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Feminism and feministic critique of works of literature are the new topics in literature in the last century that has been highly regarded by writers and literary scholars. In contemporary Persian and Arabic literature, especially after the second half of the twentieth century, the growth of feminist approach to literature and poetry and prosing works of women-centered has been remarkable. Nawal El Saadawi and Shahrnoush Parsipour were feminist writers that protest a patriarchal system of social customs in their novels and look at the world with women mentality. Thus, due to the influence of feminist thinking and the current situation of women in novels of Saadawi and Parsipour, with an emphasis on descriptive - analytical and comparative approach, this article attempts to analyze the novels of "Diary of a doctor" and "The Dog and the Long Winter" based on feminist criticism. The findings suggest that the authors pay particular attention to factors such as protest against a patriarchal society, expression of oppression against women and women's identity an also have been trying to figure out individuality. In the field of differences, gender apartheid and hatred love and emotions of women in society are among feminist clear differences between the novels.

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Translation is one of the factors of the exchange of various dimensions of civilization, art, culture and literature and the cultural development of societies. It is always seen in terms of the differences in the components of the linguistic translation of texts, in particular literary texts, such as increasing, decreasing, changing the theme and structure. Hence, The critique of translation is one of the essential and important steps in improving the translation of texts and their evaluation. In this speech, the "Myth of the Moon Barry," the Arabic translation of the critique and evaluation of the story of "Samak Ayyar" by descriptive and analytical method has been criticized and evaluated using descriptive and analytical method and based on the theory of Nida. According to Nida's definition of the translation that finds the closest natural equivalent of the source language in the target language, and the division of the translations into a formal and dynamic translation, the "Myth of the Moon Barry" mythology can’t be regarded as a formal translation. The occurrence of mistakes in the equivalence of words, the removal and enhancement of the text, the change of words and the style and the structure of the original text show the translator has not been faithful to the source text in the translation of Samak-e-Ayar's story and has not done so accurately. Therefore, with tolerance, it should be classified as dynamic translations.

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Because of its unique story – educational features, Klila and Demna has a certain commonality and reputation both in demostic literature and in the world literature. This book is the result of cultural exchanges among the great oriental civilizations (India, Iran and Islam) The main theme includes mainly the moral and political concepts interwoven in different layers (infrastructure and superstructure), leaving a work that one can hardly distinguish between the limist arias of ethics and politics in it. However, a deep exploration of the content of Klile and Demna reveals that. unlike the initial thought, there is a historical isputes, between ethics and politics running in different sections of it. Diving the book into the two layers of infrastructure and superstructure, this challenge will appear more obviously. Deliberation of the author(s) of klila and Demna on the necessity of dominance of ethics over politics has caused the outcome of every story to end with a certain moral results. However, during the story, especially in infrastructure layer, there are characters who, like Melancholy, believe in demoralization of politics. Therefore, we see many similarities between the Melancholia thoughts and the themes of some stories and characters of the book. Key words: Ethical critique, ethics and politics, klila and Demna, melancholy.

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In our times, the relationship between philosophy and literary theory has been addressed in a variety of different ways. This paper aims to demonstrate in an a posteriori manner how philosophy contributes to literary theory. In doing so, it stands in direct opposition to Rorty’s pragmatic conception of the relationship between these two fields of human knowledge. Philosophy, it is argued, can make at least four contributions to literary theory and the paper is accordingly divided into four parts: (1) it clarifies the ontological status of the literary work; (2) it helps us see the problem of discovering the author’s intention in a new light by questioning our Cartesian presuppositions concerning the relationship between mind and body, (3) it clarifies the philosophical roots of modern literary theory by putting these theories in their proper philosophical context; and finally (4) it paves the way for a critique of the modern relativism and constructivism inherent in modern literary theory. The paper thus ends by showing that if one accepts the possible ways in which philosophy contributes to literary theory and especially finds the critique launched against constructivism in part four plausible, then one has every reason to remain doubtful about Rorty’s view of the subject.

