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Different types of leisure surround today's world. Playing video games is the most popular type of digital leisure in Iran and the world. This research's main goal is to analyze gamers' constraints and motivations based on the PCM model. The statistical population of this research is gamers under the age of 30 who play video games for at least 1 to 6 hours per week in their free time. Descriptive statistics methods are used to analyze the data. (statistical indices of central tendency and dispersion) and inferential statistics of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent t-test were used. The results showed a significant relationship between the understanding of constraints and the position of people in the PCM model in such a way that each of the dimensions of Constraints are understood differently in the stages of the model and show different deterrent power in different classes.
 

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The importance of researches within the syntactic scope of different languages and dialects in scientific frameworks has specifically gained interest within the Optimality Theoretic Framework (OTE), within which the variety differences can be defined by differential rankings of the same set of constraints, and the concept of “Unity in Variety” in different linguistic domains is achieved. The present dialectological study is aimed to investigate the word order of declarative projections (including transitive, intransitive and clefting sentences) in Ateni/ Saravi dialect of Mazandarani language. To achieve the goals of the investigation, 27 dialectal declarative sentences are analyzed and represented by the usage of tableaus and diagrams throughout the paper. The analysis is performed by the aid of Grimshaw's (2001) left alignment constraints (Head Left, Specifier Left and Complement Left) as well as her (2001, 1997) obligatory element constraints (Obligatory Head and Obligatory Specifier). For the sake of determining the appearance and absence of subject in the projections studied in the dialectal data, the research applies Kohn's (2003) structural constraints including that of faithfulness (Full Interpretation, Parse) and markedness ones (Opearator-Specifier, No - Lexical Movement, Stay). Following Grimshaw (2001), the investigation of the concept of unity in variety has been followed throughout this study not only by the usage of alignment constraints but also by their number of violations; i.e. the variation lies only in which of the constraints to be violated, and the number of times it violates. In accordance, the present research demonstrates that the sameness of the number of elements in the dialectal projections results in the sameness of the total number of alignment violations that approves the unity in spite of superficial linguistic varities. Keywords: Word order typology, Alignment constraints, Obligatory element constraints, Structural constraints, Unity in variety.

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The goal of this research is investigation of simple verbs root in Persian Language which coronal nasal [n] is their coda. We are going to see, which kind of constraints are acted on the nasal [n] in final cluster of C₀VC₁C₂ as the first member. In other words, in simple verbs root that [n] is coda, after adding past affix, which kind of constraints are acted on final cluster? To this end, among 397 simple verbs root, without repeat and without causative affix, 22 monosyllabic, bi syllabic and tri syllabic verbs root that their final syllable was CVn+d were investigated. The resulted constraints are: 1) the clusters which their C₁ is [n] never formed with one of the cores of [u, i]; in other words, high vowels cannot be the core of a syllable by final cluster [nd]. 2) Nasal [n] doesn’t change at the end of monosyllabic roots by mid and low cores; in other words, [-high] vowels can be the core of a syllable by final cluster [nd]. 3) Blocking rule prevents producing of the existing similar outputs in a language. 4) The sonority sequencing principle (SSP) is considered in all past stem forms of verbs.

