decline of the legitimacy and authority of the government and, on the other hand, lead to the disillusionment and dissatisfaction of the people with the economic situation of their country, which consequently provides a suitable platform for the presence and expansion of religious fundamentalism.

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Introduction
Space is the basis of socio-economic production based on political pragmatism, which reflects the political economy. Geographical spaces are the basis of human activities, and these activities give superstructure reflections to the space. The production and transformation of the geographical spaces of cities are the result of decisions made by powerful and rich political-economic individuals and organizations. In this regard, cities are examples of political economy reflections on geographical spaces, which are continuously influenced by the patterns of political and economic systems of countries at different levels (local, national, regional and international). Governments, as the most important players in the political organization of space, have the duty of formulating policies and planning the best for space development. Governments in most countries directly and indirectly interfere in space usage; by allocating funds and investing in space to build urban facilities such as universities, power plants, stadiums, schools, etc., they develop spatially. Therefore, today, cities have not only become the space of political power but also the center of all economic activities. Therefore, the space of urban environments, as a phenomenon that has been colonized and commoditized, is bought and sold, created and destroyed, used and abused, and the stock market plays on it. This research tries to investigate the reflections of political economy in the contemporary period on the geographical space of Urmia City.
Methodology
The research method is descriptive-analytical. The reflections of the geographical space of Urmia city were measured under the influence of political economy components based on documentary findings, remote sensing (GHSL & ESA) and evaluation of elites in the form of questionnaire field findings, and questionnaire findings were analyzed by Amos software, and were analyzed.
Result and Discussion
The analysis of documentary findings shows that the functions of the dominant economic-political system model in Urmia city are integrated and under the influence of "national rentier economy and national rentier government", so that there is a kind of duality in productive relations and productive forces. The spatial reflection is also the presentation of a different spatial organization with the emergence of external and internal conflicts. The construction of the artificial environment not only requires some local economic actors, such as architects, builders and contractors, but also some discourses, political processes and elite rotation procedures, especially in city council elections. A wide range of actors in political economy are involved, from the production and sale of construction inputs to the stages of building construction and sale, pricing, etc. The findings also indicate the existence of a vertical relationship between the national level government and the city government. The discourses and macro-policies of the national government in Iran have had an impact on the production performance of Urmia municipality. These two institutions, through economic policies, exert their will to produce an artificial environment in the city with an emphasis on reproduction and accumulation of capital, meeting the needs of market demand, organizing the urban space, etc. Of course, the examination of the visual reflections of the city of Urmia shows that in periods when both the national and local governments had the two roles of agent and policymaker in cases such as the production of artificial environments, spatial management and organization of capital, and administrative-executive organization of the city in line with the model of political economy, economic enterprises, by investing in line with the economic policies of the government, have used neglected places and old neighborhoods and vacant lands suitable for construction projects in order to reproduce capital. They turn excess into physical forms to produce new spaces.
Conclusions
The economic policies of the government (national and local) in the urban construction sector have been accompanied by extremes, to the extent that the government has gradually turned from a policymaking position to an agency. In the atmosphere of the city, those actors of political economy who have political power can take over economic power through lobbies or applying their wishes to legal instructions. On the one hand, they spread the phenomenon of rent-seeking, and on the other hand, they push the nature of the reflection of the geographical space of the city towards rent-oriented. The most obvious examples of political economy reflections on the geographical space of Urmia are: a) concentration of power and wealth in certain areas; b) circulation of excess capital and wealth in the production of new spaces; c) formation of poverty areas; d) commodification of Urmia city space in the second cycle of capitalism; and e) expansion and spatial expansion.

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One of the main concerns that many countries of the world are encountering, is some economic activities which are usually hidden from official view. Activities such as exchanging stolen goods, drug trafficking, corruption, gambling, smuggling, are among illegal activities, and others like refusing to report the incomes, fringe benefits, and cash discounts for the staff are among the legal activities of shadow economy. A considerable part of economic literature during the past decade focused on the research findings concering the ways of measuring, defining, and determing the extense of shadow economy in the world. Using the “Structural Equation Modeling” and some literature-specified causes and indicators we aim to reach the case study of Iran. Estimation of size and evolution of Iranian shadow economy is analyzed through “Dynamic Multiple Indicators-Multiple Causes” which is one of the most important indirect techniques available. The advantage of this model is evaluation of the simultaneous impacts of all variables on each other, and has fewer restrictions compered to other models. The research findings reveal the increasing trend of shadow economy in Iran and acts as an alarm for policy makers and authorities.

