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Showing 10 results for Correspondence
Volume 2, Issue 4 (12-2022)
Abstract
Thought in Frege’s point of view is accompanied by innovations as well as ambiguities that have been examined from various points of view. But Frege's view of conventional definitions of truth and rejecting them is the main topic of this article. In his explanation of propositions containing thought and judgment, Frege doesn’t accept the conventional definitions of truth for their sequence, and in order to solve the problem of achieving the truth and value of propositions, he proposes "Thought" and tries to replace it. In order to clarify this claim, we first examine language and thought from his point of view, and then by entering into the subject of thought and discovering its characteristics, we will try to understand Frege's claim to replace it with the definitions of truth. Finally, with the plan of seven critiques, the author believes that this replacement is not possible and fruitful.
Volume 6, Issue 7 (3-2015)
Abstract
Language is a medium of communication and the important goal of conveying a message is made possible through its channel. Modern life style has imposed some new diverse functions on this device. Modern written Persian alongside other languages embraces different varieties that include media and formal correspondence registers. These particular versions demand precise writing that follow high standards and norms of Persian. Furthermore, due to their wide use, these types can be considered standard language learning tools for the addresses. Consequently, taking benefit of accurate standard patterns in the use of these versions leads to boosting the use of standard Persian among the users and addresses alike. Formal correspondence is a type of register that is used to convey messages through letters, circulars, notices, and other similar platforms. Despite the fact that formal correspondence enjoys its own particular features including specific terminology, it is expected to follow standard Persian in many aspects of wording and structure. Research findings indicate otherwise. In this study, 152 letters and circulars all in the domain of formal correspondence in the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology that mounted to a corpus of 1000 sentences were scrutinized focusing on the analysis of nonstandard patterns through a three-level editing process including technical, linguistic, and rhetorical aspects. The standard forms were provided along with some suggestions for improving the quality of formal correspondence. Based on the findings of this research endeavor, the order of highest frequency for nonstandard uses were in the linguistic, technical, and rhetorical domains respectively. This implies the need for a more focused approach on these features in education and research areas.
Volume 14, Issue 6 (11-2012)
Abstract
Terfezia, Picoa and Tirmania, so called desert truffles, are mycorrhizal fungi mostly endemic to arid and semi-arid areas of the Mediterranean Region, where they are associated with Helianthemum and Carexspecies. The aim of this work was to study the identification, molecular analysis, distribution and hosts of these pezizalean hypogeous fungi in Iran. Among the specimens, Terfezia claveryi, Tirmania pinoyi, T. nivea, Picoa lefebvrei and P. juniperi were identified. Field, laboratory and anatomical studies showed that Helianthemum ledifolium, H. salicifolium, H. lippi and Carex stenophylum have ectomycorrhizal associations with five species in the studied areas. The results of molecular analysis showed that C. stenophylum roots form mycorrhizal associations with T. claveryi. Hyphal mantle was absent from sections of the mycorrhizas. The results of physico-chemical analyses on soil samples from different parts of the Fars Province in Iran showed that the genus Tirmania was more prevalent in soils with high CaCO3 and silt contents than the T. claveryi, P. lefebvrei and P. juniperi. The Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) indicated that soil structure were an important environmental parameter influencing desert truffles distribution.
Volume 14, Issue 56 (12-2021)
Abstract
Introducing narrative as a possible world, while emphasizing its self-sufficiency, the present study aims to provide an alternative to those theories that consider narrative as a reflection of the state of the affairs in the real world. Accordingly, having discussied the self-sufficiency of narrative configured through its internal forces, the research explores the subject of contextualism from a macro-cultural, phenomenological, and linguistic point of view. This research methodologically uses a combination of phenomenological and linguistic approaches in the study of literary context to apply the principles of the possible literary world in the light of topics such as symbolic forms, wholeness, semantic heterogeneity, probable impossibility, internal logic of the work and semiotic reading. In this study, it is found that in the semantics of the possible literary world, the consistency theory of truth is more effective than the coherency theory of truth, and narrative, while suspending the referential function of the text, is better understood via its internal orderings.
