Showing 41 results for Corona
Volume 2, Issue 2 (12-2020)
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus in late 2019 and early 2020 in Wuhan, China and its widespread spread around the world has had different consequences for different parts of the world. The recent epidemic has raised the issue of vulnerability of border cities to epidemics. Because border cities are among the most vulnerable and economically, socially ecologically and fragile areas that can be highly susceptible to coronavirus.
The present study is theoretical-applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of study method. The required data and information were collected in two ways: library and survey. The statistical population of the study included 78 professors, doctoral and master students in the fields of political geography, urban geography and land management who had the necessary familiarity with the study area (Paveh city). SPSS (Friedman test) has been used to quantify qualitative information and obtain some data analysis. The research findings show that in terms of economic security, the level of household savings has decreased by 17.49 points. In terms of political security, reducing the level of food security with a score of 7.22, in terms of social security, the variable of reducing social interactions with a score of 8.25 and in terms of environmental security, reducing the destruction of natural resources with a score of 3.55 had the greatest impact on the outbreak of coronavirus in Paveh. Coronavirus has had a significant impact on the security of border cities
Volume 3, Issue 2 (9-2022)
Abstract
Issue: The Covied-19 Pandemic showed the vulnerability of cities in their current state and revealed one of the strongest stimuli for the need for radical rethinking in Urban Planning. One of the theoretical approaches that has been considered by many cities in developed countries is the 15-Minute City Approach. density, proximity to complementary and consistent functions are its basic principles.
Aims: The purpose of this article is to study the concept of a 15-Minute City, identify the components of achieving it and feasibility study of the adaptation this approach in Iranian cities as a post-pandemic urban planning approach. As a case study, Mehrshahr, Karaj has been studied.
Methodology: It is applied research that is applied descriptive-analytical method. In the analysis of access to index uses, the analysis of the pedestrian network in GIS software was used and using SWOT and QSPM techniques to determine and prioritize strategies for future development. The study area in the direction of the city was 15 Minutes.
Findings: The lack of functional diversity (vacuum in educational, religious and medical uses) and the lack of path continuity and very poor flooring for pedestrians are important issues in this area to adapt to the 15-Minute City approach.
Conclusion: Ensuring the safety and security of pedestrians and cyclists, providing infrastructure and services required for pedestrians and cyclists, applying the principles of mixed and multiple land use and balanced distribution of services are the most important strategies proposed.
Volume 3, Issue 2 (9-2022)
Abstract
Objectives: Today, after the experience of the corona epidemic for many experts, the impact of urban development programs on the spread of the virus has been proven that new theories in architecture and urban planning regarding the corona pandemic situation can provide suitable solutions for designers.
Research Method: It is based on analytical and descriptive studies and has been compiled based on mutual relations and comparisons between independent variables and new theories in architecture and urban planning in relation to the corona pandemic situation and related variables.
Findings and Conclusion: The dense development of cities and the high communication of people with each other due to the dense urban life, make the ways of breaking the virus distribution chain more difficult. Therefore, the resilience of cities, despite being ignored in the development phase, is very important in times of crisis. Factors such as housing pattern, use of local institutions, neighborhood-based urban planning, public arena, urban transportation, small and local business acquisition and smart infrastructure such as the development of e-urban services are very influential in the spread of infectious diseases in cities and metropolises. The prevalence of COVID-19 suggests potential new pattern changes that are likely to change our development patterns, particularly in both the construction and environmental sectors. Epidemic has been the most significant disruption of human activity in a generation. For many designers, it has been a time to refocus and rethink how products, buildings and cities are designed.
