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The efficient and systematic design of language education programs through deploying instructional strategies and techniques and with the knowledge of learners’ cognitive make-up and their environment helps develop increasingly effective and capable language learners. Effective instruction begins with effective educational design which involves a wide range of practices, the most important of which is informed and structured material development. In line with these, the present study was carried out to analyze exercises in Arabic textbooks for public junior high schools in Iran based on Nation and McAllister’s (2010) principles of format and presentation of learning materials and activities. The research employed a descriptive design using qualitative content analysis and to achieve more valid and reliable results, Shannon’s entropy for weighting codes and statistical tests of homogeneity of variance, univariate analysis, and Kruskal-Wallis were used. The population and the statistical sample of activities considered in the study were the same and included all the exercises in the selected Arabic textbooks for the 1401-1402 AH / 2022-2023 academic year. Content analysis was done following a researcher-made scheme based on the layers proposed in Nation and McAllister’s (2010) principles, i.e., meaning-oriented input, form-oriented input, meaning-oriented output, and form-oriented output.  The validity of the scheme was verified through expert opinion and its reliability was calculated using Pearson correlation. The results of the research showed that in these textbooks, there is no four-way balance in the activities and no harmony between the expected four types of activities on form, meaning, input, and output.

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As part of the community, children have their own needs, desires, and preferences. Citizens who have been neglected in social life, especially in the design of cities and the creation of urban environments. The purpose of this research is to investigate the needs, desires and preferences of children in providing planning and design indicators for urban spaces. The main research questions are: What are the desirable street indicators from a children's perspective? What are the practical solutions for the indicators in the study area? In this research, documentary study method and content analysis were used to identify design and planning indicators of child-friendly Street. In order to identify the needs and desires of the children, 40 13- to 12-year-old students of Hajar Primary School in Mesbah Street in Karaj were asked to write down the characteristics of their desired street. To examine the collected textual data, the concepts contained in the textual data were first extracted, coded and categorized based on the content presented. After classification, the frequency of codes in each category was determined. Objective and visual dimension had the highest frequency in recognizing the desired indicators of children. As such, 28% of the data were related to the visual dimension. Social dimensions (24%), activity (23.27%), psychological (15.27%) and finally environmental (9.45%) were the least important factors for children

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The extend and complexity of urban issues and the increasing growth and development of cities have made managing city affairs a difficult task. To find the answer to this question, after studying the theorical texts and a brief overview at the research related to the subjects of urban management in combined and multi_stage analysis, in the first stage from of the collection of urban managers, people and professionals, a semi_structured interview was conducted. Due to fundamental nature of the Granheim content analysis method, the data were analyzed using the content analysis approach by the Granheim and Landman method. Then in the second stage, using a questionnaire, the themes discovered from the first part of the study were prioritzed by experienced experts in the field of urban planning and urban management, based on security factor and with the help of Friedman test in SPSS software. The results of the research show that the most important and fundamental challenges in the field of urban management in the metropolis of Ahvaz from the perspective of experts are related to laws, structure and professional ethics
 

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Aim: By understanding women’s perceptions of the risk factors for osteoporosis, improved preventive programs can be designed to modify misconceptions and improve understanding of the condition. This study aimed to explore Kurdish-Iranian women’s perceptions of the risk factors for osteoporosis. Methods: Sixteen women with osteoporosis referred to osteoporosis screening units at the private and governmental centers were interviewed through purposeful sampling between January and July 2015. Inclusion criteria included a diagnosis of osteoporosis for at least six months, T-score below -2.5, age 50 years and over, and ability to attend and participate in the study. All focus groups and face-to-face semi-structured interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed using conventional content analysis. To confirm precision of the data, the following criteria were employed: credibility, conformability, dependability and transformability. Findings: Overall, the perceived risk factors were broadly classified into non-modifiable and modifiable factors. Non-modifiable factors included the sub-themes of genetic factors and hormonal changes. Modifiable factors comprised the sub-themes of limited legal and administrative systems, cultural-environmental and socio-economic factors, lack of understanding the disease and its treatment, and poor health priorities. Conclusion: The risk factors for osteoporosis from women's perceptions can be classified into non-modifiable and modifiable factors. These results can be useful to design a gender-specific risk assessment tool and develop strategies and intervention programs for preventing osteoporosis in women.