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Introduction: In every language, there are some constructions where two constituents are put together to form a lexical item. These constructions are called binomials. In this term, “ nomi” ( which means “name”) can refer to names, adjectives, verbs, adverbs and conjunctions. These constructions can be just the repetition of the same word, like “davan davan”, or can be reduplication, like “ketab metab” which has a phonological motivation. They can be onomatopoeia, like “tick-tack” or can be of a kind where there is a just a semantic motivation, like “jang and solh”. But terminologically, binomials refer to the sequence of two words pertaining to the same form-class, and ordinarily connected by some kind of lexical link. One point in binomials relates to the order of constituents and which factors or constraints determine their order. In this regard, there is a model called Constraints’ Model (2014). The model has some constraints which determines the order of constituents in binomials.
 Purpose:  The paper aims to investigate Persian binomials based on Constraints’ Model.
Study questions: In this regard, the study questions are:
1-To how extent the order of constituents in Persian binomials can be determined based on semantic-pragmatic constraints, non-metrical-phonological constraints, metrical-phonological constraints, and frequency and alphabetic order constraints which are mentioned in Constraints’ Model?
2- To how extent Constraints’ Model can be a criterion to determine the order of constituents in Persian binomials?
3-For those Persian binomials whose orders can’t be determined using Constraints’ Model, what constraints can be defined?
Methodology: The research is done using Constraints’ Model. The data were extracted from twenty Persian novel, the newspapers “Hamshahri” and “Iran” in a one year period, Persian dictionary and web. From the corpus, 1957 binomials were extracted, many of which were ignored because they were in the groups “repetition” and “reduplication”. Finally there were 593 reversible and irreversible binomials. To do the research, all these 593 binomials were divided into two groups “reversible” and “irreversible”. To determine the (ir) -reversibility of Persian binomials, Persian Language Data Base (Bijankhan Corpus) was used, so following Mollin’s method (2013), the binomials appearing just in one order were considered irreversible and the ones appearing in both orders were considered reversible. For reversible binomials, it was attempted to find their preferred order. To find the preferred order of reversible binomials, the researcher referred to the frequency in Persian Language Data Base and web and the frequency number of both order were found. If the frequency occurrence of one order was significantly higher than the other order, that order was considered as the preferred order, but if the frequency occurrence of two different orders in one binomial wasn’t different significantly, that binomial was removed from research, because there wasn’t any preferred order which can be determined by Constraints’ Model. Then the irreversible binomials and reversible binomials with a preferred order were analyzed using Constraints’ Model.
Analysis: Analysis of research data, considering the occurrence order of binomials in Persian Language Data Base (Bijankhan Corpus) and web showed that among 593 binomials, 534 ones were irreversible and 59 ones were reversible. The 534 irreversible binomials were analyzed using Constraints’ Model.
Conclusion: Data analysis showed that among 534 irreversible binomials, Constraints’ Model can determine the order of 520 binomials (97/3), but in research corpus, there were 11 binomials (2/7) whose order can’t be determined using Constraints’ Model. The analysis results for reversible binomials showed that among 45 reversible binomials (with a preferred order), Constraints’ Model can determine the order of 44 binomials (97/7), but there were one reversible binomial (2/3) which couldn’t be explained Constraints’ Model.
To answer the first question of the research, we can say that Constraints’ Model has determined the order of 97/4 of binomials (both irreversible binomials and reversible binomials with a preferred order) in Persian. So it is concluded that Constraints’ Model is suitable to determine the order of constituents in Persian binomials.
But for those Persian binomials whose order can’t be determined using Constraints’ Model, some constraints were proposed which are: dominance principle, initial sonority of second syllable principle, unstressed vowel length principle, analogy principle, importance principle, coda’s initial sonority principle,

