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Outsourcing means strategic use of other company's resources to accomplish business processes, which can be in the form of outsourcing or offshore outsourcing. One of the important risks of outsourcing projects is selecting an inappropriate contractor. Contractor selection process is very complex because of many and sometimes contradictive criteria. So it needs accurate investigations. The purpose of this research is to design a framework for selecting an appropriate contractor in outsourcing and offshore outsourcing and to specify the weight of each criterion. Method of data gathering is questionnaire which is distributed among internal and external managers and experts. This framework could be helpful for the managers of organizations in contractor selection decision making processes and causes risk reduction in these projects. The results showed that there are twenty important criteria in outsourcing and twenty four criteria in offshore outsourcing; some of them are contractor's innovation, financial stability and cultural adaptation. Keywords: Outsourcing, Offshore outsourcing, Contractor, Criteria, Capability.

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Human resources are the most important assets in health care institutions. They directly affect the lives of patients and the health of the society. The present study assessed the effects of human resource management tasks on the employees in the health care field. Here psychological contracts are considered as the mediating variable and employees’ organizational commitment as the dependent variable. A survey-analytical research strategy has been used to conduct this research. The Ghaem Hospital Medical Personnel of Mashhad was the statistical population and a sample size of 268 was chosen using random sampling. Method of data collection used a standard questionnaire. In this study, structural equation and partial least squares method were used for analyzing data and testing hypotheses using smart PLS.The research results indicate that the model used in this research, is a strong theoretical model for predicting employees’ organizational commitment, furthermore all the direct relationships between the variables were significant. Additionally the study emphasizes that the human resources management tasks, paying particular attention to psychological contracts implementation, have significant effects on organizational commitment. Thus, its successful implementation will coincide with the promotion of organizational commitment

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One of the stages in the contemporary linguistics, based on which the linguists recognize a special position for speaker, is the “discourse analysis”. In this innovative linguistic perspective, the individual indicator, which influence on producing the texts, constitutes a new area in pragmalinguistic researches. Though we can pursue the history of acquaintance of linguistics with deixis in the rhetorical tradition of Islam, where the term appears by means of struggling, which arises from the process between grammar and rhetoric. Islamic grammarians are interested into internal context (co-text) & ask if there is a cohesion between the propositional members of the text and its external context (context of situation). Whereas, the rhetoricians study about the illocutionary force(s) of the utterances through corresponding this force with the context of situation. But among these scientists, there are others who synthesize between co-text & context simultaneously. They respect the deviations in grammatical principles in order to achieve the illocutionary or force(s) of utterances. This article argues some deixis in Ney-Nameh, such as personal pronouns, demonstratives, spatial-temporal indicators & expansion-contraction in discourse to evaluate the importance of speaker’s function in the above-mentioned discourse. In fact, this article would reply to this question that if by means of the deixis, we can go out of utterances’ level to appreciate the illocutionary forces of a total text and evaluate the correspondence of co-text and context.  

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Seyed Mostafa Mohaghegh Damad Professor of Shahid Beheshti University Mahmood Sadeghi Ph.D. Student in Private Law, Tarbiat Modares University In order to render a general theory about contracts for the benefit of third parties in Imamiyah Jurisprudence, the author in an overview in various instances of stipulations and contracts for the benefit of third parties in the texts of traditions and jurisprudence, considered three important of them in more details. The results of this research are as follows: 1. The principle of privity of contract is valid in Imamiyah Jurisprudence as in other legal systems. 2. The contracting parties can exceptionally make promise for the third party by virtue of their intentions and wills. 3. The effects of contracts for the benefit of third parties must be determined with regard to the express or implied intentions of contracting parties. 4. The contracting parties can revoke or change the contract which they made for the benefit of a third party. However they can disclaim this right so the right of third par will be crystallized.