Volume 3, Issue 3 (12-2021)
Abstract
Rural economy is considered as an economic foundation due to providing food security and essential goods for a country. Therefore, any threat to this type of economy can have many negative consequences on other dimensions of economy. The spread of the Corona Virus has had various effects on the world economy, especially on the rural economy. This research tries to study and analyze the economic effects of the Corona Virus outbreak on the village of Upper Eshkevar. The present research is applied in terms of its goal and is descriptive-analytic in terms of method. The nature of data is quantitative and qualitative and the method of data collection is based on library and field findings. Data analysis is based on future study techniques including interaction analysis. The research findings show that, four main factors including unsustainable employment, unsustainable income, increasing rural poverty and decreasing in investment are in association with COVID-19 effects. Based on t-test and Pearson, it can be said that the economic effects of Corona Virus have averaged 4.44, which shows a significant difference (p> 0.05). It can be said that Corona Virus has had significant effects on the economy of Eshkor Alia village.
Volume 3, Issue 3 (10-2022)
Abstract
Statement of the problem: Covid-19 has had important effects on architecture and urban planning. The main problem of the research is to identify and investigate the location of industrial heritage sites in this era. It seems that the prioritization and redesign of industrial heritage sites has a special place.
Objectives: The main objective of the article is to show the importance of redesigning, modernizing and restoring industrial heritage sites in preparing them for the post-corona era.
methods: The research begins with the comparison of two categories of buildings based on the indicators of a healthy and disease-resistant city. Then, it forms a discussion group and a panel consisting of five qualified experts.
Findings: The most important part of the findings of the research is the difference between the two selected groups, including five examples of buildings that have changed use, such as Argo Museum-Gallery, Tabriz University of Islamic Arts, Briyank Sock Knitting Factory, Tehran Palace Museum Garden, and Iran Artists' House; And five examples of buildings that are waiting for a change of use include Tehran Tobacco Factory, Tehran Silo, Karaj Iron Smelting Factory, Ray Cement Industrial Factory, and Tehran Chit Factory.
Conclusion: The comparison of two control and sample groups shows the importance of urban management to modernize and change the use of industrial heritage sites. Returning these collections to the city will not only bring life to the city, but also help the health of the citizens and preparation for the post-corona era.
Volume 4, Issue 2 (12-2022)
Abstract
Although European integration was aimed at expanding regional co-operation and greater integration between member states, but the Corona Virus has threatened its main objectives. The purpose of this inquiry is to analyze the potential consequences of the spread of the Corona Virus on European co-operation and European strategic co-operation to manage this crisis. The present study was based on the hypothesis that weaknesses and failure of the EU members in the face of Corona Virus has intensified unilateralism among members of the European Union. The author using descriptive- analytic method looks consequences of Corona Virus in European countries. The research findings indicated that the Corona Virus triggered cracking of the gap between the states of the north and south and the emergence of populist movements. Also, hopelessness and mistrust, unemployment and poverty have been increased among EU members. In response to the crisis, the European Union has begun to strengthen its governance by looking at the previous experience and with investments in the health sector as a way to enhance the swing, flexibility and stability of the member countries economy.
Volume 4, Issue 3 (8-2016)
Abstract
Aim: Continuous physical activity is required after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery to prevent recurrence of the disease; however, its amount is not suitable in many patients. The present study aimed to investigate the stages of physical activity in patients after CABG using the Trans-Theoretical Model (TTM).
Methods: In this cross-sectional research, 120 cardiac patients participated; they had CABG surgery and referred to Ekbatan Hospital of Hamadan. Sampling was conducted using a purpose-based approach. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire based on the TTM and analyzed using the SPSS18 software. Descriptive statistics and statistical processes of one-way ANOVA, Tukey's post-hoc, and Chi-square tests were also conducted at a significant level of p<0.05.
Findings: The mean age of the participants was 57.87±9.89 years. From the 120 patients under study, 4.2% were in the pre-contemplation phase, 14.2% in the contemplation stage, 58.3% in the preparation stage, 10.8% in the action stage, and 12.5% in the maintenance phase of the physical activity. The results of ANOVA test showed a significant difference between the stages of change in behavior with perceived advantages, perceived disadvantages, perceived self-efficacy, and processes of change (p <0.001).