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The purpose of this study is to investigate those phonological processes, speakers of Persian language and some of Iranian dialects use in order to observe the sonority sequencing principle (SSP) and the syllable contact law (SCL). Among the questions we would like answer the following questions: 1. what phonological processes are used by the speakers of Persian language and some types of Iranian languages in order to observe the sonority sequencing principle and the syllable contact law and 2. What effect does the syllable number of the word have on the application of phonological processes?. Based on the mentioned questions, these hypotheses can be made: 1. the speakers of language use the phonological processes of compensatory lengthening, metathesis, insertion, deletion and substitution in order to observe the sonority sequencing principle and the syllable contact law 2. The syllable number of the simple words does not have any effect on the application of phonological processes.
However, in order to do this research, data of Persian language are collected from the spoken language of the speakers. Then, their phonological forms are compared with Moshiri’s dictionary (2008). Data of Kordi Hurami dialect are gathered through interview with the speakers and data of Lafuri, Torbat Heidariye and Sabzevari dialects are extracted from Kambuziya (2006).
Out of 1125 gathered simple words that do not conform to the SSP and the SCL, the phonological processes of 'compensatory lengthening', 'metathesis', 'insertion', 'deletion' and 'substitution of a phonological unit with another phonological unit' are applied to 357 words by language speakers. In sum, the frequency analysis of data shows that:
The deletion of the glottal consonants / ʔ / and  / h / is more frequent in the two syllable words. In other words, this process occurs in 66/19 percent of disyllabic words, 23/94 percent of tri syllabic words and 9/85 percent of one syllable words. Furthermore, the constraint hierarchy for the phonological process of deletion of the glottal consonants and the compensatory lengthening of a vowel can be illustrated as: SON-SEQ>> No cluster-glottal, MAX-μ >> MAX-IO.
The phonological process of metathesis is more frequent in the disyllabic words. This process occurs in 65/74 percent of two syllable words, 25 percent of monosyllabic words and 9/25 percent of three syllable words. In addition, the constraint hierarchy for the application of metathesis can be shown as: SON-SEQ>> LINEARITY and  SCL>> LINEARITY.
The process of insertion is more frequent in the disyllabicwords. This process occurs in 96/87 percent of disyllabic words and in 3/12 percent of monosyllabic words. The constraint hierarchy of this process can be indicated as: SON-SEQ>> DEP-IO.
An investigation of the extracted Persian simple words shows that the sonority sequencing principle is not observed in 24 words with the structure of /CVC1C2 / . In these cases, the process of deletion is not applied. When the speakers use these monosyllabic simple words in combination with other linguistic elements, the deletion of the final consonant occurs. However, the constraint hierarchy of this process can be illustrated as: SON-SEQ>> MAX-IO.
The process of substitution occurs in some words of kordi Hurami dialect. In other words, when the sonority sequencing principle is not observed in the initial consonant cluster, the second member of the cluster which is less sonorant than the first member is substituted with another consonant which is more sonorant than the first member. The constraint hierarchy of this phonological process can be shown as: SON-SEQ>> *STOP/#C >> IDENT (manner).
Thus, it can be argued that these processes are applied to mono, di and tri syllabic words among which the frequency of disyllabic words is more than that of one and tri syllabic words.

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The aim of this study is to carry out an empirical study of constraint factors in recreational sporting activities. More specifically it tests the model of constraints (intra-personal, interpersonal, and structural), as proposed by Crawford et al. (1991), and its relationship with actual participation levels in specific recreational sports activities in Iran. Although there is a growing body of study in the USA, Canada, and United Kingdom into gender differences in leisure opportunities and behavior, Little is known about leisure activities in Iran. The maim purpose of this study is about the factors prohibiting female student at Khorasgan Azad Islamic University to participate in recreation sporting activities. This paper presents the findings of an exploratory investigation into factors influencing the recreational sporting activities. The data was collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire among three hundreds (300) female students who were participated in recreational sporting activities (102 individuals once or more per week, 129 individuals once or more per month, and 69 individuals once per year or more). Leisure constraints factors used in this study named as lack of time, lack of money, lack of facilities, transportation, social relations, lack of interest, unawareness, lack of skill and ability, and health and fitness problems. The findings showed that significant differences was found among constraint factors such as lack of time, lack of money, transportation, lack of interest, unawareness, lack of skill and ability, and health and fitness problems. These findings have theoretical and practical implications, which are discussed.

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Sandwich structures have low weight and high stiffness. Sandwich panels with open and prismatic cores are a kind of these structures that have special properties. These panels are named based on the number of corrugations (n) of the core. In this paper weight optimization of these panels is carried out by Gravitational Search Algorithm based on yielding and buckling constraints. This algorithm is a heuristic algorithm that is based upon the Newtonian gravity force and the laws of motion. For optimization of the weight, core and surface thickness and panel height are assumed as design variables. The results show that for a specific panel, the design variables and the weight of panel are increased by increasing the load. Also the core and surface thickness are decreased and the weight and panel height are increased by increasing core corrugate number at a specific loading. The panels with n=1 and n=2 have the minimum weight and highest structural efficiency. By comparing the results with some previous studies, it is shown that the Gravitational Search Algorithm is a useful tool in achieving lower weight in these panels and has a good convergence rate.

