---

Aim: Depression symptoms play a major role in eating disorders; however, research shows that non-adaptive emotion regulation strategy is also associated with depression symptoms. The current study examined the mediating role of the emotion regulation strategy on the relationship between depression symptom and disordered eating among students. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2014 on a sample of 264 female students at Allameh Tabatabaie University, according to Morgan and Cluster samplings. The participants completed the questionnaires of depression, emotion regulation and eating attitudes test. The data were analyzed by SPSS software using coefficient correlation and stepwise regression. Statistical differences were considered significant at P<0.01.
Findings: The results showed that there was a significant correlation among emotion regulation difficulties, depression symptom and disordered eating (p<0.01). Also regression analysis indicated that emotion regulation difficulties significantly mediated the relationship between depression symptoms and disordered eating (p<0.01).
Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, examining the role of emotion regulation strategies on the relationship between depression symptoms and eating disorders indicated that eating disorder is the regulating mechanism in reducing depression.

---

Entering any new technology to communities, puts a significant impact on the lives of people. Although technology is not inherently good or bad, but there is some damage that happens just by entering the technology. One damage in connection with internet is the excessive use of the internet or “internet addiction” thatis to be addressed in this paper. Excessive and obsessed use of internet causes psychological, social, academic and occupational problems to gather with physical problems such as eye pain, back pain, changes in sleeping and eating patterns,all of which are defined as “internet addiction”. The sample for this study includes all users in the cafenets of ShahinShahr, Esfahan (Iran), in the winter 2009 that have used Internet. The data needed for research questions were collected interview with 170 of users. For gathering the basic information of research, the Young Questionnaire IAS was used. The results showed that 4 persons (2.3%) got scores above 80 (sever addiction), 46 persons (27.5 %), had average addiction and 120 persons (70.58%) had scores lower than 50 and (normal users). There was a relationship between the excessive use of the Internet and satisfying the needs. Now the subject of “Internet addiction” in society is normal but it is expected that the second group (the average addiction) moves to serious addiction.

---

Aim: Sexual function is influenced by different individual and environmental factors. Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) can lead to serious conditions for women and their family. The present study aimed to identify the prevalence and risk factors for FSD, in Kashan, Iran.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a convenience sample of 200 women refering to educational gynecology clinics and meeting the inclusion criteria was selected in Kashan, Iran, 2014. Three anonymous self-administered questionnaires were completed by the participants: Demographic, the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Chi-square, T-test, Mann Whitney's and Pearson's correlation coefficients were performed for the determination of factors associated with FSD. A score less than 28 out of a possible score of 36 suggests the presence of FSD based on FSFI.
Findings: Of total participants, 119 (59.5%) had FSD. Thirty-nine percent reported desire disorders, 37% arousal disorders, 28.5% lubricant disorders, 24%5 orgasmic disorders, 19.5% pain disorders, and 22.5% satisfaction disorders. Sexual dysfunction was more common in depressed, anxious and stressed and low educated women with older age and longer duration of marriage.
Conclusion: Sexual dysfunction is common among women and some demographic and emotional problems likely contribute to the experience of sexual dysfunction. This finding may have implications on the clinical evaluation of sexual function and identifying the effect of demographic and psychological factors on FSD in women.

---

Aims: The purpose of this study is to present a conceptual model related to the direct impact of built environment on the depression of urban residents and its indirect impact through social interactions and the ranking of influential elements.
Methods: A descriptive-analytical approach has been applied in this study and qualitative and quantitative methods have been used to achieve the goal of the study. The study has 3 main parts: In the first part, the concepts of research and the relationship between them have been investigated by searching the sources and and analyzing them to explain the direct and indirect effect of the built environment on depression. In the second part, using experts' questionnaire and Shannon entropy method, the significant coefficient of the elements and their ranking were determined. In the third part, the conceptual model of the study is presented based on the relationships between the concepts of the research.
Findings: Based on Shannon entropy method, Among the influential elements of the environment, green spaces and parks in residential areas have the highest significant coefficient and are ranked first in the impact on the depression of urban residents, followed by public spaces, noise pollution, environmental security and indoor environment quality, air pollution, pedestrian network, visual pollution and public transportation are among the 10 main elements. According to the conceptual model, factors affecting depression include micro scales (individual), meso scale (local community) and macro scale (fundamental) which the elements of the meso-scale environment interact with other micro- and macro-scale factors directly and indirectly affect the residents' depression.
Conclusion: According to the ranking of the influential elements of the environment and the high significant coefficient of green and public spaces, neighborhood green spaces and parks should be given more attention, and with the appropriate design of public spaces and suitable environments for pedestrians, create opportunities for social contact and the gathering of local residents in order to reduce the prevalence of depression in urban areas helped.
 