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Home Uterine Activity Monitoring (HUAM) has demonstrated to be of great value for preventing preterm labor in recent years. In this research, a low cost monitoring device for non-invasive monitoring of the uterine activity in pregnant women is presented. The new device has been designed based on an inductive Colpitz oscillator and vertical displacement of a ferrite core in a coil. The resulting frequency of the oscillator is proportional to the pressure in the external surface of the abdomen. This frequency is measured by the portable monitor. A low-power static random access memory (SRAM) provides long-term data storage. The proposed sensor for detecting uterine contractions has light weight, high stability and low cost. This sensor is very simple to manufacture and use for long-term ambulatory monitoring of the uterine activity. Furthermore, this sensor can be calibrated using software. Other features of the sensor are, resolution of 0.13 mmHg, repeatability close to 96% and input range from 0 to 95.32 mmHg.

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Ali Moslehi Assistant Professor, Tehran University  During the second half of this century, international commercial arbitration has been increasingly successful among international traders as an alternative to national courts for the settlement of disputes. Parties to international contracts often include an arbitration clause in an attempt to protect their rights and to eliminate uncertainties in the event of a dispute. The arbitration clause inserted in the contract between parties is the normal means by which the jurisdiction of a specific international teibunal is created. Since the arbitration is a matter of contract and not of law, the jurisdiction of an arbitrator is contractually guaranteed by the parties. Therefore the arbitration clause is very important. Today, in a great number of countries, there is a marked tendency to view the arbitration clause as independent from the main contract.

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Sayyed Mortaza Qasemzadeh Associate Professor Department of Law, Faculty of Judicial Sciences and Admenistrative Services  Although, the meaning of interpretation and adjustment is clear and each one should be applied in its own place, it is possible that the judge interpret it in the coverage of adjustment. The message of this article is that the mentioned meanings have independency and each one naturally should be used in its own place and whenever the interpretations in the coverage of adjustment, it's authorized and its reversed is forbidden. The main aim in interpretation is making clear contract provisions and obviating its ambiguity as well. All interpretators' at temp is to obviate all covers with the use of interpreting rules and to achieve to the common intention of both parties. Judge cannot deviate from common will of both parties and review on the provisions of contract or impose his own will on them, though it is near to justice or in agreed with it. Because, the justice should be searched in the shadow of parties mutual consent which has obtained in freedom. But in adjustment ( legal & jurisdiction), it is revocated from common intention of both parties and contract provisions coordinate with new conditions. Nevertheless, on the basis of an analysis, legal adjustment specified by judge ends to contract interpretation; it refers basically to the contract adjustment and has root in agreement of both parties. Because this analysis is justified by using a kind of joint & implied consent provision and as a result interpretation occures in the coverage of adjustment. This article has been prepared and compiled in two parts: binary interpretation and adjustment (first part) and the requirement of will governing principle, adjustment and similar samples in divine law and subject law (second part), respectively.

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Morteza Shahbazinia Assistant Professor of Law, Ministry of Science, Research and Technology  The Condition of payment form the heart of the guarantee. They determine the actual benefits for the beneficiary and the risk exposure for the account party/principal debtor. For example, it is the clause that payment will be made on the beneficiary’s first demandwithout any proof of default that renders this particular guarantee totally different from the traditional or accessory guarantee. On the other, aguarantee payable upon submission of an arbitral or court decision is in substance hardly different from the contract of accessory guarantee. While different as regards the degree of default, all conditions of payment share a common characteristic, namely their documentarynature. All of them require the submission of documents and the bank’s duty is confined to examining whether these documents comply with the documents prescribed in the guarantee. It is this documentary nature of the conditions of payment, which enables the bank to perform its function.

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Mohammad Ali Khorsandian Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law and Polotical Science, Shiraz University  In the Iranian Civil Law, like French law, contract agreement is one kind of hire or personal employment. But there are some contracts that their nature is near sale. Sale is a contract for transferring the possession of objects, but transferring the possession of interest is subject to hire agreements. In contracts that contractor undertakes to work, also presents materials, therefore we confuse between the nature of sale and contract agreements. For distinction between these two agreements, authors suggest several criteria: 1.Some scholars put this contract in sale category, 2.Some, accept complex contract in this case, 3.The other believe that this contract is always Contract agreement and 4.The last solution is consideration of the intention of client from agreemts or, 5.Consideration of the economical value of the work and materials or finding primal engagement. Each criterion has some limitations. It seems in the first step that we must distinguish the primal obligation and if we couldn’t find it, must define the contract as an in specific-contract.