Conclusion: The results showed that many patients did not have regular physical activity after surgery. This makes clear the need for educational interventions based on theoretical models by health educators.
Volume 6, Issue 2 (6-2020)
Abstract
Aims: This study aimed to provide more information about the influence of Coronavirus Disease2019 (COVID-19) on infected individuals. The symptoms, conditions, and treatments used may be served as important clues to find out potential medications.
Materials & Methods: Various current papers were reviewed, and the findings were summarized. In addition, other diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), which have similar causes or symptoms in patients, were investigated.
Findings: The most common symptoms in infected patients were fever (98%), dry cough (76%), and dyspnoea (55%). Mechanical ventilation was the main supportive treatment for ICU patients, and the mortality rate of patients with chronic diseases in the intensive care unit (ICU) was high (55%). The virus is highly contagious compared to the previous Betacoronaviruses causing epidemic, but its mortality rate is lower so that most of the infected patients studied had minor symptoms or were asymptomatic. Several treatments, such as antiviral agents and antimalarial drugs, are presently being proposed and tested, but none have yet been proven to be effective.
Conclusions: Seniors and patients with chronic diseases are at higher risk of COVID-19 induced severe consequences and mortality. Currently, supportive treatment is the mainstay for severely ill patients.
Volume 7, Issue 1 (3-2019)
Abstract
Aims: Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) with social isolation, treatment rejection, and negative perception of the health status of patients. One of the methods to detect these problems is evaluating the quality of life. This study aimed at determining the effect of self-care behavior education on quality of life of patients after CABG based on Pender’s health promotion model.
Materials & Methods: This semi-experimental was conducted on cardiac surgery candidates, who underwent CABG in the cardiac center hospital of Mazandaran, Iran in 2017. Subjects were selected and divided into two intervention and control groups, using block randomization. at 220 individuals (110 cases per group), and data were collected, using interviews with subjects, the self-care questionnaire based on Pender’s health promotion model in cardiac surgery candidates, and SF-36 quality of life questionnaire. Moreover, the patients were followed-up and trained for 3 and 6 months after the intervention.
Findings: In this research, ANOVA results demonstrated that the different structures of quality of life significantly changed at 3 periods, including before, 3, and 6 months after the intervention (p<0.001). Furthermore, the mean total score of quality of life was higher in the intervention group (56.244±1.474), compared to the control group (48.120±1.508) in all 3 periods.
Conclusion: According to the results of the study, it is recommended that the model designed and used in the current research be applied to perform healthcare behaviors, so that the quality of life of patients can be improved after cardiac surgery.
Volume 7, Issue 1 (1-2021)
Abstract
Background: In Iran, the first cases of SARS-CoV-2 disease were detected with the death of 2 people in Qom city. Then other cases were reported in Markazi, Tehran, and Gilan provinces, and after that the disease spread to all 31 provinces of the country.
Materials and Methods: All data used in this study were collected from the reports of the National Committee on COVID-19 Epidemiology in the Ministry of Health and Medical Education in Iran. To investigate the effect of traveling between neighboring provinces, a spatial rate smoothing method was used, showing the impact of neighborhood on the disease prevalence. Also, to investigate the relationship between population density and disease prevalence, spatial regression was used at a significance level of 5%.
Findings: Based on the estimated spatial rates, the disease prevalence rates changed in many provinces compared to the raw prevalence rates. Population density was also found to be directly related to the disease prevalence, so that with increasing population density, the disease prevalence rate increased (p <.001).
Conclusion: It seems that case finding process should be done actively in all provinces of Iran regardless of administrative borders. Provinces should also be classified in terms of the disease transmission risk according to population density of patients, which may indicate the probability of contact between individuals.
Volume 8, Issue 3 (10-2020)
Abstract
Aims: Due to the terrible effects of 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) on health systems and the global economy, the necessity to study future trends of the virus outbreaks around the world is seriously felt. Since geographical mobility is a risk factor of the disease, it has spread to most of the countries recently. It, therefore, necessitates to design a decision support model to 1) identify the spread pattern of coronavirus and, 2) provide reliable information for the detection of future trends of the virus outbreaks.