---

Aim: Psychosocial problems override in patients with type 2 diabetes than healthy individuals. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of depression, stress and anxiety in patients with type 2 diabetes as well as their association with demographic factors.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 201 patients with type 2 diabetes were incorporated using convenience sampling method from the Tehran-based Dornian Care Clinic. The instrument consisted of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS). The collected data were analyzed in the SPSS software (ver. 16) at the significance level of 0.05.
Findings: In this study, there were 25% male and 75% female participants, with a mean age of 47 years. In terms of education level, they had high school diploma. The prevalence rate of depression, stress and anxiety was 83.1%, 78.1% and 96%, respectively. There was no significant association between stress and age. Depression, anxiety and stress correlated significantly with education level. There was also a significant relationship between anxiety and diabetes complications. Nevertheless, there were no significant relationships between anxiety, stress and depression and the demographic factors of age, duration of diabetes and marital status.
Conclusion: Given the high prevalence of depression, stress and anxiety in patients with type 2 diabetes, it seems necessary to administer a screening program for mental disorders. Provision of psychiatric consultation also appears beneficial.

---

Aims:  Due to Human’s physical and psychological dimensions interaction so that  both dimensions includes human integrity and general health, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between Low Back Pain(LBP) severity and depression among employees of the  Education Ministry.
Instrument & Methods: In this researching as a descriptive-analytical study, 100 employees of the Education Ministry who were selected through available sampling, included. . Study tools included demographic questionnaire, Visual Analog Scale (VAS)  and Beck Depression Inventory. Data were analyzed by using SPSS 23 and Pearson correlation coefficient (г) and independent t-test.
Findings: The results showed that 62% (N=62) of employees were suffering from LBP with different severity. In addition there was a positive and significant correlation between low back pain and depression in participants (P <0.05). However, no significant difference between mean pain intensity in male and female employees was observed (P> 0.05).
Conclusion: The relationship between LBP and depression among the staff in this study was revealed. It is necessary to pay attention towards physical-psychological factors and also mental and physical vitality for preventing and treatment of LBP.
Conclusion: the relationship between (LBP) and depression among the staff in this study, it is necessary to pay attention towards physical-psychological factors and mental and physical vitality for preventing and treatment of (LBP) will be advised.
 

---

---

Aims: People usually experience the different ranges of mood states, and the combination of their emotional pretention is great in the same rate. The aim of this study was to compare the theory of mind and false beliefs in patients with major depression disorder, bipolar disorder I, II and healthy individuals.
Instrument & Methods: In this descriptive comparative study, 90 patients bedridden in Ostad Moharari Hospital, Shiraz, Iran, in 2013-2014, including 30 patients with major depression disorder, 30 patients with bipolar disorder I, and 30 patients with bipolar disorder II were selected by purposive sampling method. Thirty healthy individuals were also selected as a control group. "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" test and “Unexpected transfer task” test were used and the data were analyzed, by SPSS 19 software, using MANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test.
Findings: The theory of mind in the studied groups was significantly different (P=0.001, F_{(6, 230)}=7.1) in a way that it was significantly different between the major depression group and bipolar disorder I, II with the healthy group (p=0.001), But there was no significant difference among other three groups (p>0.05). The false belief showed no specific difference among 4 groups (p>0.05).
Conclusion: The score of theory of mind in the healthy group is higher than the major depression group and bipolar disorder I, II groups. However, there is no difference in the theory of mind among other three groups. Also, there is no difference in false belief among 4 groups.

---

Aims: CP (Chronic pain) is a common problem that substantially impairs physical and psychological health and economic well-being. The aim of the present study was to c determine the prevalence of chronic pain and its association with depression in over 30-years-old clients referring to health centers.
Instruments & Methods: This descriptive study was conducted among 397 people from April to August 2015. The participants were the adults who came to governmental health centers in the province. These health centers were selected based on random sampling. Two health centers were located in Yazd and 4 were in the provincial cities DASS-21 (Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale) was used to measure depression and VAS (Visual Analog Scale) was used to measure chronic pain. Six psychologists with a master's degree collected the data. The results were analyzed using Chi-square test by SPSS 23 software.
Findings: The prevalence of chronic pain was 66.8%. The highest prevalence of knee pain was 41.3%. The prevalence of depression was 67.5%. The relationship between chronic pain as an independent variable and dependent variable depression was significant (p=0.029).
Conclusion: The prevalence of patients with chronic pain is 66.8%, and the prevalence of depression is reported 67.5%. There is a relationship between chronic pain and depression.