- Introduction
In the mimetic reading of literary works, an attempt is always made to find a reasonable relationship between the narrative and the outside world. Accordingly, most thinkers, working in the field of literature and history, try to investigate the historical origins and real contexts of literary works and to reveal the objective considerations from which the narrative is thought to have originated. That is why, narrative¸ according to such a view, is regarded as a mirror in front of the nature or the world, and therefore the identity of fictional characters, images, events and narrative situations are reduced to a shadow, or else a copy for which one could find a corresponding or equivalent phenomenon in the world.
For this reason, historical events, personalities, and the state of affairs in the outside world, are supposed to be the source or foundation on which the narrative is constructed and represented. Since at the core of this theory lies the principle of reference, and the truth or falsity of propositions depends on the conformity of such representations with the particular affairs of the world, the historical reading of the narrative is more dominant. In this approach every phenomenon in the narrative is interpreted to be a reflection of an invulnerable reality. Thus, such an approach not only negates the independence and self-sufficiency of the narrative, but also reduces it to the level of history. But that is not all. Indeed, sometimes, there is an allegorical approach which seems to be more quasi-philosophical than the mimetic reading. From this perspective, narrative as a special literary world is regarded as a place for the re-presentation or re-emergence of some universal phenomena. In fact, when it is not possible to identify a particular event or real character behind the representations of a narrative, the reader, researcher, or the literary critic shifts from a mimetic to an interpretive or allegorical approach. Accordingly, fictional characters or events acquire their originality not by reference to specific historical phenomena, but by reference to universal themes.
In this way, "fictional particular represents actual universal" (Doležel, 1988: 477). Such a view leads to the formation of a kind of literary typology according to which a particular phenomenon is considered to be correspondent to universal affairs. In this way, in a narrative, characters are regarded to be equivalent to different social types, character traits are equivalent to general psychological characteristics, and specific or partial situations or events are equivalent to general and universal historical situations. Thus, from this perspective, the narrative contains abstract categories that are manifested in the guise of fictional events and characters. For this reason, in the allegorical reading of a work, it seems necessary to rely to elevate the narrative facts to the level of general affairs on the basis of an interpretive or allegorical approach.
In other words, the components, present in the narrative, are distanced from their narrative identity in the allegorical approach. These elements are, instead, reformulated as sociological, moral, or psychological types or generalities. Obviously, such an approach deprives the narrative of its special charms due to the exclusion of the particular. For this reason, in what follows, relying on the principle of self-sufficiency of the work, I try to provide an approach to reading narratives, which not only maintains the individuality of the work, but do not reduce the narrative to real or allegorical affairs, as well. According to such a view, narrative as a possible world is self-sufficient and has a real identity, and has therefore the power to be configured through its own regulative rules. Therefore, in this research, it is assumed that the validity or cogency of the characters and events in the narrative is guaranteed by its internal system. Accordingly, in the following, while rethinking the concepts of "self-sufficiency" and "contextualism" of the narrative, and emphasizing the independence of the work, I would try to elucidate and highlight the axioms of the narrative semantic.
For this reason, historical events, personalities, and the state of affairs in the outside world, are supposed to be the source or foundation on which the narrative is constructed and represented. Since at the core of this theory lies the principle of reference, and the truth or falsity of propositions depends on the conformity of such representations with the particular affairs of the world, the historical reading of the narrative is more dominant. In this approach every phenomenon in the narrative is interpreted to be a reflection of an invulnerable reality. Thus, such an approach not only negates the independence and self-sufficiency of the narrative, but also reduces it to the level of history. But that is not all. Indeed, sometimes, there is an allegorical approach which seems to be more quasi-philosophical than the mimetic reading. From this perspective, narrative as a special literary world is regarded as a place for the re-presentation or re-emergence of some universal phenomena. In fact, when it is not possible to identify a particular event or real character behind the representations of a narrative, the reader, researcher, or the literary critic shifts from a mimetic to an interpretive or allegorical approach. Accordingly, fictional characters or events acquire their originality not by reference to specific historical phenomena, but by reference to universal themes.