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Ali Reza Barikloo Assistant Professor of Law, Faculty of Law, Tehran University  Gender is one of the important factors which has effect on the possessing of somrights. Therefore, if a person changes her gender, it is necessary to consider that what effect this change has on his or hos or her rights. If the rights of such person are resulting from a contract; in this case the role of gender in the contract must be considered; if it has an essential role, the contact is void , while if it has no essential role, the contract is valid but the other party has the right to cancel the contract. The transgender has no effect on the acquired right of a person who has changed his or her gender provided that his or her past gender had not any role on it’s subsist and he or she can posses the other rights in accordance with his or her new gender. In this article, the legal effects of sex-change. in accordance with the legal principles of Iranian Law and Islamic Jurisprudence, have been studied.

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Legal status of a contract in Iranian law may be valid, void or non-operative. Some of these status may change into another one, for example a valid contract may change into the void one. Such contracts are called voidable. So a voidable contract is one which one of the parties or third person can put an end to at his option. Voidable contracts are not Known in Iranian law, but some exceptions can be found which this article deals with.

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Due to the importance of resources of code articles and their role for interpretation of codes, the author has compared articles of contracts and obligations in Iranian civil code (articles 183-300) with Shiite law and French law and then he has declared his view about their main resources in every case. Although the writers of civil code haven't hidden their continued desire for applying articles of civil code to bases of Shiite law, the author believes that the articles of this section of civil code have considerably used both sources; i.e. Shiite and French law.

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The increasing development of different kinds of pyramid schemes and their extended activities having no economic value has caused some concerns as to their detrimental and unpleasant effects on economic and social relationships. Of the most important questions raised about such schemes is the legal status of pyramid sale. This article is going to analyze such contracts from the point of view of the Shia Islamic Jurisprudence and Iranian Law. Pyramid transactions are among the examples of obtaining property in a void manner (unjust enrichment) and uncertain or risky contracts which are subject to express prohibition of Islamic jurists, because they involve fraudulent statements and deceitful marketing methods which make false expectations among the new members for unreal benefits . This is despite the fact that mathematical calculations have made clear that almost ninety percent of such members not only obtain nothing but suffer losses. Therefore, the validity of pyramid contracts, because of fraud, is seriously questionable and contrary to pubic order. Furthermore, considering the compulsory nature of the sale and the fact that the network marketing is being extended by means of new members, who are in most cases family members and close friends, the rancor causes enmity among them, when they find that they have incurred detriment, which would, in turn, make the contract contrary to pubic moral. Finally, according to the Shia Islamic Jurisprudence's approach and that of the Iranian Law, pyramid sale can not be regarded as valid contract. It is important to note that pyramid contracts are prohibited and invalid in the developed countries such as France, England, USA and Canada too.

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Objective: The greatest challenge in cancer gene therapy is to achieve the high specificity and efficiency in targeting of cancer cells. Because the goal of cancer gene therapy is to eradicate cancer cells, many therapeutic genes could be detrimental if unintentionally expressed in normal cells. Using promoter of the genes which are expressed specifically in cancer cells or have much more expression in cancer cells than normal cells, is very noticeable tool in cancer gene therapy (CGT). In this study we were searching for cancer specific promoter which could highly express therapeutic gene. Materials and methods: In order to apply a cancer specific promoter for creating a CGT construct, a promoter which have 34% similarity to Survivin core promoter was amplified from human genome by using Nested-PCR. Survivin is a member of anti-apoptotic gene and its over-expression was observed in up to 70% of breast cancers. This gene fragment contains two transcriptional binding sites which were similar to Survivin promoter according to the evaluation of Promoter Scan, EPD, Transfac, Compel and TRRD program. These binding sites were recognized by STAT1 and E2F transcription factors. This promoter was cloned into pCDNA3.1/Hygro+ plasmid in along with hypoxia and estrogen modules and pro-apoptotic gene tBid. Results: Semi-quantitative RT-PCR results of transfected cancer cells showed that this gene fragment (Survivin like promoter) have relatively same potential as CMV promoter to direct tBid gene expression. Conclusion: Utilization of chimeric promoter containing Survivin like promoter could be a promising tool in killing cancer cells naturally by inducing apoptosis. This construct is highly effective in transcriptional targeting of tBid in comparison to control construct.