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Objectives: Based on external factors affecting creativity, and since creativity is a practice that is learned from the environment and is influenced by environmental conditions, the educational environment as a container in which teaching and learning takes place is very important in teaching and fostering creativity. The purpose of this study is to identify the spatial qualities affecting students 'creativity in the educational environment from the students' point of view and its analysis based on a review of theoretical foundations.
Methods:  The Conventionat qualitative Content Analysis method and MAXQDA software have been selected as the analysis tool to analyze the data obtained from semi-structured interviews with students and to compile spatial components affecting creativity.
Findings: The research findings have identified seven spatial qualities including stimulation, flexibility, connection with nature, diversity of behavioral domains, unity, comfort and sensory richness as effective components on the emergence, promotion and continuity of creativity and their explanatory characteristics.
Conclusion: The results show that creativity is not a function of specific time and place and predetermined needs, and people prefer quality based on their specific moods and needs for each stage of the creative process. What is important here is the existence of a wide range of environmental capabilities that can meet the needs of students in navigating the creative process. An environment that can allow them curiosity, ideation, thinking, interaction, initiative, fluidity, flexibility and other components of creativity.

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Aims: Urban spaces in the age of technology are changing in all dimensions due to the addition of connected users, and neglecting to recognize these developments has distanced us from the current content of the urban space and deprived the city planners of the possibility of efficient planning and appropriate use of technology. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to explain the changes made in public spaces based on the dimensions of the urban space of Carmona under the influence of modern communication and information technologies.

Methods: This research is looking for the theories of public space in a historical process and by adopting an interpretative approach and benefiting from qualitative content analysis in the context of Atlas analytical software to analyze the changes of public space in the age of technology according to the six dimensions. Carmona urban space.

Findings: findings indicate that the impact of the technology paradigm was not the same in all aspects of the urban space. Among the most important ones, we can mention the transfer of social interactions from the space of place to the space of flow, the flexibility of the functional space, the formation of an independent perceptual system, and the weakening of the concept of access.

Conclusion: The results show that because of technology in urban areas, although all dimensions of urban spaces have undergone changes in some way, but the most changes have taken place in functional and social areas. Based on these changes, a redefinition of public spaces has been explained and presented in accordance with the characteristics of the technological era.

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The issue of management and planning for urban fringe in different countries always experience different approaches, attitudes that are generally in the form of protection or development of urban fringe and surroundings areas, because it depends on political, economic and institutional developments over time. For this reason, there is no uniform and formal definition of urban fringe among different countries. Over the past five decades, city of Tehran has adopted different policies in the plans and provided projects which were different in the preparation and implementation. In the present study, five decades of planning for the Urban Fringe of Tehran are investigated and analyzed, and these programs have been studied and analyzed from two dimensions of policy and quality. The paper is applied and is based on a non-intrusive interpretive approach. The information gathering tools are library studies and use of various sources and texts. The study's findings for policy analysis identified five categories (management, planning, organization, conservation, development) and for analyzing the quality of the seven categories (program presentation, effect of reality, popular participation, infrastructure capacity, land status, implementation and adaptability). The results of the analysis of the programs show that in the developed programs the main approach and policy is based on the protection of Urban Fringe, which in order to achieve it should improve the integrity (due to the way of implementation) and legitimacy (due to lack of public participation) of the programs.

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One of the new research domain which affect managers, researchers and scientific approaches is ambidexterity and its effect on all aspects of organizations. This means that how an organization can benefit from using simultaneously mechanisms of exploration and exploitation, and efficiency and innovation and be successful. In this paper authors reviewed the literature and theoretical foundations in the area of ambidextrous learning and its interaction with the intellectual capital (human capital, social capital and organizational capital) to adapt and develop an ambidextrous learning in organizations. Designed model is consistent with the logic of ambidexterity mode and is used 90 degree crossed modes to show results. In order to test the model, a questionnaire distributed among the senior executives  of pharmaceutical industry. Companis data analyzed using content analysis and application of Max QDa. The results showed that for developing ambidextrous learning in organizations, all aspects of intellectual capital are needed to be Simulated Ranked with the concept of ambidextrous learning.    

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Aims: The main goal of the upcoming research is to explain the principles and spatial qualities of campuses based on the environmental preferences of female students.

Methods The nature of the research is qualitative and exploratory based on the methodology of content analysis and semi-structured in-depth interviews with a total of 40 female students of the faculties of literature and humanities and basic sciences in each of the two studied universities of Tehran and Shahid beheshti is done.

Findings: According to the narrative of female students, eight criteria of urban location, university campus structure plan, faculty architecture plan, likeability, university brand, attention to the dignity and rights of female students, the attractiveness of university activities and events, and the importance of hangout in the university are among the environmental qualities. It is effective in improving the presence of female students in university campuses.