---

---

---

---

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease where the immune system attacks the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and causes damage over time [1]. There are 28 million people who have MS, and the number of people with the disease has been increasing since 2013 [2]. In Iran, the rate of MS is highest in Tehran and lowest in Khuzestan and Sistan Baluchestan provinces [3]. The prevalence of pain in multiple sclerosis patients is raging between 29% and 86% [4]. Moreover, the Prevalence of depression in MS is 24% to 50% [5] . Pain in multiple sclerosis (MS) has been linked to different factors like person's social and economic situation, their chronic disease, and mental health conditions [6]. Pain and depression are prevalent in newly diagnosed MS [7]. In particular, pain has been related to higher disability, depression, and fatigue [1]. According to a study, pain in MS is associated with more severe symptoms of anxiety and depression and worse quality of life [8]. It has been showed in a cohort study that different types of pain were closely connected to fatigue, depression, and disability. This connection became even stronger after 4 years compared to the starting point [9]. All two symptoms (depression, and pain) have been linked to dysfunction of monoaminergic euro transmission in the central nervous system (CNS) inflammation [10]. Therefore, in MS patients, the simultaneous presence of pain and depression can help the initial diagnosis of MS. Because pain and depression are both very difficult to deal with, it is not surprising that people with multiple sclerosis who have both pain and depression, experience a combined negative effect on their mental health and overall their quality of life. Therefore, improving MS patients can be earned through routine screenings of these symptoms, and also by expanding studies in the field of prevention and early interventional programs during this sensitive period after diagnosis that may be resulted in enhancing quality of life of patients.

---

---

---

---

---

Aim: This research has been done with the aim of " Prediction of musculoskeletal pain through depression and psychological capital",
Method and Material: so the research method of this paper is descriptive survey in terms of purpose, applied in terms of results, quantitative in terms of research process and cross-sectional in terms of time. The statistical population of this research includes the students of the counseling department of Tehran Azad University, west of Tehran, entry 1398 . and based on Morgan's table, 108 people were selected by simple random sampling and answered the questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the opinions of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha method. The research hypotheses were tested by partial least squares method using spss software.
Finding: The results of the analyzes showed that there is a relationship between depression and psychological capital with musculoskeletal pain. There is a relationship between depression and psychological capital. Also, depression and psychological capital predict musculoskeletal pain.






 

---

Aims: This study aimed to assess the impact of Benson's Relaxation Technique on psychological distress and sleep quality among older people during COVID 19 pandemic.
Methods: A quasi-experimental research design was used. To achieve the aim of this study, 95 elders were recruited randomly as follows; 50 from the Geriatric social club in Zagazig City, 20 from El-Resala geriatric house in Zagazig City, and 25 from geriatric home in Met Ghamr City. Three tools were utilized for data collection, namely, the Interview questionnaire sheet, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales for measuring depression, anxiety as well as stress, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index for measuring sleep quality. By SPSS 20.0 and using Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Chi-square test, and Spearman correlation coefficient all data were analyzed.
Findings: More than three-quarters of the participants had chronic diseases. The majority had unsatisfactory knowledge about Benson's Relaxation Technique during the pre-intervention phase. Two-thirds of elders had severe depression levels; slightly less than two-thirds had severe anxiety, and about three-quarters had severe stress in the pre-intervention phase with a statistically significant reduction post-intervention phase. The majority had poor sleep quality (97.9%) in the pre-intervention phase, which decreased in the post-intervention phase to 50.5%.
Conclusion: This study concluded that Benson's Relaxation Technique has a great effect on psychological distress and sleep quality of elderly people. Gero-psychiatric nurses should encourage elderly people to apply BRT to the enhancement of their psychological well-being.
 

---

Aims: Patients after diagnosis of COVID-19 may have psychological problems. Illness perceptions and social support can play an important role in individuals’ health and the effects of stress. This study aimed to determine the relationship between mental health, perception of illness, and perceived social support in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19.
Instrument & Methods: The present study is a cross-sectional study that was conducted in 2020. 143 patients with coronavirus who met the inclusion criteria participated in this study. Inclusion criteria are age over 18 years, full consciousness, lack of physical and mental disabilities, diagnosis of coronavirus with the approval of an infectious disease specialist, no history of mental disorders, and the ability to communicate with the researcher. Data collection tools were the 21-item depression, anxiety, and stress scale, Zimet’s multidimensional scale of perceived social support, and the brief illness perception questionnaire. Data were analyzed in SPSS 26 using independent t-test, ANOVA, Spearman correlation coefficient, and multivariate regression.
Findings: The mean score of depression, anxiety, and stress for all participants with coronavirus was 8.12±7.12, 11.74±6.02, and 13.92±6.80, respectively. In total, 30.1% of the participants had high illness perception and 59.4% had high social support levels. The multiple linear regression model showed illness perception and social support were associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. Drug history was associated with depression and anxiety. Oxygen saturation was associated with anxiety and stress (p<0.05).
Conclusion: In general depression, anxiety, and stress in patients with Covid 19 are associated with the perception of illness and social support, which is more strongly associated with social support.