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According to sociological critique of literature that examines the environmental and community impact and shows writer’s skills in reflecting community events and environments, this research, using analytical method based on American school of comparative literature, has tried to examine short stories of Ghassan Kanafani , prominent Palestinian writer, and author of the famous Iranian author Qasemali Farasat from the perspective of sociological criticism. Also it Wants to envisage a picture, of the years (1948- 1967) of Palestinian society and the events of war in Iran (1359- 1367 AH) and the years following, using the “line between the lines” of war and defense literary works. The results indicate that both the authors have criticized political, historical and social events of his own society applying realistic style. They also have looked upon armed forces and women and children characters employing the aforementioned style. Ghassan has criticized the dire economic situation, the involvement of foreign agents and ignorance and illiteracy in the community. Farasat has also spoken on economic gap and described soldiers and veterans in war area. Both authors have praised martyrdom in the cultural field and pointed out the effects of human spirituality and inner pains. Themes of both stories are anti-despotism , social problems and sufferings and failures of contemporary human being.

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Tales are the heritage of the public in literary, intellectual and cultural contexts that have a powerful and creative function.  They can be considered the first and most valuable subjective and linguistic creations that are highly prominent in their depths. The narrators have also created stories of events, human concerns and dreams benefiting from artistic structure and multi-dimensional meaning as a permanent function. Yazd area has a special place in this regard. Hence, the diversity of research based on binary opposition and structural analysis in the field of storytelling have reduced the meaning of folk tales. The purpose of this research is to examine the perverse basis of the confrontational structure in Yazdi's popular stories. Research methodology in this paper is descriptive- documentary and analytical. In such an approach, it is clear that the binary opposition in the folk tales have the potential for reversal of meaning, and through the notion of deconstruction, the reproduction of other meanings which corresponds to the mind of the audience and the reading time would be possible.

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A Bibliography of Contemporary Persian Fiction was published in 2011 in 686+18 pages and large lectern size, with three attachments by the endeavour of The Department of Contemporary Literature of The Academy of Persian Language and Literature, under the supervision of Farideh Razi and collaboration of Ozra Shoja Karimi and Azadeh Golshani. This book covers 7069 entries and the bibliographic information of 14,046 books from the time of Constitutional Movement to 2010. Regarding the reputation of the publisher in publishing reference books, this book was expected to be free of errors (especially egregious errors must have been avoided); however, against all expectations, it turned out that the book was loaded with all kinds of errors and shortcomings to the extreme that the publisher later prepared an errata in the spring of 2012 titled Mostadrak which was launched with the book. Unfortunately, despite showing a lot of errors of the book, the errata itself suffered from other shortcomings and mistakes. We show some mistakes of both sources here and thus avoid the viewers of bibliography from being

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 There  are Israelites and the constructions   made  by  People of the Book in some historical sources and narrative  interpretations of    some Quranic   verses , and the reader becomes   doubtful  by referring to the interpretations from non-Islamic sources  that adapted   and   borrowed   the stories of the prophets  and  quoted  the instauration  of the people of the Book, as well as the translations taken from those interpretations , thus   he /she  reminds  the  concept inconsistent  with  the prophets’  chastity . Addition to maintaining grammatical and rhetorical structures and similarity of the effect of the source and target text,  correct interpretation  and  translation of these verses from the source language to the target language and correct conveyance  of their contents require   a translator  and  commentator   to  have  special  skill  and   be  proficient in  the correct theological principles and feedback of  these basics in the target language so that  they  do not   cause  the  reader  to  thin of  lack of  chastity  of the prophets. This  study, with  analytic- descriptive  method  and   critique  and  selection of   literally , semantic ,  interpretive  and  free  translating  methods, has  aimed  to     investigate  and  criticize  the  translation of verses 31 to 33 of Sad chapter. Results from the study   showed that the interpretations from the constructions made by People of the Book are inconsistent with certain rational and narrative principles and literary arguments. Therefore, an interpretation and translation of these verses are accepted when they are based on the strongest literary arguments and include well-grounded theological reasons such as chastity..
 