Conclusion: Based on the environmental preferences of women, in addition to physical factors, non-physical factors are also effective in the presence of women in university campuses. In addition, the space may have a suitable physical quality, but it is gendered in a way that gives the woman the feeling of being subjugated and under control. For this purpose, the physical qualities of university campuses are necessary and not sufficient to promote the presence of girls.

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Teaching every language has got its own special hindrances and features. Undoubtedly, teaching Arabic Language in Iranian schools is not excluded from this fact. Some of the hindrances of learning Arabic language are refered to the content order of the school books. Especially teaching Arabic high language in grade one seems to be a difficult job for some reasons such as the students' enterance to a new stage. If the different components of the books' content get realized and catagorized, the understanding and explication would be easier. Thus analizing the content of Arabic high school book in grade one can be an important step towards identification of its weaknesses. This article aims to evaluate the Arabaic high school book in grade one on the basis of content analysis patterns and arrangement criteria relying on Content Analysis Approach, which is a resaerch method for objective, quantitative and organized discription of superficial contents in communications. The research was descriptive-analytic. The results showed that considering These patterns and criteria, this school book has been highly successful in accurately performing the principles of edunation planning and content arrangement.  

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emergence of new technologies especially information and communication technologies leads to forming a new approach in the government that is called electronic government. E-government has changed the way and quality of providing services to citizens. E-government has three generations which its third generation is called smart government that indeed is the main purpose of the e-government. Although most of countries are transitioning from first generation of e-government (i.e. informationalization) to second generation (i.e. electronic transformation) but few countries are transitioning to third generation (i.e. smart government).  The purpose of this research is to provide a comprehensive framework in order to deploy a smart government and analyze the related policies, laws, rules and regulations of the country in terms of coverage of the proposed framework's dimensions. For this purpose, document analysis method with systematic review of the literature and comparing different researches results were used. Base on those studies a new framework composed of two layers and eight dimensions is provided for smart government deployment which citizens are in the center of the framework. Then using qualitative content analysis method with inductive approach, related policies, laws, rules and regulations of Iran were analyzed and dimensions which require more attention were identified. Finally, policy recommendations are provided for policy makers in order to develop smart government on Iran.

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A.Ghanipor Malekshah.PH.D
S.Ardeshiri Lajimi, M.Esmaeili, I. Amn-Khani, Z. Salari
 
Abstract   
One of the complicated and ambiguous issues discussed in the books on the history of Iranian literature is the starting point and the manner in which the Indian style was established. A review of the works done by researchers working in this area reveals a considerable diversity of opinion and view. Some researchers believe this style was the inevitable outcome of the natural path that the Persian literature went through. On the other hand others have surveyed this issue regarding social factors and the environment leading to its constructor. Still there are researchers who assume that the root and origin of this style springs from the poetry of past times rather than social factors or even the environment shaping it. These researchers have mostly mentioned poets such as Khaqani, Hafez, and Vahshi Bafqi etc as the founders of this style. But the significant point is that the result of such researches has not been accepted generally. The truth is that a wide scope style -such as the Indian style- can not be regarded as taken from the poetry of one poet, instead it is preferred to speak of the quality and quantity of the influence of these poets on this style, whereas this can merely happen using a new method; which is content analysis.
This essay also intends to show how and in what manners poets like Khaqani, Hafez, Vahshi Bafqi and Baba Faqani- the four leading poets of the Indian style- affected the foundation of the Indian style.
 
 

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  Abstract This study investigates the interaction between the leaders of social movements and public in the context of 2009 post-election events in Iran. For this aim, framing analysis approach was used as an analytical tool to capture the modification in framings in different stages of the movement. This approach puts an emphasis the importance of interpretive frameworks in shaping people’s perception of the situation and also the impact of leadership on mobilizing the public. A qualitative content analysis of the texts of the speeches and statements made by the movement leaders in a two-year period was conducted. This article divides the framings of the movement into three distinct periods and describes the characteristics of each one in details. The results show how the dynamics of a movement alonga social event can affectits leaders and subsequently make them modify their framings.    
 