In this way, "fictional particular represents actual universal" (Doležel, 1988: 477). Such a view leads to the formation of a kind of literary typology according to which a particular phenomenon is considered to be correspondent to universal affairs. In this way, in a narrative, characters are regarded to be equivalent to different social types, character traits are equivalent to general psychological characteristics, and specific or partial situations or events are equivalent to general and universal historical situations. Thus, from this perspective, the narrative contains abstract categories that are manifested in the guise of fictional events and characters. For this reason, in the allegorical reading of a work, it seems necessary to rely to elevate the narrative facts to the level of general affairs on the basis of an interpretive or allegorical approach.
In other words, the components, present in the narrative, are distanced from their narrative identity in the allegorical approach. These elements are, instead, reformulated as sociological, moral, or psychological types or generalities. Obviously, such an approach deprives the narrative of its special charms due to the exclusion of the particular. For this reason, in what follows, relying on the principle of self-sufficiency of the work, I try to provide an approach to reading narratives, which not only maintains the individuality of the work, but do not reduce the narrative to real or allegorical affairs, as well. According to such a view, narrative as a possible world is self-sufficient and has a real identity, and has therefore the power to be configured through its own regulative rules. Therefore, in this research, it is assumed that the validity or cogency of the characters and events in the narrative is guaranteed by its internal system. Accordingly, in the following, while rethinking the concepts of "self-sufficiency" and "contextualism" of the narrative, and emphasizing the independence of the work, I would try to elucidate and highlight the axioms of the narrative semantic.
- Review of Literature
In fact, shortly after Kripke reinterpreted Leibniz's classical concept of possible worlds in a formal logical system, the study of literature and the analysis of the fictional world from the perspective of possible worlds have been prevalent since 1970s. In this regard, Pavel (1975), as a beginner, tries to clarify the relationship between narrative and the real world. He critiques the tendency to analyse literary works in the light of the referential function due to its reducing the art work to the mere reflection of the outside world. Instead, he proposes a specific ontology by which the self-sufficiency of literary works is guaranteed, as well. Another research which is of high significance especially for its explanatory power and also its coherent reasoning is that of Doležel (1988). The research is to explain the nature of the narrative and its related ontology. In this study, Doležel emphasizes that the origin of representation is the author himself. He believes that fictional characters are real in a hypothetical world before the author turns to them, and that the creator of the work has not necessarily experienced examples of them in the real world. He avows that the fiction writer creates his characters in exactly the same way as the historian constructs historical characters, with this difference that the writer is the historian of the realms of fiction. I do not quite agree with the outcomes of this research because of its reduction of the ontology of the possible world to the reception theory, though I may refer to some of his findings while I give my own suggestions. In any case, Doležel considers the fictional world to be something different from the real world, emphasizing that fictional characters are possible and not real. However, the position of Wolterstorff (1988) is in opposition to this principle. He provides the reader with some reasons to show how believing in non-existent, but probable characters, whose being is manifested only by the narrative, is objectionable. Another research which is of high importance in terms of its historical aspects of the theory and also its explanatory power is that of Ronen (1994). In a comprehensive study, Ronen emphasizes that employing philosophical teachings about the possible world could be useful in literary theory due to the similarities between the two. While examining the historical course of the theory of possible worlds, he explains its rules and finally applies the teachings of this field in the field of narration. There are a number of notable criticisms of Ronen, including Van Peer (1996), who addresses one of the key terms he uses and argues that asserting the fictional elements to be non-real is exactly in contrast with what the possible world theory is likely to prove. In a book review, Earnshaw (1997) also shows that taking a pragmatic viewpoint, Ronen ultimately leaves it up to the reader to determine the possibility or probability of fictional characters, and he thus ignores the main issue, i.e. the real state of affairs.
3. Methodology
In any case, the present study is an original research which is the outcome of my own personal reflections and, except in one or two cases where I have taken some terms from Doležel research, I am not indebted to any research in terms of my theoretical framework.