Materials & Methods: The present study adopts a computational intelligence approach to detect the possible trends in the spread of 2019-nCoV in China for a one-month period. Then, a validated model for detecting future trends in the spread of the virus in France is proposed. It uses ANN (Artificial Neural Network) and a combination of ANN and GA (Genetic Algorithm), PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization), and ICA (Imperialist Competitive Algorithm) as predictive models.
Findings: The models work on the basis of data released from the past and the present days from WHO (World Health Organization). By comparing four proposed models, ANN and GA-ANN achieve a high degree of accuracy in terms of performance indicators.
Conclusion: The models proposed in the present study can be used as decision support tools for managing and controlling of 2019-nCoV outbreaks.
Volume 8, Issue 4 (12-2022)
Abstract
Backgrounds: Although conventional therapies have played an essential role in the treatment of many diseases, emerging diseases require new treatment methods with less complications. Therefore, it is important to develop an effective vaccine for infections caused by the coronavirus to prevent mortality and create immunity the community.
Materials & Methods: In this research bioinformatics tools were used to design a vaccine against the M membrane protein of SARS-CoV-2. A total of 27 epitopes confined to B cells and MHC I and II alleles were structurally constructed in M protein for immune stimulation and antibody recognition which were used in the construction of a chimeric peptide vaccine .
Results: The vaccine was predicted to be a stable, antigenic, and non-allergenic compound. TRL5/vaccine complex analysis and docking simulation indicated a sufficiently stable binding with appropriated receptor activation. The immune response simulation following hypothetical immunization indicated the potential of this vaccine to stimulate the production of active and memory B cells, CD8 + T and, CD4 + T cells, and effective immunological responses induced by Th2 and Th1.
Conclusion: The analysis of in-silico processes showed that the vaccine structure induced high antigenicity and good cellular immunity in the host body and stimulates various immune receptors such as TLR5, MHC I, and MHC II. Vaccine function was also associated with an increase in IgM and IgG antibodies and a set of Th1 and Th2 cytokines. But the final confirmation of the effectiveness of the designed vaccine requires clinical processes.
Volume 9, Issue 1 (1-2021)
Abstract
Aims: Considering that behaviors can be explained based on different theories, one of the most important theories in choosing health behaviors is the Health belief model. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the preventive behaviors regarding corona disease and its related factors based on the health belief model.
Instrument & Methods: The study utilized a cross-sectional study (descriptive-analytical). Web-based sampling methods were used in this study. The sample size was estimated at 2240 samples. Data collection tools included a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman correlation coefficient tests using SPSS 23. Moreover, the coefficient at a significance level less than 0.05.
Findings: There was a significant correlation between age with all constructs of the health belief model in terms of preventive behaviors from COVID-19, gender with all constructs except perceived benefits, education with all constructs except the perceived barriers and performance, and occupation with all constructs except perceived sensitivity (p<0.05). There was a statistically significant negative correlation between perceived benefits and perceived barriers and between perceived barriers and performance. There was a positive and significant correlation between performance score with knowledge (p<0.001, r=0.102) and perceived benefits (p<0.001, r=0.066).
Conclusion: The results showed that the most source of information for people is social networks and the most trusted source of information is a television program. Variables of age group, education, and occupation had the greatest effect on the constructs of the health belief model, and it is suggested that more attention be paid to the elderly, low-educated people, and non-employed occupational groups.
Volume 9, Issue 2 (8-2023)
Abstract
Backgrounds: The primary goal of this study was to identify the potential association between COVID-19 prognosis and demographic and clinical features, underlying diseases, and drug and supplement use in patients admitted to Amir al-Momenin hospital in Zabol.