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Cities play a strategic role in contemporary political-economic space. Despite of global process-based distribution of political and theoretical status of neo-liberalism, it’s geographical and spatial space transformations have never been experienced at determined methods. This paper indicates the question of neoliberal city form. Question in which relies on “actually existing neo-liberalism” as a key character of “neo-liberal restructuring project”. It refers to ways in which different local contexts are embedded within wider dominant global structural grid of neo-liberal discursive command centers. It implies another key attribute, the “path dependent neo-liberalism”, the neo-liberal project defined on contextually embedded bases, elaborately rearranges, replaces and redefines the structures of existing institutional layout and subsequently transforms the shape of the city in two critical moment of neoliberal restructuring project: the “moment of destruction” and the “moment of creation”. Three different layers of neo-liberal process in cities has distinguished by synthesizing two theoretically different but dialectically intertwined methodological foundations: functional layer, structural layer, “common sense revolution” layer. This synthesized theoretical frame work has conceptualized the contemporary neo-liberal city form transformation by emphasizing on distinction between two different mechanisms of neo-liberal project, the glocalization and urbanization stages. In the last part, explanation of an analytic model of neo-liberal city transformation has been emerged from discussed issues. The columns of this table-formatted model, consists of the layers of neo-liberal process and the rows Includes integrated dimensions of city form. This model provides primitive analytic criteria for understanding the overall layers of neo-liberalization process in specific urban contexts. Cities play a strategic role in contemporary political-economic space. Despite of global process-based distribution of political and theoretical status of neo-liberalism, it’s geographical and spatial space transformations have never been experienced at determined methods. This paper indicates the question of neoliberal city form. Question in which relies on “actually existing neo-liberalism” as a key character of “neo-liberal restructuring project”. It refers to ways in which different local contexts are embedded within wider dominant global structural grid of neo-liberal discursive command centers. It implies another key attribute, the “path dependent neo-liberalism”, the neo-liberal project defined on contextually embedded bases, elaborately rearranges, replaces and redefines the structures of existing institutional layout and subsequently transforms the shape of the city in two critical moment of neoliberal restructuring project: the “moment of destruction” and the “moment of creation”. Three different layers of neo-liberal process in cities has distinguished by synthesizing two theoretically different but dialectically intertwined methodological foundations: functional layer, structural layer, “common sense revolution” layer. This synthesized theoretical frame work has conceptualized the contemporary neo-liberal city form transformation by emphasizing on distinction between two different mechanisms of neo-liberal project, the glocalization and urbanization stages. In the last part, explanation of an analytic model of neo-liberal city transformation has been emerged from discussed issues. The columns of this table-formatted model, consists of the layers of neo-liberal process and the rows Includes integrated dimensions of city form. This model provides primitive analytic criteria for understanding the overall layers of neo-liberalization process in specific urban contexts. Cities play a strategic role in contemporary political-economic space. Despite of global process-based distribution of political and theoretical status of neo-liberalism, it’s geographical and spatial space transformations have never been experienced at determined methods. This paper indicates the question of neoliberal city form. Question in which relies on “actually existing neo-liberalism” as a key character of “neo-liberal restructuring project”. It refers to ways in which different local contexts are embedded within wider dominant global structural grid of neo-liberal discursive command centers. It implies another key attribute, the “path dependent neo-liberalism”, the neo-liberal project defined on contextually embedded bases, elaborately rearranges, replaces and redefines the structures of existing institutional layout and subsequently transforms the shape of the city in two critical moment of neoliberal restructuring project: the “moment of destruction” and the “moment of creation”. Three different layers of neo-liberal process in cities has distinguished by synthesizing two theoretically different but dialectically intertwined methodological foundations: functional layer, structural layer, “common sense revolution” layer. This synthesized theoretical frame work has conceptualized the contemporary neo-liberal city form transformation by emphasizing on distinction between two different mechanisms of neo-liberal project, the glocalization and urbanization stages. In the last part, explanation of an analytic model of neo-liberal city transformation has been emerged from discussed issues. The columns of this table-formatted model, consists of the layers of neo-liberal process and the rows Includes integrated dimensions of city form. This model provides primitive analytic criteria for understanding the overall layers of neo-liberalization process in specific urban contexts. Cities play a strategic role in contemporary political-economic space. Despite of global process-based distribution of political and theoretical status of neo-liberalism, it’s geographical and spatial space transformations have never been experienced at determined methods. This paper indicates the question of neoliberal city form. Question in which relies on “actually existing neo-liberalism” as a key character of “neo-liberal restructuring project”. It refers to ways in which different local contexts are embedded within wider dominant global structural grid of neo-liberal discursive command centers. It implies another key attribute, the “path dependent neo-liberalism”, the neo-liberal project defined on contextually embedded bases, elaborately rearranges, replaces and redefines the structures of existing institutional layout and subsequently transforms the shape of the city in two critical moment of neoliberal restructuring project: the “moment of destruction” and the “moment of creation”. Three different layers of neo-liberal process in cities has distinguished by synthesizing two theoretically different but dialectically intertwined methodological foundations: functional layer, structural layer, “common sense revolution” layer. This synthesized theoretical frame work has conceptualized the contemporary neo-liberal city form transformation by emphasizing on distinction between two different mechanisms of neo-liberal project, the glocalization and urbanization stages. In the last part, explanation of an analytic model of neo-liberal city transformation has been emerged from discussed issues. The columns of this table-formatted model, consists of the layers of neo-liberal process and the rows Includes integrated dimensions of city form. This model provides primitive analytic criteria for understanding the overall layers of neo-liberalization process in specific urban contexts.