4. Results
The present study shows that regarding the literary world as a possible world implies the self-sufficiency of the work, and therefore the difference between a literary work and, say, a historical work, is that internal forces play an important role in its construction. This, in itself, entails the suspension of the referential function of the language. In this way, the particular signification of a literary work is not achieved by its correspondence to the outside world, but generally by the internal order of the work. For this reason, explaining the mechanism of truth and falsity of propositions in a possible literary world shows greater efficiency when it is based on the consistency theory of truth. Examining the axioms of the possible literary world shows that the self-sufficiency of a literary work is not only in line with contextualism in its phenomenological and linguistic sense, but also reveals some of the most important features of this world. For example, the form of thought in the possible literary world, although it has similarities with scientific thought, but as long as the work tends towards self-sufficiency, the form of thought is based on different perceptions of concepts such as objectivity, time, place and causality. In terms of semantic as well as ontological integrity, the possible literary world expands along a continuum, in which the tendency for wholeness in the work is maximal in one end and minimal on the other. What makes the possible literary world different from the real word is the fact that unlike the real world, in which imperfection is considered as an existential or semantic defect, in the literary world, imperfection is considered as an aesthetic feature. This is firstly because a part or parts of the identity of phenomena and characters are existentially revealed in such a world, which allows the generation of prototypical or ideal examples, and on the other hand, from the point of view of perception theory, imperfection itself acts as a factor which increases the range of a reader's collaboration in the recreation of the final meaning and thus makes the meaning more plural and fluid. This issue justifies the semantic and ontological heterogeneity, the presence of phenomena and the possible characters in the possible literary world. In fact, as long as the intellectual, linguistic or stylistic system of the author and the work act as a macro-structure which deprives the subject of his/her agency, the literary tradition acts as a channel that leads to the creation of similar formal and thematic works, but the literary world due to its lack of adherence to homogeneity becomes dynamic. This dynamism is basically the result of the absorption of paradox in the literary system. Obviously, the presence of paradox in the literary world leads to a constant dialectical becoming. Accordingly, paradox, as an estrange object, enters the system, upsets it, and eventually becomes a part of it. Thus, although the literary tradition entails fixation and stagnation, the literary world is always elusive due to the lack of adherence to ontological or semantic similarity. In the end, it became clear that when we examine the literary world from the perspective of the theory of reception, understanding the cohesion and coherence of the text and thus the textual significance of the work entails superseding the mimetic reading- which is common to historical and scientific texts- and adapting a semiotic reading. Such a reading focuses on those signs that gain their value through ungrammaticality and non-coexistence with the other components of the literary work.
3. Methodology
In any case, the present study is an original research which is the outcome of my own personal reflections and, except in one or two cases where I have taken some terms from Doležel research, I am not indebted to any research in terms of my theoretical framework.
4. Results
The present study shows that regarding the literary world as a possible world implies the self-sufficiency of the work, and therefore the difference between a literary work and, say, a historical work, is that internal forces play an important role in its construction. This, in itself, entails the suspension of the referential function of the language. In this way, the particular signification of a literary work is not achieved by its correspondence to the outside world, but generally by the internal order of the work. For this reason, explaining the mechanism of truth and falsity of propositions in a possible literary world shows greater efficiency when it is based on the consistency theory of truth. Examining the axioms of the possible literary world shows that the self-sufficiency of a literary work is not only in line with contextualism in its phenomenological and linguistic sense, but also reveals some of the most important features of this world. For example, the form of thought in the possible literary world, although it has similarities with scientific thought, but as long as the work tends towards self-sufficiency, the form of thought is based on different perceptions of concepts such as objectivity, time, place and causality. In terms of semantic as well as ontological integrity, the possible literary world expands along a continuum, in which the tendency for wholeness in the work is maximal in one end and minimal on the other. What makes the possible literary world different from the real word is the fact that unlike the real world, in which imperfection is considered as an existential or semantic defect, in the literary world, imperfection is considered as an aesthetic feature. This is firstly because a part or parts of the identity of phenomena and characters are existentially revealed in such a world, which allows the generation of prototypical or ideal examples, and on the other hand, from the point of view of perception theory, imperfection