Materials & Methods: This retrospective study surveyed the electronic health records of 848 COVID-19 patients hospitalized in a tertiary referral hospital in southeastern Iran from the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak until the end of February 2021. Univariate and multiple analytical tests including unconditional and penalized logistic regressions were used for statistical analysis.
Findings: Out of a total of 848 patients, 371 (43.75%) patients were female, and 477 (56.25%) patients were male. Age, underlying pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases, and loss of consciousness predicted a higher mortality rate. On the contrary, a negative chest X-ray was associated with a lower risk of death.
Conclusion: Identifying predisposing factors of mortality in COVID-19 patients will help physicians provide more intensive care to those at higher risk of death by classifying patients based on risk factors and underlying diseases.
Volume 9, Issue 3 (7-2021)
Abstract
Aims: The world hospital systems are presently facing many unprecedented challenges from COVID‐19 disease. Prediction the deteriorating or critical cases can help triage patients and assist in effective medical resource allocation. This study aimed to develop and validate a prediction model based on Machine Learning algorithms to predict hospitalized COVID-19 patients for transfer to ICU based on clinical parameters.
Materials & Methods: This retrospective, single-center study was conducted based on cumulative data of COVID-19 patients (N=1225) who were admitted from March 9, 2020, to December 20, 2020, to Mostafa Khomeini Hospital, affiliated to Ilam University of Medical Sciences (ILUMS), focal point center for COVID-19 care and treatment in Ilam, West of Iran. 13 ML techniques from six different groups applied to predict ICU admission. To evaluate the performances of models, the metrics derived from the confusion matrix were calculated. The algorithms were implemented using WEKA 3.8 software.
Findings: This retrospective study's median age was 50.9 years, and 664 (54.2%) were male. The experimental results indicate that Meta algorithms have the best performance in ICU admission risk prediction with an accuracy of 90.37%, a sensitivity of 90.35%, precision of 88.25%, F-measure of 88.35%, and ROC of 91%.
Conclusion: Machine Learning algorithms are helpful predictive tools for real-time and accurate ICU risk prediction in patients with COVID-19 at hospital admission. This model enables and potentially facilitates more responsive health systems that are beneficial to high-risk COVID-19 patients.
Volume 9, Issue 3 (7-2021)
Abstract
Aims: Nurses are a key component of the treatment team in times of crisis and are currently at the front line of the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. Since understanding nurses' experiences can help identify the relevant problems, this study aimed to explain nurses' experiences in the coronavirus crisis by content analysis approach.
Participants & Methods: This qualitative study with a conventional content analysis approach conducted purposeful sampling in 2020. Ten nurses who were working in the COVID-19 wards of Amir Al-Momenin Hospital in Zabol were selected. The data collection method was semi-structured interviews. The data analysis process was performed according to the steps proposed by Graneheim and Lundman 2004. The trustworthiness of the data was checked by Lincoin & Guba criteria, and the research's ethical standards were observed.
Findings: Two main themes of nurses and families under the shadow of coronavirus and the dual reaction of nurses to coronavirus crisis, as well as six categories (Nurse's family challenges, Joys and Concerns of nurses, Nurses and care injuries, Nurses and conflicting thought to the profession, Dual care reactions, Dual feeling reactions) and ten subcategories, were extracted.
Conclusion: The results of this study indicate the individual, family, and occupational effects of the corona crisis on nurses, which can affect their care performance in addition to individual life.
Volume 9, Issue 4 (10-2018)
Abstract
The goal of this research is investigation of simple verbs root in Persian Language which coronal nasal [n] is their coda. We are going to see, which kind of constraints are acted on the nasal [n] in final cluster of C
0VC
1C
2 as the first member. In other words, in simple verbs root that [n] is coda, after adding past affix, which kind of constraints are acted on final cluster? To this end, among 397 simple verbs root, without repeat and without causative affix, 22 monosyllabic, bi syllabic and tri syllabic verbs root that their final syllable was CVn+d were investigated. The resulted constraints are: 1) the clusters which their C
1 is [n] never formed with one of the cores of [u, i]; in other words, high vowels cannot be the core of a syllable by final cluster [nd]. 2) Nasal [n] doesn’t change at the end of monosyllabic roots by mid and low cores; in other words, [-high] vowels can be the core of a syllable by final cluster [nd]. 3) Blocking rule prevents producing of the existing similar outputs in a language. 4) The sonority sequencing principle (SSP) is considered in all past stem forms of verbs.