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The reasons for the appearance of death and the reaction to it are different for the various characters of the story. This question becomes obvious when his hero or his beloved is dead in the middle of the story. The end being favorable to the requirements of folk tales, the narrator finds a way to tackle this problem and it is the return of the dead to the death. In this paper, the author has tried to look at the story of the return of death and its relationship with folklore in stories. The statistical population of this research includes a variety of stories whose content is the return of death. First, by studying Ulrich Marzolf's book entitled “typology of Persian folk tales”, 12 stories have been identified. Various stories of these stories have also been found in popular sampling books and analyzed through content analysis. While studying these stories, the author of the present study discovered that the narrator has used the idea of a return to death either to make the story more suspicious and beautiful, or to convey a particular message to the public in its history. The passage of time, new discoveries of humanity and historical events have undoubtedly contributed to the development of these stories. Finally, through content analysis of the stories, it is possible to conclude that although the problem of the return of death has taken many forms over the years and that its evolution goes from myth to magic and from magic to religion, the major theme which is return from death has been the fix element in different narratives.

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In recent decades, knowledge-based organizations (KBO) have played an important role in growth and economic development, especially in resistance economy by commercializing their scientific and technological achievements. This paper has identified the most important features of successful knowledge-based organizations in Iran. This article is a fundamental research in terms of purpose and utilizes mix method and content analysis based on papers found in the field of Iranian knowledge-based companies. At first features are identified and network analysis is done proportional to it. Then Shannon entropy is used to determine the impact coefficient of these features. The results show that 14 important features of these companies are as follows: qualified human resources, strong management, project and organizational capabilities, good business strategy, optimal management of financial resources, technical and production capabilities, marketing and sales capabilities, good technology strategy, receiving governmental timely incentives, receiving purposive incentives from funding agencies, appropriate networking, proper use of infrastructure, giving enough attention to the organization’s environment and focused activities .

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This study aims to analyze the attitude and use of ritual poems in different rituals. The instrument to collect the related data was a research-made questionnaire. It consisted of 26 items on the attitude and use of Sistani poems in different rituals. To test the reliability of the questionnaire, the Cronbach alpha was administered. the population was all individuals above 20 in Zabol city and its surrounding villages. The research sample, though, was 384 individuals based on Morgan's sampling table. This was done through random sampling. To test the hypothesis, the Chi-square was employed in SPSS software. The findings indicate that the participants have a positive attitude to ritual poems, but do not use them in their rituals as before.