itself acts as a factor which increases the range of a reader's collaboration in the recreation of the final meaning and thus makes the meaning more plural and fluid. This issue justifies the semantic and ontological heterogeneity, the presence of phenomena and the possible characters in the possible literary world. In fact, as long as the intellectual, linguistic or stylistic system of the author and the work act as a macro-structure which deprives the subject of his/her agency, the literary tradition acts as a channel that leads to the creation of similar formal and thematic works, but the literary world due to its lack of adherence to homogeneity becomes dynamic. This dynamism is basically the result of the absorption of paradox in the literary system. Obviously, the presence of paradox in the literary world leads to a constant dialectical becoming. Accordingly, paradox, as an estrange object, enters the system, upsets it, and eventually becomes a part of it. Thus, although the literary tradition entails fixation and stagnation, the literary world is always elusive due to the lack of adherence to ontological or semantic similarity. In the end, it became clear that when we examine the literary world from the perspective of the theory of reception, understanding the cohesion and coherence of the text and thus the textual significance of the work entails superseding the mimetic reading- which is common to historical and scientific texts- and adapting a semiotic reading. Such a reading focuses on those signs that gain their value through ungrammaticality and non-coexistence with the other components of the literary work.
Volume 15, Issue 6 (8-2015)
Abstract
The instability behavior of stiffened cylindrical shells and determination of the corresponding buckling loads under axial compression, according to the extended range of structural applications of them in various fields of engineering, has been paid a lot of attention from researchers and extensive amount of studies have been performed on it so far. Because of a lack of the general closed form responses due to complexity of the governing equations and analyses process, using the FE software codes as the main technique of the stiffened shell's buckling load determination is inevitable. Accordingly the present paper has been studied the reinforcement effects of ring and stringer and also compared the buckling loads which are evaluated by analysis of the FE numerical modeling in ABAQUS software with instability results that obtained from a general analytical equation derived by other references via applying the simplifying assumptions to the governing equations. Furthermore an attempt has been performed for extraction of the finite element instability load vs. structure reinforcement correspondence that enables the designers to accurately determine the instability load of structure for other values of structure's stiffening volume without performing additional FE analyses which are much more expensive in term of computer time.
Volume 17, Issue 2 (3-2015)
Abstract
Global warming and predictions of climatic changes additionally put breeding for drought tolerance in the focus of breeding programmes for maize. Extensive studies on the existing gene bank collection of the Maize Research Institute “Zemun Polje“ have been performed with the aim to identify and form initial sources for the development of maize inbreds more tolerant to drought. All accessions (about 6,000) were exposed to controlled drought stress in Egypt. Out of this number, approximately 8% of the tested genotypes were selected. In this study attention was given to 321 selected Western Balkan maize landraces, adapted to temperate climate growing conditions and the day length. Data derived from morphological characterization according to CIMMYT/IBPGR descriptors for maize, along with the application of numerical classification methods, were used to define homogeneous landraces groups based on morphological similarities. Results obtained from hierarchical and non-hierarchical analyses revealed the formation of 11 divergent groups. According to the obtained grain yield and visually scored stalk lodging and stay green, approximately 15% of the accessions from each of 11 groups were selected. Further investigations are towards defining their heterotic patterns and their possible utilization in developing and improving synthetic populations.
Volume 21, Issue 4 (7-2019)
Abstract
Policy, research, and extension support are among the various drivers that helped India to become self-sufficient in food production. In order to contribute better towards agricultural development, the extension and advisory agents need new capacities to confront the present challenges in agriculture. The present study was conducted in four Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) zones of Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s (KVK) selected by simple random sampling without replacement to map the present level of competencies of the extensionists. Twenty KVK from each zone were selected randomly and three extensionists from each KVK were selected by using simple random sampling technique. The total sample size was 240. Mapping of the competency was dealt in two parts viz Emotional Intelligence (EI) and Professional Competency (PC). Correspondence Analysis (CA) technique was used to map the professional competencies of the extensionists. The first part of mapping dealing with EI showed that the respondents had average level of EI. The analysis of the competencies showed that most of the competency statements for the extension professionals were clustered around the center of the biplot showing medium level of PC. Hence, this provides an opportunity to the policy makers to devise suitable strategies to develop these competencies of the extensionists so that they become efficient and effective in their job.