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Translation Theory is undoubtedly one of the most important fields of translation studies and it has established itself among the scientific researches. Based on this fact, the current study which has made one of the first explorations in Katharina Reiss’s Translation Theory, aims to scrutinize Jafar Shahidi’s translation of the 28^th letter of Nahj-ul-Balaghe, and it intends to realize the ways in which this translation has influenced the role and nature of the text, along with how and why it has brought about the alteration of inter-lingual and intra-lingual elements present in the text. This study is descriptive-analytic in nature, and its result will determine the extent to which the original text has underwent crucial change throughout of the translation process; it also put forward cases of instability with regards to register, grammar, semantics and stylistics, which have been often presented via the inter-lingual elements
 

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 So far, various translations of Nahj al-Balaghah into Persian have been made, but in general, due to the shortcomings in the translation of Arabic into Persian, these translations have been criticized by some litterateurs. The present study critiques the lexical aspect of the translation of "Derivatives of Estef’al" in the sermon of Nahj al-Balagheh. Since one of the most important tools to eliminate translation deficiencies is scientific critique and evaluation using literary science e.g. vocabulary, grammar, syntax and rhetoric, and an important prerequisite in this category is familiarity with vocabulary. Ignoring of vocabulary causes serious harms to translation. This research addresses the harms related to issues in understanding the semantic meaning of terms, including (disregard of the root-meaning of the word, disregard for the meanings of the subject, omission, and so on) and in this case, 5 Persian translations of the sermon of Nahj al-Balaghah (Faiz al-Islam, Dashti, Shahidi, Ansari and Zamani), by referring to the main literature of this aspect, and discovering the exact meaning of the word were reviewed. It should be noted that in the sermons of Nahj al-Balaghah, the derivatives of the "Estef’al" have been used 293 times, and 35 lexical mistakes have been found.
 

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Introduction

In the last few decades, critical theories, which are to understand and change social systems, as well as critical discourse studies adhered to the principles of Frankfurt School and Social Constructionism have been of a great significance in the fields of linguistics and political and social sciences. Weiss and Wodak (2014) believe that critical theory, even with different conceptions of ideology, seeks to make human agents aware of their needs and interests (p. 14). In the same vein, immanent critique, which has its roots in Hegelian-Marxist tradition, is a means of detecting the societal contradictions which offer the most determinate possibilities for emancipatory social change (Antonio, 1981).
However, these studies are now encountering a serious challenge in the process of analyzing and assessing the discursive practices of ‘power elites’. In other words, as reason and the ideals of liberty, equality and justice which support social ideals decline decade-by-decade, immanent critique loses its whole power to challenge social systems and practices.
To find a complement to immanent critique, the thematic exegesis of the Holy Quran was considered in terms of philosophy, aims and application. A thematic exegetist does his best to discover and bring together the ideals, suggestions, and solutions - presented in a non-organized way in the Holy Quran - to particular individual/social problems and issues under investigation. In this article, we will introduce an approach called ‘Topic-based Discourse Analysis’ (TDA), intending to generalize the philosophy and application of Shahid Sadr’s Approach to Thematic Exegesis (SSATE) to the field of social/ political discourse analysis.
TDA is recommended for the researchers to compile the ideals, comments, and theories of acknowledged (charismatic) leaders on a particular issue to be applied as a complement for immanent critique or as a guidebook for ‘power elites’.

Methodology

TDA is a blend of analytical tools/strategies designed by Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA) and the operational phases of SSATE. It is introduced from these three dimensions: a) the Model’s theoretical basics: these basics were drawn out of DHA and SSATE philosophies of application; b) its analytical tools: Four-level Theory of Context, Argumentation Theory, and Wodak’s five discursive strategies were adopted from DHA. Another discursive strategy called Reverse Statement Strategy was added to the Wodak’s set which was drawn out of exegesis’ analytic tools; and c) its operational phases: the TDA steps were designed based on those of SSATE together with some necessary adjustments. 