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The Mongol invasion to Iran in fronted Iranian society & economy to series crisis and caused the economic depression for decades. Recognition of Muslim statesmen’s and thinker’s attitude and behavior in encounter to that time circumstance, While the depict their role in economic thought in that era cause the better understanding of social-economic structure of Ilkhanids era. This article with asking this main question which: what was the influence of the philosophical and esthetical approach of Nasir Al-Din tusi,on his economical thoughts, has this conclusion: that the great philosopher and Thinker who lived in that Nasir Al-Din tusi, sentimental era, introduced his economical thought on moral element, economic justice and affection base. This essay to consider Ilkhanids era effects, survey recognition of Nasir Al-Din tusi;s economic thought. Nasir Al-Din tusi,on pay attention to justice, ethic and security express his economical thoughts. Keywords: Nasir Al-Din tusi, economic, economic thought, Ilkhanid, political-economy

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In addition to its fiscal role, income tax does have its own allocative and distributive role too. A key role of income tax is its distributive one, because of which the first principle of tax is “justice principle”. The responsibility of this paper is investigating the salary taxing on income distribution in Iranian economy. To evaluate the above problem, we have tested the models of,so called ,Engel, Galetoric and Raddatz in Iranian economy. We also have called those modeling system ”EGR” .The findings of our paper shows that the optimum tax rates in Iranian economy for years of third development plan are (respectively), 25.18,28.28,12.5,12.5,12.5.So when we compare the actual tax rates with the optimum ones we observe a considerable gap between potential and actual situation in Iranian tax system.

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The theory of quantity of money in that there exists a one-to-one relation between money growth and inflation, that means a highly and a continuous of rate of money growth leads to a high rate of inflation. During the recent years with the divergence of growth of money from inflation in the Iran economy leads to the opinion that an interruption has occurred between the growth of money and inflation. By the way, the main objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between the growth of money and inflation by using the data of the 1350-2005 periods. The model that was used to investigate the relation of growth of money and inflation is a model that stemmed from quantity theory of money and is combining with the Phillips curve to model inflation to be linked trough expectations. The results revealed there exist a stable relationship between the growth of money and inflation and this states that in the long run one percent increase in the growth of money will increase inflation by 0.89 percent.

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Cooperation among human beings have existed in different forms from past centuries till now. The modern cooperatices have been formed in response to disorders due to the occurrence of industrial revolution. Inefficiency of market and government for various reasons, justifies the formation of the third sector of economy (including cooperatives). This paper aims to answer the following questions:What are the reasons for the formation of cooperatives? What is the thire sector of economy? What are the roles of cooperatives in macroe conomy?

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From exports point of view, competitiveness concept is a very restricted approach. Competitiveness is a reflection of microeconomic decisions, socio-political problems and public welfare and it must also potentially be able to help countries achieve a sustainable value added creation. Due to this reason, most studies on this issue consider competitiveness in terms of efficiency and labor productivity. This paper uses competitiveness indexes and competitiveness factor of international management development to examine the country's competitiveness power such as knowledge based competitiveness, education, technology and information infrastructures, innovation and economic and institutional performances. The results indicate that a quadratic form explains the relationship between competitiveness and human capital. It confirms that the average years of schooling has a positive effect on labor productivity. Moreover, technology and information infrastructures (ICT), defined as the ratio of ICT expenditures over GDP, has a positive effect on labor productivity. Government size and the degree of openness have a negative effect on competitiveness. Economic and institutional performances have a positive effect on competitiveness, the more freedom of speech, the higher the competitiveness power.

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The power which had been presented by the Chingiz and the active participation of tribal leaders in the early 7th century AH / 13th was military-essence power. The military forces were the main basis of Mongols power and reformations which Chingiz reformed to political and legal fields obviously had military effects. War was a common event among Mongols and depredation considered as significant method to supply economic demands. The mention point caused that military powers increase their influence and Mongols power mainly be military-structured in colonial areas.
In addition Ilkhanids government was military-essence and military aristocracy has special influence, particularly in first decades of their governing. These military aristocracies that tend to irregular approaches in political and economic subjects had kept his influence till Ilkhanids fall. The Position of the military aristocracy and its influence on structure of Ilkhanids government, as traditional economy changed to modern one, by paying attention to their position in pre-Ilkhanids era is subject which this essay will survey that by descriptive and analytical approach.
 

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The increasing importance of knowledge in economies has led to the knowledge-based economy. In fact, in this type of economy, the accumulation of science and knowledge from research and development has led to an increase in the rate of return on research and development projects and plays a significant role in creating wealth for a country. Accordingly, the main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the relationship between knowledge Economy Index (KEI) and Gross Domestic production (GDP) for Iran’s Economy over the past 20 years. Therefore, the relation between knowledge Economy Index and GDP growth in 1996 to 2017 in Iran’s economy through The Johansen test has been investigated. Results confirm a long-run relation between KEI and GDP growth during the studied period. Considering the significant contribution of knowledge-based economy to GDP growth, it seems it is necessary to pay attention to constructive variables of the s knowledge Economy and the production of knowledge-based products for Iran’s economy. Regarding this result, policymaking for promoting knowledge-based economy should be concerned.