Volume 26, Issue 3 (5-2024)
Abstract
The agricultural extension system of India has various kinds of service providers like state agriculture departments, universities, research institutes, Farm Science Centers and private players. This study was conducted in 2020 and attempted to explore the association between average annual net income earned from citrus cultivation and the source of availing citrus extension services through Correspondence Analysis (CA) method of 300 citrus farmers selected from three districts in Maharashtra, India. The farmers with high income (1808.31USD to 2411.09USD/ha) received advisory services of the public research institute ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute (CCRI) through either personal contact or electronic platforms. Awareness about CCRI services, source of seeking citrus cultivation related information, source of purchasing citrus planting material, using CCRI mobile app and website for citrus advisories, and contacting CCRI scientists for solving citrus farming related issues was found to have significant (P< 0.05) positive relationship with net income from citrus farming through Pearsons’ correlation coefficient, while cost of cultivation and orchard age had negative significant relationship. The multi-linear regression analysis, depicted cost of cultivation, awareness about CCRI services, source of seeking citrus advisories, and source of purchasing planting material had significant association with net income. The findings of correlation and regression thus emphasized the positive significant association of CCRI’s extension services to income from citrus farming. Identifying homogenous target groups of citrus farmers through Classification and Regression Tree (CART) method can serve as policy implication for extension service providers to deliver customized need-based advisories to target clientele.
Sahar Bahrami-Khorshid1,
Volume 26, Issue 4 (12-2019)
Volume 26, Issue 4 (12-2019)
Abstract
According to the extended projection principle (EPP), it is claimed that all sentences require subjects. In line with such assumption, it is believed that some languages, including Persian, are categorized as pro-drop languages and their subject is encoded by the verbal inflection. In fact, the subject position is an empty category designated by pro (small pro). Therefore, AGR (verbal inflection) has a purely syntactic function. However, in cognitive grammar, AGR is treated as a symbolic assembly profiling a process whose only independent contribution to the meaning of the verb with which it combines, is the person and number specification of the processual AGR. Considering AGR as a meaningful category, its trajector can correspond with the trajector of the processual component (verb) which is left unexpressed. In contrast to the assumption that AGR is redundant, it shown that the subject (the trajector of the processual component) is not dropped; it does exist but is highly schematic. It is elaborated (becomes specific) by trajector of AGR through correspondence. In other words, Persian speakers conceptualize the subject by only one source of information; that is the trajector of AGR.
Hungary Mortaza Firuzi, Hungary Sándor Papp,
Volume 31, Issue 1 (1-2024)
Volume 31, Issue 1 (1-2024)
Abstract
Abstract: This study introduces a collection of manuscripts of Münşeʾât ve Baʿżî Vaḳâyiʿ-i Sulṭân Süleymân Ḫân that are preserved in the Austrian National Library with the signature of H.O. 50. This research aims to shed light on the history of Ottoman-Safavid relations through their direct correspondence. Furthermore, it checks the accuracy of the printed version of documents Mecmûʿa-i Münşeʾât üs-Selâṭîn (Istanbul, 1858), which are a major source of the two medieval empire of Iran and Turkey, as modifications have already been demonstrated by distinguished scholars such as Kurt Holter. The results of this study show that the aforementioned manuscripts contain 75 documents, including letters and campaign diaries. A total of 32 letters and one campaign diary are related to the relations during Ottoman ruler, Suleiman I and Ismail I and Tahmasp I of the Safavid Empire. In addition, correspondence of these two empires from Münşeʾât ve Baʿżî Vaḳâyiʿ-i Sulṭân Süleymân Ḫân can be found in Mecmûʿa-i Münşeʾât üs-Selâṭîn (Istanbul,1858).
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