TDA Operational Steps 

The holy Quran much like any other heavenly book is full of instructions from a variety of different fields of study. As mentioned above, a thematic exegetist brings into focus the Quran’s non-organized ideals and solutions to a particular individual/social problem under each of his investigations. This process is primarily based on these three sides:

1. a discursive topic based on which the exegetist’s research questions are designed;
2. the Almighty Allah as a knowledgeable reference;  
3. the holy Quran a macro-text believed by Muslims as the words of Allah in different parts of which the answer to the question(s) can be found;

This three-side base of the Quran’s thematic exegesis was adopted and generalized to make up a three-side base for Topic-based Discourse Analysis Model:

1. a discursive topic based on which the analyst’s research questions are designed;
2. a charismatic knowledgeable human reference e. g. a political leader;  
3. a macro-text i. e. the book(s) written by the human reference in different parts of which the answer to the questions can be found;

Having faced with a social or individual, political or religious, cultural or economic problem, a topic-based analyst is to ideally pass through these operational analytic phases recursively: 

1. Forming the 3-side base for a particular research problem as described above.
2. Literature review i. e. recollection and consultation of preceding theoretical/practical knowledge.
3. Designing research questions and their specification for the given research problem based on the corresponding research literature.
4. Systematic collection of data and context information related to the time when the selected macro-text was written as well as a complete biography of chosen the charismatic leader. (Depending on the research questions, various discursive events, social actors & fields as well as corresponding genres and texts are focused on).
5. Macro-text data collection: the analyst’s careful reading of the macro-text  to firstly identify the data which are explicitly or implicitly capable to answer research questions, and to secondly classify them in accord with the discursive topics, sub-topics, and genres, etc.
6. Collected data analysis: the classified data from the macro-text are to be subjected to the application of Four-level Theory of Context, Argumentation Theory, and 6 discursive strategies.

 Theorization by formulation of critique (answering research questions, taking into account the relevant context knowledge and referring to the DHA’s three dimensions of critique).

8. Application of results (if possible, the obtained results might be applied or proposed for application)

Conclusion

In this article, we designed an approach called ‘Topic-based Discourse Analysis’ (TDA) to generalize the philosophy and application of Shahid Sadr’s Approach to Thematic Exegesis to the field of social/ political discourse analysis as a complement for immanent critique.
 
Diagram 2: the hermeneutic cycle of TDA operational phases
 
TDA is a blend of analytical tools/strategies designed by DHA and the operational phases of SSATE. It was introduced from these three dimensions: a) the Model’s theoretical basics; b) its analytical tools; and c) its operational 8 phases. These operational phases are cyclic and of a hermeneutic taste as illustrated by Diagram 2
 

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Ṣaḥīfa Sajjādīya is one of the most prominent and valuable prayer works that has a profound spiritual, psychological, and educational impact on its readers. The importance and position of this valuable book necessitate attention to its accurate translation and critique of the translations carried out so that the best translations can be identified and introduced to readers for better understanding of its lofty concepts. Therefore, in the present study, the translation of this book has been examined based on a descriptive-analytical approach and relying on Newmark's theory, in two components of transfer and indigenization. The results indicated that Ayati and Balaghi have had the highest level of transfer, while Fayḍul Islam has utilized the transfer process to a lesser extent. The highest level of indigenization is observed in Balaghi's translation, and the lowest in Fayḍul Islam's translation. The results of these two analyses also show that Ayati and Balaghi have used the highest level of transfer and indigenization, while Fayḍul Islam has the lowest level of transfer and indigenization, making Fayḍul Islam's translation more appropriate. The types of indigenization strategies employed by translators in translating Ṣaḥīfa Sajjādīya include: 1. Converting the rounded "Tāʼ" to an extended "Tāʼ"; 2. Adding a Persian plural marker to an Arabic word; 3. Using other derivatives of Arabic words; 4. Reversing the order of the noun and adjective; 5. Adding a Persian suffix to an Arabic word; 6. Converting the plural form of a word to singular; 7. Using a different form of the plural word; 8. Removing Arabic diacritics from the word; 9. Converting the rounded "Tāʼ" to "Hā" in Persian, and 10. Constructing a compound Persian verb using the root of an Arabic verb.
 