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Purpose: Psychological contracts are defined as employees' beliefs and perceptions of implicit and explicit obligations in working relationships with the organization. The aim of this study was to discover the content of psychological contracts of public hospital nurses.
Method: A qualitative study is needed to properly understand the content of nurses' psychological contracts. The required data were collected from semi-structured interviews and with emphasis on the lived experience of nurses in public hospitals. In this regard, participants were selected using purposive sampling method and snowball technique and 19 interviews were conducted to ensure theoretical saturation.
Findings: Findings showed that psychological contracts in nurses included 3 main themes (transaction-based, relation-based and value-based) and 14 sub-themes. Transaction-based contracts included five sub-themes: good work climate, fair payment, non-work problems, workplace safety, and a peaceful environment. Relation-based contracts included five sub-themes: decision-making permission, superior support, job challenge, promotion opportunity, and job security. Value-based contracts included four sub-themes: fulfillment of individual values, fulfillment of collective values, fulfillment of educational values and fulfillment of moral values.
Conclusion. Findings showed that psychological contract of nurses with two themes (transactional and relational) is not comprehensive and nurses had very important values ​​beyond personal and organization interests, which were related to the nature of the nursing profession, and these values are reflected in the value-based psychological contract. As a result, in order to increase organizational commitment and job satisfaction and reduce nurses' turnover, it is necessary to pay attention to the content of all three types of psychological contract.

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For determining the profit in transactional contracts, there is no a comprehensive theory. Some viewpoints are very general and others are based on exchange rate of return, which contain speculative difficulties. Some others use international Libor rate and so on. Due to the lack of a consistent theory, this paper is introducing shadow cost approach to fill the gap in question. This is indeed going to estimate capital return or opportunity cost of capital. Introducing an efficient method is the main finding of this paper. In terms of methodology, this paper is based on statistical analysis and econometric methods.

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The aim of this study is to explore the feasibility of setting up a Commodities Futures Market in Iran. Specifications for the margin requirements, daily price movement limits, the length of expiration intervals, tick sizes and contract size of various potential future contracts are hereby examined. Saffron, pistachio and rice emerge as the three suitable Iranian agricultural commodities. A new computational method of Value at Risk (VaR) optimization model, using a nonparametric sampling approach, is employed to determine the daily margin requirements and daily price fluctuation limits. Expiration intervals are determined by the simulated daily future price with a minimum of volatility. The daily risk free interest rate and the minimum daily average trading value of a participant in the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) are used as benchmarks to determine the minimum tick size and contract size for each commodity. These contract specifications are the initially suggested quantities for setting up an agricultural futures market in Iran.

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Objective: Due to the frequent use of surface electromyography as a tool for the study of muscle function, to accurately compare electromyographic data from different muscles and different subjects, it is necessary to normalize the integrated data obtained from each muscle. The most common normalization technique is the use of maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of a predetermined isometric movement as the reference electromyographic signal. The purpose of this study was to determine the Reproducibility of maximum voluntary isometric contraction of shoulder muscles in Empty Can position test and the correlation between force and MVIC of shoulder muscles. Materials and Methods: The electromyographic activity of these four muscles (anterior and middle deltoid, upper and lower trapezius) was examined in 20 healthy subjects (10 men and 10 women with 31.25±8.92 age). Muscle force was determined by dynamometer. Each test repeated 3 times. Results: Results showed that same day test retest reliability coefficients were significant (ICC>95%), but separate day test retest reliability coefficients were not significant. Maximum muscle force did not relate to any of muscles MVIC amplitude. Conclusion: Reproducibility results may be due to electrode placement, emotional and physical condition of subjects and the large range of motion of shoulder and compensatory movements of shoulder and trunk.