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In today competitive environment, increasing supply chain efficiency has considerable importance in success of firms. Various factors limit this increase, which are referred as supply chain complexities. Identification of these complexities and dealing with them is essential. This paper attempts to introduce and apply an efficient and effective method for dealing with complexity of supply chain. This method is based on systemic principles of theory of constraints. This research shows how a manager can use logical tools of theory of constraints thinking processes (TOC TP) to identify and deal with root causes of supply chain complexity. This approach was implemented partially in a paper manufacturing firm in Iran. Data were gathered by questionnaires and interviews and analyzed interactively with supply chain managers and experts of the firm in order to get valid results. In this case, three first steps of TOC TP i.e. drawing intermediate objective (IO) map, current reality tree (CRT) and conflict remove diagram (CRD) are performed. The results show that these logical diagrams are useful tools to identify supply chain complexity drivers and determine root causes of them.

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Higher education is the engine of knowledge-based economy in the country. Universities, the cradle of science and wealth of each country. Production of knowledge achieved with the thesis quality and functional. But today the reasons thesis of graduate without the use of libraries and faculty offices, soil again. The researcher tries to model the thinking process of the theory of constraints, bottlenecks in the way of this process stereotypically Graduate University in Yazd, around the time of spring and summer of 2015 to explore and investigate. In order to collect data, interviews with three panels of experts with knowledge of the agenda and Comprehensive study, the results to be deduced. The most important feature is undesirable, inappropriate choice of subject was unanimous, the basic problem, was elected documents. The poor quality of student input in this stage of the selection process on the one hand and on the other hand, The most important bottlenecks in the way the process was considered a master of Yazd University.

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A study was conducted at Makaltala and Farmania villages of Habra block, North 24 Parganas,West Bengal, India, to know the extent of tribal women’s participation in farming activties. Rice-Jute-Mustard rotation was predominant in the study area. The results showed that participation of tribal farm women were 28.3 man-days on an average during the crop seasons. Participation in farming activities during mustard crop season in terms of average man-days was more (11.81) when compared to paddy (9.48) and jute (7.01). The involvement of women was more in transplantation, weeding, and harvesting activities. Most of the farm women were middle aged, illiterate, had high economic motivation and social participation. The independent variables like education and economic motivation had significant positive relationship, whereas age and social participation had significant negative relationship with participation of tribal women in farming activities. Lack of education, knowledge, and skill, lack of child care facilities, low income derived from agriculture, etc. were the major constraints expressed by the tribal women. Skill development among the tribal farm women regarding the new simple agriculture technologies suitable to their location will have a far reaching impact on improving the tribal farm women’s participation in agriculture, improving their confidence in farming.

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Credit is a major tool and an important factor for tea production and farm outcome. Its demand from different lending sources has been increasing to meet capital investment in the tea sector. Accessed credit is to meet costs of tea production, mainly fertilizers, seedlings, and labor as well. Factors affecting access to credit have been a subject of vast debate in recent studies that credit seekers obtain credits only when they are eligible by complying with the requirements set by lending institutions. However, literature has limited findings on the behavior of small-scale borrowers in selecting a credit source and inducing factors. In particular, borrowing arrangements necessitate the analysis to inform policy makers on needed adjustment in the lending system to improve tea production and sector development. The study aims at disclosing responsible factors to choose a particular credit source by smallholder tea farmers. A survey was conducted with 358 tea growers selected randomly in two cooperatives that operated in Nyaruguru District. A multivariate probit model was used for analytical analysis. Borrowing from formal source (commercial banks) increased if borrower possessed collateral asset (85.5%), interest rate (85.0%) size of tea plantation (24.8%) and household composition (10.5%). Using informal sources increased if a farmer desired a small credit (83.2%), participated in technical training (76.9%), and received joint credit (46.9%), while a farmer was likely to use less informal sources if his/her farm size (39.9%) and household income (29.2%) were small. However, combining sources of credit was used by farmers as a safeguard strategy to acquire the desired loan. A government policy, which aims to increase productive investment, should emphasize integrating agricultural loans in financial system targeting smallholder farmers through their organizations where they can relax credit constraints.

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