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Many Arabic words, upon entering the Persian language, have been transferred with the preservation of sound and script but have acquired completely different meanings, to the extent that in Persian, either the intended Quranic meaning is not understood at all, or the meaning is abrogated and not intuitive. These words can pave the way for misconceptions; in translating such words, the Persian interpretation of these words may subconsciously come to the minds of some translators and steer them away from the Arabic meaning. This deviation can be referred to as "Persianization" in translation. The present study, using reliable lexical sources of Persian and Arabic languages with a descriptive and critical approach, the semantic differences of the words "Tafāwut, Ḥājat, Ihlāk, Imdād, and Ṣāḥib/Aṣḥāb" in Arabic and Persian have been explained, followed by the examination of the performance of 41 Persian translators of the Holy Quran. The research findings indicate that the issue of Persianization has a widespread prevalence among Persian-speaking translators to the extent that no translator can be identified who has made fewer mistakes in this regard.

 

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The purpose of researches published in scientific journals has always been to solve a problem of a specific field of knowledge. Recently an article titled:” Rhetorical and Stylistic Critique of Hafiz’s Quatrains”, has been published in a journal. The title is really astonishing as many years ago Late Amin Riahi has proved in his book “Golgasht” that the quatrains brought in Hafiz’s Divan do not belong to him. Now it is not clear why Hafiz, who had never been known for writing quatrains, be criticized and then it is decided that he did not have enough skill for writing them. It is the very surprising title that encourages us to continue reading the article. After reading the text, one will find that it is incorrect interpretation of the authors that cause them to find fault with the quatrains, that by chance are not Hafiz’, and to pass a judgment that is against him but at the same time is unfairly favored by the authors. The purpose of this research is to present a fundamental and content assessment of the said article and specifying its shortcomings and weaknesses that are clearly evident in it.

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Such a Reflection of The Moon in The Water; A Critique of The "Plan for Classifying Literary genres in The Classical Period"Such a Reflection of The Moon in The Water; A Critique of The "Plan for Classifying Literary genres in The Classical Period"Such a Reflection of The Moon in The Water; A Critique of The "Plan for Classifying Literary genres in The Classical Period"

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Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. Submitted for possible open access publication under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY- NC) license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

“The Tale of King Numan and His Sons” is one of the captivating and multi-layered stories from the One Thousand and One Nights collection. On its surface layer, the tale portrays the historical theme of war between Muslims and Christians. Zat al-Dawahi, the main female character, disguised as a male religious figure, conceals her gender and religion, deceiving the Muslim army. Socially, the story primarily focuses on her feminine cunning, ultimately leading to her comeuppance. However, on a deeper layer, when viewed through an archetypal lens, the tale reflects the societal lack of anima (the feminine element) and illustrates the collective conscious and unconscious fragmentation, confirming this theme through the rule of two kings over one realm at the tale’s end. The descriptive-analytical research method based on library sources has been employed. Archetypally, Zat al-Dawahi is a negative “anima (exemplary mother)” who, at times throughout the story, dons a “veil” and vividly illustrates the societal shadows. Albeit, with a slight change in perspective on the roles and positions of characters, she can also be considered a “trickster hero”. Zat al-Dawahi represents the women of her society: those whose feminine traits (love) have been disregarded in a patriarchal system and marginalized. Consequently, her masculine element (animus) is activated, and due to her animosity, she manifests herself as vengeful, fearless, ruthless, and cunning.

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In this article; two collection of poems entitled “Mokabedat-Al Shajar” and “Let us believe in the beginning of cold season” by Boshra’ Bostani and Forough Farrokhzad’s where we encounter critical period of Iran’s’ history – between the second Pahlavi dynasty and post second world war period of colonialism in Iraq have been analyzed by descriptive – analytic research methodology . The results showed that both poets have paid special attention to hearth of family with motherhood passions and love. Taking into consideration the infidelity of Iraq and Iran society in relation to women rights as unique principle of Islam, these poets have reflected the place of women and their rights in their works. Both poets have been engaged in reflecting social problems like poverty, unemployment and class distinctions. Also, political structure and tradition – modernity contrast have been the main themes in the poems of both poets uttered acidly. The acute language of Forough Farrokhzad in her diatribes is more salient than Boshra. In its turn, complexity and ambiguity o