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The oral culture of the Iranian people is a mysterious and untapped world, the study of the delicate content of which can open new perspectives to the world of anthropology and human sociology. The present study tries to analyze and use the cultural elements and popular beliefs common among the people of Sarkavir region in the south of Semnan province in the proximity of the desert plain, to explain the concept of taboo among the people of this land. To this aim, the themes of taboo in the folk literature are categorized into two parts: The first one concerns the taboo words and languages, and the second one concerns the behavioral and material taboos in the customs of the people. The study found that the behavioral taboos are related to marriage, the dead and the mourning customs, taboos of the people's names, occupations and other social taboos which are content-analyzed based on the local narratives.
Background
The oral culture of the Iranian people is a mysterious and untapped world. Sigmund Freud, in the second chapter of his book, Totem and Taboo (1984), has studied and analyzed this concept among the elders and heroes, and the dead. Borujeni (2010) has studied the concept of taboo in stories written by Hedayat, Ahmad Mahmoud, Chubak, and Simin Daneshvar. Rahimi Talab (2011), in his dissertation entitled Knowledge of Totem and Taboo in the Legends of Gilan, has explained the manifestations of taboo in the folktales of Gilan. But, so far, no research has been done specifically on the concept of Taboo in Sarkavir folklore.
Aims
The purpose of this study, in the first place, is collecting and introducing some common and living taboos among the residents of Sarkavir. It also analyzes its content and shows its ancient roots and connection with some long-standing rituals and mythical traditions. Analyzing the taboos, it was revealed how the taboo themes are used in the oral culture of behavioral and social traditions. Also, some cultural and climatic characteristics of the people of this land have been identified.
Theoretical framework
Popular beliefs are among the major and valuable resources of humanity. By studying them, some of the beauties of an ancient and growing culture can be recovered and represented. Linguistic and cultural taboos are one of the aspects of literary and social aesthetics in the folklore of people in any nation. The language of taboo has a direct and clear relationship with the popular culture, to the extent that forbidden behaviors or words and interpretations will not be comprehensible and tangible, unless the dominant cultural context and the intellectual system of society are analyzed.
As one of the fundamental propositions, taboo has a significant application in recognizing religious beliefs. Taboo is a kind of sanctity for the tribal Totem and its ban stems from a threat to the tribal totem.
The word taboo literally does not have a clear meaning. It is a term derived from the Polynesian language that semantically contains two opposing concepts: on the one hand, it means sacred, and on the other hand, it evokes dangerous, horrible, forbidden, impure, and mysterious meanings (Freud, 1984, p. 31). The trace of the concept of taboo is prominent in the oral culture of the inhabitants of Sarkovir.
Despite forgetting much of the ancient customs, this part of beliefs continues to maintain its function and strength, and plays a significant role in people's social life. This is due to the cultural isolation of the region and the reduction of media and cultural relations with large human societies over the past decades. In this article, taboo propositions in Sarkovir folklore are divided into two general categories: The first one concerns the taboo words and languages, and the second one concerns the behavioral and material taboos in the customs of the people.
In Sarkovir dialect, there are words, the use of which have been severely banned by society and not used except in emergencies. Instead, an equivalent word called euphemism (well-intended interpretation) is used, which is a word devoid of vulgarity and unpleasantness (Sabzian and Kazzazi, 2010, p. 202). Apart from avoiding the use of taboo words, the people of Sarkovir consider doing some things to be illegal for themselves, the most important of which are mentioned below.
Marriage-related taboos generally include the following: marriage with a stranger, showing the happiness of the bride and the bride's relatives at the wedding ceremony, putting henna on the bride's palm or soaking it by the widow, and leaving home by the bride during the wedding days.
Taboos related to the dead are among the most serious and prominent taboos in Sarkovir and include the following: relatives' celebrating of the dead, leaving the corpse alone at night, crying over the corpse at night, washing the corpse by a non-family member, burying the dead at night, attending the graves of the dead on Thursday evening, and using the corpse's accessories.
Taboos related to people's names are: Saying the name of the wife, and choosing the name of the grandfather for the grandchildren.
Taboos of occupations are: Blacksmith, wheat collector, and bath man.
Special taboos on farming include: stepping on a green wheat field, and selling ancestral agricultural land.
Taboos related to gender are: a boy sitting on the edge of the oven, and the women wearing white pants.
Other taboos include: pouring boiling water on the ground, pissing in water, farting, and picking nails.
By examining these cases, one can realize the behavior and some of the lifestyles of people in this region.
Conclusion
Based on the objective observations and face-to-face interviews with the people living in the Sarkovir region, the present study has studied the concept of taboo in oral culture. The study focused on a brief review of the concept of taboo, and then categorized it in the social life of inhabitants in the area. Accordingly, the types of taboos have been separated and discussed. The first general conclusion to be drawn is the discovery of cultural beauties and linguistic delicacies which is evident among one of the Iranian tribes. Due to their natural and inner taste, people in Sarkovir have realized that instead of words, phrases and themes of the taboo, they need to use some alternatives and euphemism. Moreover, through this research, the invisible but inseparable link between the Iranian subcultures and the ancient and deep-rooted rituals of the ancient humans can be explained and explored.
References
Afraz Borujeni, M. (2010). Investigating the content and linguistic structure of taboo words in some contemporary Persian stories. Master Thesis, Shahrekord University.
Avesta: The oldest Iranian songs and lyrics. (2007). Morvarid.
Freud, S. (1984). Totem and Taboo (translated into Farsi by Iraj Poorbaqer). Asia.
Gignoux, P. (2004).  ArdavirafName. Moin.
Rahimitalab, F. (2011). Recognition of totems and taboos in the legends of Gilan. Master Thesis, University of Guilan.
Sabzian, S., & Kazazi, J. (2010). Dictionary of literary theory and criticism. Morvarid
Tabatabayi, S. (216). Selected of Sarkavir proverbs (in Farsi). Hablerood.
Interviewees:
 MahPari Aghayan. 76 years old, illiterate, housewife.
Fateme Akbari, 77 years old, illiterate, housewife.
SeyedMirza Tabatabayi, 92 years old, illiterate, farmer.
Leila Tabatabayi, 79 years old, illiterate, housewife.

Kheir-Al-Nesa Mirzay. 69 years old, illiterate, housewife.

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The Holy Defense, as one of the historical periods that ended with the victory of the Iranian nation, has lessons and teachings that should be studied by researchers and become a model and theory. Commanding style of commanders is one of the important aspects of that period that has been considered in the present study. Twenty commanders of the Holy Defense were studied in a library method, considering the diversity of command positions, reputation, and the availability of resources. The obtained documents were coded and analyzed with a qualitative approach and content analysis method, and after validation in two stages, four styles of jihadi command were identified in the commanders of that time: "Creative consequentialism (focusing on the goal based on intelligence)", "Authoritarian consequentialism (attention to the goal based on authority)", "Wise staffing (attention to forces based on intelligence)" And "strong support (focusing on force based on authority)."