Volume 10, Issue 3 (7-2022)
Abstract
Aims: Social distancing is one of the most effective methods to control the transmission of Covid-19. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of social distancing in students.
Instrument & Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 342 students of Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences. Sampling was performed electronically using the availability sampling method. Data collection tools were a questionnaire of demographic information and a questionnaire designed for measuring students’ social distancing knowledge, attitude, and practice. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 16 using descriptive and inferential statistical tests.
Findings: The mean age of participants was 21.56±2.11. Out of 342 participants, 222 (64.9%) were female, 84.2% were single, and 84.8% were living in urban areas. The median social distancing knowledge, attitude, and practice scores were 6±1, 48±4, and 16±3, respectively. Out of the 342 surveyed students, 85.4% showed a good level of social distancing knowledge, 76% showed a good attitude towards social distancing, 22.8% showed a moderate attitude, and none (0%) showed a poor attitude. However, only 0.6% of the surveyed students earned good social distancing practice scores.
Conclusion: Despite the good social distancing knowledge and attitude scores of the surveyed students, they were doing poorly in practicing social distancing.
Volume 10, Issue 3 (7-2022)
Abstract
Aims: This paper aimed to report the development and validation of the Coronavirus Pandemic Anxiety Scale, for assessing COVID-19-related anxiety.
Instrument & Methods: This is a methodological and psychometric study, we developed a 7-Item Generalized anxiety disorder of COVID-19 scale to measure symptoms of anxiety related to the COVID-19 pandemic to help identify people who might need mental health services. In developing the generalized anxiety disorder of COVID-19 scale items, we considered a previous theory and research on anxiety symptoms and symptoms reported in Iran. The scale was validated in the Razavi Khorasan (N=500).
Findings: The CVR in this study for the total scale was 0.81 indicating a satisfactory result. Also, the CVI for the scale was0.78, and the scale had good content validity. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit for the seven-factor model. generalized anxiety disorder of covid-19 scale showed good internal consistency.
Conclusion: The results support the viability of generalized anxiety disorder on the COVID-19 scale as a tool to identify individuals experiencing COVID-19-related anxiety.
Volume 10, Issue 4 (12-2024)
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to assess the relationship between cycle threshold (Ct) values and disease severity, symptoms, and comorbidities in COVID-19-positive individuals.
Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on COVID-19 patients who were admitted to General Ghadamis hospital and diagnosed with COVID-19 from August 2020 to 2021. The association between Ct values and symptoms, demographic characteristics, and clinical characteristics was analyzed by SPSS analysis.
Findings: A total of 286 patients were included in this study, of whom 53.5% were female, and 46.5% were male, with a median age of 53 years (range: 1–90 years). Among symptomatic individuals, 51.4% had severe COVID-19 symptoms, and 26.6% had mild symptoms. Severe systemic symptoms were significantly associated with older age groups. The majority of elderly patients (66%) exhibited low Ct values (Ct ≤ 24), indicating a high viral load. Additionally, 64.6 and 40.8% of patients with severe and mild symptoms had low Ct values. Symptoms varied significantly across patients with low, medium, and high Ct values. There was a strong correlation between lower Ct values and the presence of comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease (IHD), cerebrovascular accident, and cancer.
Conclusion: Compared to asymptomatic individuals, most symptomatic patients with severe and mild symptoms had significantly lower Ct values. These findings highlight the critical role of viral load in SARS-CoV-2 progression and suggest that Ct values could be used to predict the spread of infection in the community.
